tW^vhTv /vx , 1- •^ 1 ^ .-•»•»' %': T^ ^ .. , r^ /^v ^ '■■v<' HARVARD UNIVERSITY. I. I B H A R Y OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 'f (A v\u ^ ^-/^f^JCky-sr^^oSb >\AA/xKjJir ^3 ^ V(\o^_04\A,9Axxfc ati,\ V^. OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. VOLUME II. honolui^u, h. i. Bishop Museum Press. j^ 1903-1907. iioarli of tErusitcefi; Sanford B. Dole, L,Iy.U. Henry Hoeme.s - . . . • . Aefred W. Carter .... Joseph O. Carter .... Samuee M. Damon Wieeiam O. Smith President Vice-President Secretary Treasurer K. Faxon Bishop Wieeiam T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) Direcftor Wieeiam H. Daee, Ph.D. John F. G. Stokes Wm. Aeanson Bryan Otto H. Swezey lyEOPOLD G. BeACKMAN C. Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale) John W. Thompson ... John J. Greene .... Honorary Curator of Mollusca Curator of Polynesian Ethnology Taxidermist, Curator of Ornithology Honorary Curator of Entomology . Assistant, and Adling librarian Assistant Artist and Modeler Printer A. K. WiEEIAMS Moses Kauahi Janitor. Assistant. CONTENTS. Number 1. Director's Report for 1902. Noteworthy Hawaiian Stone Implements, by Wm. T. Brigham. The Fibres of the Hawaiian Islands, by Iv. G. Blackman. Distribution and Variation of Achatinella multizonata, by Dr. C. M. Cooke. A Monograph of Marcus Island, by W. A. Bryan. Number 3. Director's Report for 1903. Phallic .Stones from Rapanui, by J. L. Vonng. Aboriginal Wooden Weapons of Australia, by h. G. Blackman. Number 3. Director's Report for 1904 Australian Bark Canoe, by Wm. T. Brigham. A Stone Dagger for Duelling, by Wm. T. Brigham. Notes on the Birds of the Waianae Mountains, by W. A. Bryan. Notes on the Hawaiian Owl, by W. A. Bryan. Description of Nest and Eggs of Chlorodrepanis virens, by W. A. Bryan. American Birds Collected in the Hawaiian Islands, by W. A. Bryan. A Bird's Nest of Pele's Hair, by W. A. Bryan. Two Undescribed Nests and an Egg of an Hawaiian Bird, by W. A. Bryan. Nest and Eggs of Heterorhynchus wilsoni, by W. A. Bryan. Number 4. Director's Report for 1905. Nest of the Hawaiian Hawk, by W. A. Bryan. Egg of the Hawaiian Goose, by W. A. Bryan. Three New Hawaiian Fishes, by W. A. Bryan. Report of a Visit to Midway Island, by W. A. Bryan. Number 5. Director's Report for 1906, including the report of Dr. C. Montague Cooke's examination of the types of Hawaiian land shells. INDEX TO VOLUME II. New species are marked with an asterisk. Ablepharus boutonii, ii6 Abudefduf sexatilis, 131 Achatinella multizonata, 67 Acridotheres tristis, 236 Actodromos mac u lata, 248 Agave fibre, 47 Akiapolaau, 253 Alae keokeo, 248 Alauda arvensis, 232 Amakihi, 238, 243 American Birds collected on Hawaiian Islands by G. P. Wilder, 245 Anas wyvilliana, 231, 246 Anous stolidus, 99, 295 Apapane, 238 Arenaria interpres, 116, 231. 299 Asio accipitrinus, 232 Australian Bark Canoe, 225. Australian vStone Dagger 227 Australian Wooden Weapons, 173 Balistapus aculeatus, 135 Balistapus rectangulus, 135 Bambu fibre, 42 Birds of Marcus Island, 95 Birds of Midwaj^ Island, 295 Birds of Waianae Moun- tains, 229 Black-footed Albatross, 107 Blackman, L. G.: — Australian Wooden Weapons, 163 Hawaiian Fibres, 37 Blue-faced Booby, no Booby, no Botany of Marcus Island, 122 Bow-string Hemp, 43 Brigham, W. T.:— Australian Bark Ca- noe, 225 Dedication Address, 144 Hawaiian Stone Im- plements, 33 Pacific Exploration, 305 Report for 1902, 3 Report for 1903, 143 Report for 1904, 195 Report for 1905, 257 Report for 1906, 303 Bryan, W. A.:— American Birds Col- lected on the Hawaiian Islands, 245 Birds of Waianae Mts 229 Egg of the Hawaiian Goose, 275 Marcus Island, 77 Midway Island, 291 Nest and Eggs of Chlorodrepanis vi- rens, 243 Nest and Eggs of Heterorhynchus wil- soni, 253 Nest of Hawaiian Hawk, 274 Nest of Pele's Hair, 249 Nests and Egg of Unknown Birds, 251 Notes on Hawaiian Owl, 241 Three New Hawaiian Fishes, 276 Calanus elegans, 120 Calidris arenaria, 248 Callyodon jenkinsi, 287 Callyodon lauia, 285 Callyodon perspicillatus 285 Caranx melampygus, 128 Carpodacus mexicanus obscurus, 237 Chsenomvigil nauticus*, 127 Charadrius dominicus, 115 Charadrius dominicus fulvus, 231, 248 Chasiempis gayi, 232 Chinese sparrow, 237 Chlorodrepanis chloris, 238, 243 Christmas Island Shear- water, 108 Coenobita compressa, 119 Coenobita olivieri, 119 Coir, 44 (v) VI Index. Cooke, C. M., Jr.:— Appointed Assistant, 6 Distribution and Va- riation of Achatinella multizonata, 65 Hawaiian Species of Sphyradium, 316 Cotton Fibre, 45 Crustacea of Marcus Isl- and, 118 Curlew, Bristle-thighed, 299 Dafila acuta, 246 Dascyllus trimaculatus, 131 Dedication of Hawaiian Hall, 144 Diomedea imniutabilis, 106, 296 Diomedea nigripes, 107, 297 Director's Reports: — 1902, 3 1903, 143 1904, 195 1905, 257 1906, 305 Distribution and Varia- tion of Achatinella multizonata, 65 Elepaio, 232 Kntomacrodus gibbi- frons, 138 Entomacrodus scale i*, 138 Epinephelus hexagona- ttis, 130 Epinephelus merra, 130 Epinephelus spiniger, 129 Exchange List, 168, 222, 271, 325 Exocoetus volitans, 127 Fibres, Hawaiian, Ac- count of, 57 Fibres, Strength of Ha- waiian, 64 Fishes of Marcus Island, 126 Fishes, Three New vSpe- cies, 276 Fregata aquila 113, 231, 299 Gallinago delicata, 248 Gecko, 116 Geer, R. C, appointed assistant, 6 Geer, R. C, resigned, 148 Geograpsus crinipes, 119 Geograpsus graj'i, 1:8 Gobius albopunctatus, 135 Gooney, 106 Goose, Hawaiian, Egg of, 275 Grammistes sexlineatus, 131 Grapsus grapsus, 119 Gj^gis alba kittlitzi, 104, 296 Gymnothorax detactus, 116 Hawaiian Hall Dedica- tion, 144 Hawk, Hawaiian, 274 Hemirhamphus depau- peratus, 127 Heteractis incanus, 115, 248 Heterorhynchus wilsoni, 253 Hibiscus fibre, 46 Himatione san guinea, 238 Holocentrus binolatum' 128 Holocentrus diadema, 128 Holocentrus tiereoides, 128 Hunakai, 248 Ibis, White-faced, Glossy 247 liwi, 237 lo nest Killdeer, 248 Koae, 245 Koloa maoli, 231, 246 Koloa niapu, 246 Kuhlia malo, 129 Kuhlia marginata, 129 Kuhlia taeniura, 129 Kyphosus elegans, 131 Larus vegae, 96 Leptodius sanguineus, 119 Lethrinus rostratus, 131 Library Accessions, 22, 162, 214, 264, 318 Lvitianus bengalensis, 130 Lutianus boha, 130 Lutianus qinnquelinea- tus, 130 Lydia annulipes, 120 Maguey fibre, 47 Manila Hemp, 48 Man-o'-war Bird, 113 Map of Marcus Island, 88 Marcus Island: by W. A. Bryan, 77 Marcus Island ma]\ 88 Marcus Island Tern, loi Index vn Melichthj^s bispinosiis, 135 Micraiioiis liawaiieiisis, 245. 295 Micranous marcusi, loi Midway Island: by W. A. Br5'an, 291 Mina, 236 Mollusca of Marcus Isl- and, 120 Mulloides samoensis, 128 Munia nisoria, 237 Murtena nebulosa, 127 Myripristis adustvis, 128 Nene, Egg of, 275 Nettion carolinensis, 246 Night Herron, 247 Noddy, 99 Noio, 245 Novactilichthj'^s vanico- rensis, 131 Numenius tahitiensis, 299 Nycticorax nycticorax ntevius, 247 Okra fibre, 51 Olona fibre, 51 Oreomystis ma cu lata, 240 Ostracion cornutus, 135 Ostracion tuberculatus, 135 Oxyechus vocifera, 248 Pachygrapsus plicatus, 120 Pacific Golden Plover, 115 Pallas' Gull, 96 Pandanus fibre, 53 Paper Mulberry, 53 Paracirrhites forsteri, 131 Pele's Hair, Nest of, 249 Pentapns albolineatus, 130 Perochirus articulatus, 116 Petrolisthes speciosus, 119 Phaethon lepturus, 145, 231 Phaethon r lib ri Cauda, 1 10, 298 Phallic Stones from Ra- panui, 171 Phasianus torquatus, 231 Phasianus versicolor, 231 Pineapple fibre, 54 Pita fibre, 55 Plegadis guarauna, 247 Porzanula palmeri, 299 Priofinvis cuneatus, 107, 297 Pseudogramma poly- acanthus, 139 Pseudoscarus heliotropi- nus*, 277 Pseudoscarus vitrioli- nus*, 281 Pseudopeneus bifascia- tus, 128 Pueo, 232, 241 Puffinvis nativitatis, 108 Pulu fibre, 86 Ramie fibre, 56 Red-footed Booby, iii Red-tailed Tropic Bird, no Remora albescens, 135 Report of C. M. Cooke, Jr., 311 Reports of Director: — 1902. 3 1903. 143 1904. 195 J905, 257 1906, 303 Rice Bird, 237 Salarias gilberti*, 135 Salarias marcusi*, 136 Salarias paulus*, 136 Scaridea zonarcha, 289 Scarus brighami*, 131 (plate 225) Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, 115 vSiganus fuscescens, 135 Sisal fibre, 58 vSkinks, 116 Sooty Tern, 97 Spatula clypeata, 246 Sterna fuliginosa, 97, 295 Stethojulis albovittata, 131 Stokes, J. F. G.:— Constructs model of Wahaula, 7 Curator Polynesian Ethnology, 148 vStone Implements, \V. T. Brigham, 33 Strength of Fibres, 64 Sula cyanops, 1 11 Sula piscator, in Sula sula, in Sun-flower fibre, 62 Teuthis achilles, 134 Teuthis a tri me n tatus, 133 Teuthis bipunctatus, 133 Teuthis bishopi*, 134 Teuthis striatus, 133 Teuthis triostegus, 134 Thalassoma genivittata, 131 Tringa acuminata, 113 Turtur chinensis, 232 Vlll Index, Vestiaria coccinea, 237 Wedge-tailed Shear- Young, J. L.: — water, 107 Gives collection, 12 Whaling Industry, 5 Phallic Stones from Waianae Mts., Birds of, ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ Rapanui, 171 Wilder, G. P.: American Birds collected on the Zanclus ruthiae*, 276 Hawaiian Islands, 245 Zebra so ma fiavescens, W. A. Bryan, 229 Walcott, A. M., resigns 6 Wandering Tattler, 115 Wilson's Snipe, 248 131 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. — No. 1. Director's Report for 1902, honoi,ui,u, h. i, Bishop Museum Press. — 1903- BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sanford B. Dolk, lyly.D. ..... President Wii.i.i.\M O. Smith Vice-President Alfred W. Carter Secretary Joseph O. Carter Treasurer Henry HoejiiEvS vSamuel M. Damon William F. Allen MUSEUM STAFF. "William T. Brigham Birecftor William H. Ball . . Honorary Curator of Mollusca William A. Bryan .... Curator of Ornithology John F. G. Stokes . . Curator of Pacific Ethnology Leopold G. Blackman . . Assistant and A(5ling Librarian Allen M. Walcott (Resigned June, 1902) . . Assistant Ralph C. Geer Assistant C. Montague Cooke, Jr Assistant John W. Thompson Artist and Modeler Alvin Seale Colledlor John J. Greene Printer FEB S3 1904 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. — No. 1. Director's Report for 1902. honolulu, h. i. Bishop Museum Press. 1903. TO THE PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES OE THE BERN ICE PA UAH I BISHOP MUSEUM. SIRS : — In accordance ivitJi the vote of the IVHstees at the stated meetino licid January 13, igoo, I presoit for your consideration niv report of the condition of the Museum i)i /ny chaioe, and of the icork done by myself a)id staff, duri)io the calendar year igo2. WTEIJAM T. BRIG HAM, Direflor of the Museum. Honolulu, March 16, igoj. REPORT. ^"TT'HE year 1902 has been marked in the histon' of the Museum ■*■ as one of great disturbance in the arrangement and exhibition of the colle(5lions. Not only has Hawaiian Hall been in the hands of the carpenters and polishers, but fheir operations have extended t3 nearly ever}' one of the exhibition rooms. The removal of the redwood cases from Hawaiian Vestibule two years ago compelled the storing of a large part of the Hawaiian collection, and even the small representative colledlion of Hawaiian implements that in temporary cases occupied this room had to yield place while the new koa cases were being set up ; so that for the greater part. of the year very little of the Hawaiian portion of the Museum has; been accessible either to the public or to students. In Polynesian! Hall new cases have been built occupying the middle of the floor ; and these, although the largest in the room, are already filled. In the Kahili Room the central case has been enlarged and the speci- mens of Natural Histor}' removed to give place to EthnologA'. Each addition to the Museum that its growth has required has- been of great advantage both for -exhibition and for study, which is another name for work. Polj-nesian Hall made it possible to separate the general Pacific collection from the Hawaiian, and now Hawaiian Hall gives for the first time an opportunity to properly exhibit and scientifically classify the ethnological material of these Islands and the producfts of Nature as distinct from those of man's hand. In preparation for this, which I felt sure the wisdom of the founder of the Museum would provide, the Director has given 4 DiTcdor s Annual Riport. years of study only to find, as must always be the case, that the limits of his knowledge simply become more defined by the study. Our Hawaiian collection is by far the best in the world, as it should be, but in very many important matters it is still defedlive. The rapid fading of aboriginal lore from the memory of the present :geiieration, and the rapid passing of the elders of the race, makes it very difficult to add to our knowledge from anything beyond a study of the remains and a comparison with the habits and acftions of other neighboring races and of other branches of the Polynesians. It makes painfully evident the gaps in the evidence colledled by the Director in his notes nearly forty years ago, and gives rise to vain regrets that the knowledge of what is needed today could not have been his when as a young man he collected all the items he then knew how to gather. The sciences of Ethnology and Anthro- pology were not then in existence as they are known today, and folklore had not begun to be coUedled among the backward peoples •of the Pacific Ocean. The ancient customs have been forgotten or so far corrupted as to be of little use save as a record of change, and we must study the implements remaining at least as carefully as the hunter studies the spoor of the game that has preceded him in the path. A large •colledtion of these adds value to the study, and we have here, for- tunately, the largest and best in the world. In repeating this I am not unmindful that there are certain private collecftions on these Islands, and elsewhere, that should be added to this Museum before they are scattered beyond our reach. Already, the past year, a feather cloak of a material not in our collection has passed out of our reach into a more fortunate museum, and I know of no other of this kind accessible. The Hawaiian collections that can be ob- tained, and that supplement our own, should be at once gathered into this treasure house. Five thousand dollars would enable the Direcftor to add these things. At some future time their loss will be vainly lamented. In the department of Osteology we are sadly deficient, for we Director's Annual Report. 5; have not a complete Hawaiian skeleton, and onh' two, a male adult from Malekula in the New Hebrides, and an Australian male given by Dr. E. C. Stirling, of Adelaide. We should have these of all the Pacific races. Of crania we have a better supply, and Mr. Seale has sent from the southea.st Pacific some very interesting specimens. We need more, and also measurements, photographs and physical statistics including casts of hands and feet. Phono- graphic records of ancient Hawaiian oii have been obtained by the kindness of Mrs. P. H. Weaver of the L,unalilo Home, but more are needed. Our casts, made with great care from the entire body of six specimens, some of them of exceptionall}' good development in these degenerate days, are of a value that cannot be over- estimated. I wish we had more of them, for they show what no series of photographic studies can show so well, if at all. In our collection of Hawaiian arms there are many lacunae. We need more clubs or newa ; more barbed spears ; more daggers and ihe pahee. While we have an extensive coUetlion of the large spears (pololu) there are museums in the United States that have more of the smaller spears than we can boast. We need more of the leiomano and larger shark teeth weapons. Our Ethnological collecftions from other parts of the Pacific have not received im- portant additions, with the exception that from Easter Island and Tahiti we have received a number of very valuable things, the gift of Mr. J. E. Young ; and from the Marquesas and neighboring PVench islands our collector, Mr. Seale, has added many things, as will be seen by the lists appended. While in the eastern States in the Spring the Direclor was able to get some choice specimens from Mangaia and the Solomon Islands, which had been brought home in the early part of the last century. As Honolulu was built up largely by the whaling industry it seemed desirable to recall to the memory of its present inhabitants the implements of that pursuit, once so familiar here ; and by the kindness of Messrs. Wing of New Bedford the Museum was presented with a set of tools ex- hibited at one of the French Expositions. 6 Dircctor\% Annual Report. The rapidly vanishing native fauna .should be saved as far as is now possible by securing such collecflions as are available ; and four thousand dollars can be well spent at once in this waj-. While we have a collecftor at work on the land shells, we have not in our cabinets more than half of the described marine shells attributed to our waters. We have about half of the described species of coral, and even a less proportion of the lower marine forms. The Com- missioner of Fisheries has informed me that the Commission desire to place in our Museum cotypes of the new species of fish collected by the Albatross expedition last summer, as well as all possible of the general collecftion made. This generous gift will be of great value in the future study of the Hawaiian fish fauna, which under the wasteful fishing of the Orientals will soon be difficult to find. Our collecftion of Hawaiian Crustacea is of little importance and should be made an especial object in our future work. But this report deals more with what we have done and are doing, although all such work is continuous and must be done in reference to future needs. Our Staff has changed its personnel during the year. Mr. Allen M. Walcott, after several years of faithful work, resigned in June to continue his .studies in the University of California, and Mr. Leopold Blackman was appointed in his place. Mr. Ralph C. Geer was made assistant to the Director for his great skill in carpentry and general manual work. Mr. C. M. Cooke, Jr., was appointed an a.ssi.stant as especially interested in studying the distribution and variation of Hawaiian Land Shells, and in this line he has made extensive collections in Nuuanu valley. Of the older members of the .staff Mr. W. A. Bryan has not only, as Curator of Ornithology, cared for the collections in his department, mounting groups of native birds to illustrate their life history, but has al.so arranged for me the groups of casts of natives at work made several j-ears ago by Allen Hutchinson but not yet placed on public exhibition. The care and skill Mr. Bryan has shown in this work will give pleasure to many visitors in future years, and without the important accessories he has furnished, the Director's A)i)iual Report. y admirable casts would be almost useless for the purpose intended — to illustrate the most important or characleristic emplo3'ments of old Hawaiians. It may be noted that we had no little difficulty in obtaining models of good types, and also in arranging the pose, so little are the ancient handicrafts practised at the present day. In taxidermy Mr. Bryan's method is the same used with such capital success in South Kensington, New York and other great museums, and it marks the passing of the old method of mounting stuffed birds upon stiff perches without any of their natural surroundings. We may place his work in the front ranks of modern taxidermy. Mr. J. F. G. Stokes has been my chief assistant now for several years, has adted as Librarian of our small but very choice working librar}-, and he has also kept most of our accounts as w^ell as helped in most of the Museum work. In special work he has construcfted a capital model of the ancient heiau of Wahiula in Puna, Hawaii, from surveys and photographs made by him and the Director while camped in the once sacred enclosure. Messrs. Stokes and Walcott, during the early part of the year, went through the entire collecftion checking specimens by the catalogues and replacing any damaged labels. Mr. Blackman has, in addition to the various duties of lending a hand in the Museum work, engaged in the preparation and stud)- of some of the principal fibres native to these Islands or grown here, and his results are presented herewith. It is believed that with the awakening interest in the cultivation of fibrous plants, especially sisal, his work in this line will be of considerable interest and value. Mr. Cooke has been with us but a part of the j'ear, but his collections and study have advanced to that point that I have re- quested him to prepare an essay on the curious subject of distribu- tion of our lyand Shells, and his essay is also submitted. Mr. Greene has kept the Printing Department at the high level attained in former years, and in addition to the routine work of a Museum Press, including labels, tables, blanks and notices, he has prepared the Annual Report, Memoir No. 4 on Hawaiian vStone 8 Director's Annual Report. Implements, and No. 5 Supplementary Notes on Hawaiian Feather Work. Some work has been done on the Handbook to the Museum, a work of which the need has long been apparent to those in charge of the Museum, but which could not be issued hitherto owing to the impending rearrangement of the colledtions. The first volume of Occasional Papers has been issued, and we have also completed the first volume of Memoirs, making a quarto volume of more than four hundred and fifty pages, with sixty-nine plates, two of them in colors, and two hundred and sixty-two figures in the text, both plates and textual illustrations being in general representations of objecfts in the Museum which have been photographed by the Direcftor and reproduced in half-tone or zincograph b}' the Sunset Photo-Engraving Company of San Francisco, whose careful and excellent work has added much to the value of the illustrations. The work of the Museum has not been wdiolly confined to an attempt to cater for the amusement of the public, which should always be a secondar}- object with a museum of the charadter of the Bishop Museum. The colle(5tion and diffusion of knowledge and the preservation, for the use of future students, of the evidence colledled, that our succes.sors may have better means and greater knowledge for interpreting, should always be first in importance. Situated as we are within the tropics, with a maximum of clear and ver}^ actinic sunlight, it is impossible to exhibit constantly many of our greatest treasures, as the feather work, birds, .shells and kapas for the fading caused by daily exposure would mean destruc- tion within ten years, and destrudlion of what can never be replaced. Things that in I^ondon could be lighted daily by the comparatively feeble sunlight of that region without much loss of color for years could not bear with the same impunity a month of Honolulu bright- ness. In illustration of this I maj' state that labels printed with rubber stamps, using the best "record ink", and type-written matter black enough when made, were quite illegible after three years exposure, not to sunlight but to the diffused light of the galleries. In collec5ting Mr. Scale has passed the year in the southeast- Director s Annua/ Report. 9 eni Pacific, and has with care and energy explored the high islands of the Marquesan and Tahitian groups, and also the low coral groups of the Paumotus. Many of his collecftions hav^e arrived safely at the Museum ; some of them are already placed in the cases; others, as the fishes, etc., await his return for further study and identification. During the summer Mr. Bryan had an opportunit}' offered for the exploration of Marcus Island in the western Pacific, a region particularly interesting to naturalists as the probable meeting place of distinct faunas. B}^ the permission of the Trustees he availed himself of the kindness of the owners of the island, but the Japan- ese government claiming the little island prevented by armed force any proper exploration, wrongfully, as that government now ad- mits, and the results were not all that we had hoped ; still the birds and other material colle(fled prove interesting, and what has been done will be seen b}' Mr. Bryan's account appended to this report. Mr. Thompson has continued the fine series of castings of native fish, coloring them with great skill and accurac}'. This seems the most successful means of preserving the rapidl}' evan- escent colors of the remarkable inhabitants of our waters, and it is to be hoped that the work may go on until all the fish are as beaviti- fully preserved as those already in the Museum. In all cases the fish, after the casting, are preserved in spirits for dissecftion or further examination. With the specimens sent by the Fish Com- mission, these casts and their originals, and the considerable col- ledlions of our staff, we may hope to have in the immediate future a fine representation of the fisli fauna of these waters. Some of this artist's skill has been given to preserving the fruits of excep- tional interest, and now visitors at an}' season can see good speci- mens of the tropical fruits grown here, a matter of no little interest to intending settlers. The mention of these fruits calls to mind another attempt that the Museum has been making to illustrate the vegetable and mineral products of this group. All accessible fibres have been JO Dirccfor's Annual Report. prepared by Mr. Blackmail, and their strength tested ; specimens of coffee, arrowroot, cocoa, vanilla, rice, have been purchased, or in a few rare cases given, and it is hoped that an interesting, if not wholly satisfadlory, exhibition of Hawaiian coi;iiiiercial producfts may be offered to visitors by the time the new hall is ready for the public. The number of visitors has been nearly as large as last year, although the storm in November rendered the attendance for that month less than usual. The number of Chinese has greatl}^ in- creased, and the Japanese also outnumber the Hawaiians. The list given may be of interest to compare with former 3'ears. TABLE OF ATTENDANCE. 1 3 3 ft u i 3 6 Open on a: «^ So Average Attendance. t CO ;i4 m 1902. "^' ■> Jauujn-.v February Marcb 400 355 435 454 366 348 286 322 244 352 241 243 131 64 146 55 109 57 42 60 109 157 79 136 48 30 8 12 60 29 13 82 33 59 8 16 110 309 90 175 230 107 138 147 110 167 87 96 104 115 53 83 98 70 159 124 126 128 51 57 2 3 1 3 " i "'"i 9 8 9 8 10 8 8 10 8 9 9 8 3 4 3 10 4 6 9 3 6 4 4 3 42 17 5 78 50 2S 41 11 29 47 31 8 84 107 81 88 81.6 73 75 72.5 74 91 48.5 67.5 17 4 1.6 8 12.6 4.6 4.6 3.6 5 12 8 3 795 875 735 780 866 611 July 638 August September October November December 736 622 863 467 548 Totals 4046 j 1145 398 1766 1168 13 1 104 59 377 78.5 6.6 8536 The Museum has sustained no damage from visitors, thanks to the vigilance of the attendants, but observation leads to the belief that the lawless element in the community is increasing, and if the public is to be admitted as freely as in the past more precau- tions must be taken to guard the colledlions ; hence all specimens that can be so disposed of have been placed in cases. The additions to the library have been almost entirely by ex- change of our publications and b}^ gift. Few books have been purchased. A list of accessions is appended. The li.sts of acces- sions in other departments will show some notable additions, among which may be mentioned a skeleton of Mesoplodon I lectori from List of Accessions. 1 1 New Zealand. It must be confessed that the increase in the collec- tions the past 5'ear has not been wholly satisfa(5lory, and it is hoped that with the enlarged facilities for storage and exhibition another year ma}^ show an improvement. It is, however, a matter of con- gratulation that we have not been compelled to accept unsuitable specimens, or undesirable collecftions. May we continue to be small and select rather than large and miscellaneous. List of Accessions. DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. Colic fiion given by Mrs. M. D. Hendricks. 5800 Grass belt. New Hebrides. 5801 Mask. Santa Cruz Ids. 5S02 Basket. Santa Cruz Ids. 5803 Hat. Santa Cruz Ids. 5804 Dancing rattles. Santa Cruz Ids. 5805 Small shell rattles. Santa Cruz Ids. 5806 Head ornament of shell. New Hebrides. 5807 Lime box of human bone. New Hebrides. 5808 Wooden ornament. Solomon Ids. 5809 Mortar and pestle for betel nut. Solomon Ids. 5810 Nose pin. Solomon Ids. 581 1 Totoisha. Solomon Ids. ^ 5812 Necklace of dog teeth. Gilbert Ids. 5813 Shark hook. 5814 Shield. New Guinea. 5815 Head band. Micronesia. 5816 Fish hook. New Zealand. 5817 Heitiki of bone. New Zealand. 5818 Patu of wood. New Zealand. 5819 Flaxen kit. New Zealand. 5820 Squid sinker. Society Ids. 12 Diircfors Annual Report. 5821-2 Fishing Hues and hooks. Samoa. 5823 Paddle. Fiji. 5824 Coconut spoons, carved. New Guinea. 5825 Fans (4). Samoa. 5826-7 Boomerangs. Australia. 5828 Stone axe. 5829 Basket. South Australia. 5830-1 Spears. Australia. 5832-4 Clubs. Australia. 5835 ■ Small models of Australian weapons — 2 shields, 4 club.s- and 2 boomerangs. 5836-7 Dancing skirts. Samoa. 5838 Spear thrower. Australia. 5839-40 Totem poles. Alaska. 5841 Necklace of porpoise teeth. Hawaiian Ids. 5842 String of whale teeth. Hawaiian Ids. 5843 Rotary drill. American Indian. 5844 Skirt of fibre. American Indian. 5845 Skirt of Pandanus. Samoa. 5846-7 Tapa. Samoa. 5848 Collecftion from the North American and Alaskan Indians ^ comprising: — Model of oomiak ; hide scraper; horn, bone and wooden spoons, and bone fork ; dancing rattles, time beaters, tambourine, drum sticks, necklaces, basketwork plates, water bottles, shark hook, adze, beaded medicine bags, moccasins, horses' girths, bridles, loom for weaving blanket, Chinese ivory ball finely carved. Givoi by J. L. }'o/tno\ J£s(/. 5942 Wooden image of sea eel. Rapanui. 5943 Wooden lizard figure. Rapanui. 5944-5 Wooden clubs. Rapanui. 5946 Wooden image of chiton. Rapanui. 5947-S/^ Wooden balls used at dances. Rapanui. 5949'50 Wooden male figures of the long-eared race. Rapanui. 5951 Wooden male figure of the short-eared race. Rapanui. 5952-3 Wooden female figures of the long-eared race. Rapanui. 5954-6 Pieces of fetish wood. Rapanui. 5957 Piece of shell fetish. Rapanui. List of Accessions. 13 5960 Broken pieces of stone medicine bowls. Rapauui. 5961 Stone knife. Rapanui. 5962-7 Obsidian spear heads. Rapanui. 5968 Quantity of chippings from tools, mainly of obsidian. RapauTii. 5969 Ceremonial head fillet. Rapanui. 5970-2 Ceremonial hat. Rapanui. 5973 Wooden seat. Anaa, Paumotu Arch. 5974 Shark hooks. Napuka, Paumotu Arch. 5975-6 Shark hooks. Akahaina, Paumotu Arch. 5980 Wooden mallet. Mangareva. 5981 Stone ball. Mangareva. 5983 Stone adze head. Pitcairn. 5984 Stone adze head. Oeno. 5985 Stone adze head. Rapa. 5986 Stone adze head. Caroline, near Society Ids. 5987 Wooden breadfruit knife. Omoa, Marquesas Ids. 598S Wooden food bowl. Omoa, Marquesas Ids. 5989 Wooden food bowl. Hivaoa, Marquesas Ids. 5990 Tapa beater. Papara dist., Tahiti. 5991 Tapa beater. Raiatea. 5992 Tapa beater. Rurutu. 5993 Tapa beater. Vavitao. 5994 Stone adze head. Papenoo, Tahiti. 5995 Stone adze head. Papara, Tahiti. 5996 Stone adze head. Huahine. 5997-8 Wooden medicine dish. Tahiti. 5999 Tairitu, small water-worn pebble of historical fame. Atiu, Herve}' Ids. 6000 Aw^a bowl. Savaii, Samoa. A/iscc!/aneo7is Gifts. 5869 War club. Samoa. Given by Mrs. Grace Chapman. 5915-16 Colledlion of 9 paleolithic and 21 eolithic implements from England. Given by R. D. Darbishire, Esq. 5932 Harpoon. New Bedford. Given by Messrs. J. and W. R. Wing. 5933 Whaling lance. New Bedford. Given by Messrs. J. and W. R. Wing. 14 Director's A mm a I Report. 5934 Blubber spade. New Bedford. Given by Messrs. J. and W. R. Wing. 5936 Large grindstone. Kauai, H. I. Given by G. R. Ewart, Esq. 5937 Jacket lamp. New Bedford. Given by Messrs. J. and W. R. Wing. 6002 Male skeleton. Hillston, South Australia. Given by Dr. E. C. Stirling. 6020 Cast of Hawaiian kapa beater. Given by the Smithsonian Institution. 6034 Paddle. Mangareva. Given by Chief Typeroa. , 6093 Tapa. Rurutu. Given by Orsmond Walker, Esq. 61 1 1 Coconut cup. Hivaoa. Given by Rev. Kauwealoha. 6202 Large shrimp basket. Hawaiian Ids. Given by R. C. Geer. 6203 Pacific cable, secftion of land end. Given by T. M. Rae. Loa)ied. 6019 Implement of basalt, found at Moanalua, Oahu. Loaned by S. M. Damon, Esq., while a cast was made. 6215 Hawaiian collecftion, loaned by Mrs. A. F. Judd, comprising: 1 feather cape and lei, 20 umeke, i finger bowl, 2 fish dishes, 2 lei palaoa. 6216 Pidlure of the late C. M. Hyde, D.D. Loaned by Mrs. Hyde. 6217 Picfture of Kamamalu. Loaned by Mrs. Helen Wilder Craft. 6219 Hawaiian colle(5tion and picftures, loaned by Mrs. E. Keka- aniau Pratt, comprising: 2 pi(5lures, 6 feather lei, 15 kahili, 5 kahili handles, 13 umeke, 5 coconut bowls, and i Niihau mat. Co/lefted. 6021-30 Adze heads. Rapa. 6031-2 Adze heads. Mangareva. 6035-8 Adze heads. Austral Ids. 6039 Axe head. Austral Ids. 6070 Stone implement. Austral Ids. 6071 Stone knife (?). Austral Ids. 6072-6 Stones. Austral Ids. 6077 Stone implement. Austral Ids.. 6079-82 Poi pounders. Austral Ids. 6083-6 Mounted adzes. Austral Ids. List of Accessions. 15 6087-8 Tapa beaters. Austral Ids. 6079 Pearl fish hook. Austral Ids. 6090 Coconut cup. Austral Ids. 6091-2 Tapa. Austral Ids. 6094 Basket. Paumotu Arch. 6095 Fragment of wood. Paumotu Arch. 6096 Stick. Paumotu Arch. 6097 Wooden pestle. Paumotu Arch. 6098 Wooden dish. Paumotu Arch. 6099 Coconut water bottle. Paumotu Arch. 6100 Cap of tapa and fibre. Paumotu Arch. 6 10 1 Sennit. Paumotu Arch. 6103 Bambu for hat making. Society Ids. 6104 Paddle. Hervey Ids. 6105-7 Paddles. Marquesas Ids. 6108 Canoe bailer. Marquesas Ids. 6109 War trumpet. Marquesas Ids. 61 10 Ornament. Marquesas Ids. 6112-18 Tapa. Marquesas Ids. 6119-20 Mats. Marquesas Ids. 6121-2 Fringed cinctures. Marquesas Ids. 6123 Tapa jacket. Marquesas Ids. 6124 Human hair necklace. Marquesas Ids. 6125 Human hair armlet. Marquesas Ids. 6126 Cord. Marquesas Ids. 6127 Feather head dress. Marquesas Ids. 6128 Tapa beater. Marquesas Ids. 6129 Fire sticks. Marquesas Ids. 6130 Stilt rest. Marquesas Ids. 61 3 1 Coconut cup. Marquesas Ids. 6132 Coconut, carved. Marquesas Ids. 6133 Boar tusk. Marquesas Ids. 6134 Bone piercers. Marquesas Ids. 6135 Carved tobacco pipe. Marquesas Ids. 6136 Shell ornament. Marquesas Ids. 6137 Coral polisher. Marquesas Ids. 6138 Stone axe head. Marquesas Ids. 6139 Adze. Marquesas Ids. 6140-7 Stone adze heads. Marquesas Ids. i6 Director' s Annual Report. 6148 Poi pounder. Marquesas Ids. 6149-54 Wooden bowls. Marquesas Ids. 6155 Wooden dish. Marquesas Ids. 6156 Wooden seat. Marquesas Ids. 6157 Wooden drum. Marquesas Ids. 6158 Wooden awa dish. Marquesas Ids. 6159 Wooden box with cover. Marquesas Ids. 6160 Wooden dish. (?) 6161-5 Fish hooks. Marqviesas Ids. 6166 Necklace of teeth. Marquesas Ids. 6167 Tapa. Marquesas Ids. 6168 Bundle of bark and tapa partly made. Marquesas Ids. 6169-72 Stones. (?) 6173 Tapa beater. (?) 6174 Rasp. (?) 6175-6 Wooden images. (?) 6177 Sandals. (?) 6180 Stone pestle. (?) 6181 Stone. (?) 6182 Piece of wood. (?) 6184 Bundle of tapa. Marquesas Ids. 6185 Human skull and jawbone. Mangareva. 6186-91 Human skulls. Mangareva. 6192 Human jaw bone. Mangareva. 6193 Inscribed stone. Austral Ids. 6194-5 Idols. Society Ids. Purcliased. 1938 Grass skirt. British New Guinea. 1939 Palm-leaf skirt. British New Guinea. 1940 Comb. British New Guinea. 3212-13 Salt pans of stone. Hawaiian Ids. 5849-50 Koa canes from the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5851 Man's outfit for the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5852 Woman's outfit for the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5853 Stone gouge, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5854 Bonnet, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5855-7 Aprons, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5858 Malo, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5859-60 Tippets of yellow cloth, used in the Hale Naua. H. I. List of Accessions. 17 5861-2 Kapa, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5863-5 Niihau mats, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5866-7 Silk flags, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5868 Pair of silver tassels, used in the Hale Naua. Hawaiian Ids. 5870 War club. Samoa. 5881 Stone axe. British New Guinea. 5882 Ceremonial adze. New Caledonia. 5883-4 Stone mortars. Hawaiian Ids. 5S85 Stone dish. Hawaiian Ids. 5886 Salt pan of stone. Hawaiian Ids. 58S7-8 Poi pounders. Hawaiian Ids. 5889-92 Stone pestles. Hawaiian Ids. 5893-5908 Stone adzes. Hawaiian Ids. 5909 Stone hammer. Hawaiian Ids. 5910 Ulumaika. Hawaiian Ids. 5911-12 Polishing stones. Hawaiian Ids. 5913 Stone sinker. Hawaiian Ids. 5914 Sinker of coral rock. Hawaiian Ids. 5918 Paddle. Marquesas Ids. 5919 Club. Samoa. 5920 Tinder box, containing flints and steel. New Bedford, Mass. 592S Club. V\]\. 5929 Club. (?) 5930 Paddle. (?) 5931 Spear. Solomon Ids. 5935 Harpoon bomb-gun. New Bedford, }klass. 5938 Eskimo blubber knife of bone. 5939 Ceremonial adze. Herve}' Ids. 6003-4 Umeke, Lahaina pattern. Maui, H. I. 6005 Stone lamp. Hawaiian Ids. 6006 Poi pounder. Hawaiian Ids. 6007-10 Stone adzes. Hawaiian Ids. 601 1 Ulumaika. Hawaiian Ids. 6012 Squid hook. Hawaiian Ids. 6013-17 Fish hooks. Hawaiian Ids. 6018 Stone offertorium. Hawaiian Ids. OccASiONAi, Papers B. P. E. M, Vol. II., No. i.— 2. I 8 Director's .liniual Report. DEPARTMENT OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY. Cotleeled except ichere otliericise iiieiitloiied. 5978 Jaw of cetacean. Nengonengo, Paumotu Arch. Given l)y Mr. J. L. Young. 9000-2 and 9005 Four pairs goat horns. Hawaii. Given by Mr. S. E. Damon. 9003 Mystacina tuberculata. New Zealand. Purchased. 9004 Mesoplodon hectori (skeleton). New Zealand. Purchased. 9006 Sus papuensis. New Guinea. Purchased. 9007 Model of head of right whale. Purchased. Skins (147) from Marquesas and Austral Ids., Makatea and Mangareva. Not yet catalogued. 2001-2 Nycticorax nycticorax ngevius (Bodd.),9, nest and five eggs. Oahu. 2003 Nycticorax nycticorax naevius ( Bodd.), juv. Oahu. Given by Mr. A. C. True. 2004 Buteo solitarius Peale. Hawaii. Given by Mr. S. E. Damon . 2005 Corvus hawaiiensis Peale. Hawaii. Given by Mr. S. E. Damon. 2006 Gymnorhina tibicen, 9 . New vSouth Wales. Given by Wni. T. Brigham. 2007-9 Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis (Blox.), 3 juv. Oahu. Given by Dr. G. H. Huddy. 2010 Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis (Blox.), nest. Oahu. 201 1 Asio accipitrinus sandvicensis (Blox. ) J . Oahu. Given by Mr. Oliver Lansing. 2012-14 Nycticorax uj-cticorax ntevius (Bodd.), i9 and 2 nests. Oahu. 2019 Casarca tadornoides Eyton. New South Wales. Purcha.sed. 2020 Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus ( Linn. ). Wichicken. Pur- cha.sed mounted. 2021 Aptenodytes patagonica Bonnat. Kerguelen Id. Purchased mounted. 2022 Sterna paradissea Briin. Oahu. Purchased. 2029 Circinarus regius Linn. New Guinea. Purchased. 2030-1 Rhytidoceros plicatus (Forst.), 2 J . New Guinea. Pur- chased. List of Accessions. 19 2032 Scytlirops novae - hollandiae Lath. 9 New Guinea. Pur- clia.secl. 2033 Goura albertisii Salvad. ^ New Guinea. Purchased. 2034-5 EurN'stomus cras.siro.stris Scl., i c? , i? New Guinea. Purchased. 2036-7 Eos fuscata Blyth, J' & 9 . New Guinea. Purchased. 203S and 2041 Eorius erythrothorax Salvad., 9 & ? , g 9 , 2 ? Midway Id. 2147-51 Anous stolidus (Linn.), i 9 , 4 juv. Midway Id. 2152-4 Gygis alba kittlitzi Hart., c? , 9 , juv. Midway Id. 2155-8 Arenaria interpres (Linn.), ^, 2 9, i ? Midway Id. 2159-70 Liniosa lapponica baueri (Naum.), 6 J" , 5 9 , i ? Mid- way Id. 2171-5 Phaethon rubricauda Bodd., ro\vn) (!() Manila ( I'liilippine fibre) r.7 Bow-strins" Hemp 4!) Sisal 4S I'ita 45 ( 'otton Hast :i7 ,Iute (not Hawaiian-Rrown I :!(! ' Sunflower :>.") Coir :!4 Rosella :«> Hau :;!• Okra 21 The writer acknowledges with thanks the assistance of Pro- fessor William T. Brigham, Dr. Nicholas Russel, Messrs. A. F. Cooke, F. G. Krauss and A. H. Turner, who contributed material for experiment and furnished various data. The following works have been consulted: The Cyclopedia of India (Balfour), The Dictionary of the Economic Produ(5ts of India (Watt). The Useful Fibre Plants of the World (Dodge), Uncultivated Bast Fibres (Dodge), Tropical Fibres (Squier), La Ramie (Michotte), The Inhabitants of the Pliilippines (vSawyer), Index Kewensis (Fowler and Jack.son), The Leaf Fibres of the United States, and other reports of the Fibre Investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Distribution and Variation of Achatinella multizonata from Nuuanu Valley. C. Montague Cooke Jr., Ph.D. Since October of last year the writer has been engaged in making a systematic collecftion of Hawaiian land shells for the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Honolulu. There is no sys- tematic colle(5lion of these shells in any museum, with the excep- tion of Mr. Gulick's collecT;ion now in the Boston Society of Natural History. This Society also has the largest collecftion in point of numbers. The British Museum has a large colledlion and a very valuable one. It contains about two-thirds of the type- specimens. There are several valuable private collecftions which have been carefulh' made and are systematic in arrangement. It would be a great loss if an}' of these collecftions are ever allowed to leave the Islands, as each contains peculiar local and color varieties which could never be replaced, as the districts from which these shells have been collected are now barren of shells, due to the destruction of the forests. There is almost nothing known of the habits of the Achati- nellidse. They are undoubtedly nocturnal. During a rain a few may be found with the animal extended ; but less than three per cent, have been thus found. The arboreal forms are usuall}^ found on the leaves of trees and shrubs. A few may be found on the branches or trunk, while only a very few occur on grass and ferns at the base of the trunk. Nothing is known about their food. It is not known whether they have a breeding season or not. Some specimens may be found pregnant no matter at what time of the year the shells have been collected. No data have been pub- lished showing a larger per cent, pregnant during any particular season. All the Achatinellidae are hermaphroditic and most of the genera are viviparous. The arboreal forms, when pregnant, usu- OccASioNAL Papers 15. P. B. M., Vol. II., No. i. — 5. (65I 66 D/nr/or's .'h/iiiia/ Report. ally contain a single young. A few cases have been found by the writer in which a uterus has contained two young. In tliis case the young are at different stages of development. In the terres- trial forms, when a specimen is pregnant, there are usually from three to five young. These are always in different stages of develop- ment. In one case the writer found eleven young in the uterus of an Achatinclla {LamincUa) gravida. The colle(5ting thus far has been confined almost entirely to IMuuanu valley. About 3000 shells have been collecfted from the north-western side of this valley. Of these shells 1785 belong to Mr. D. D. Baldwin's Achatinclla ttinitizonata. Nuuanu valley has a north-easterly trend. The sides are more or less precipitous and rise from a few hundred to more than two thousand feet above the .bed of the valle\-. The sides are covered by a low dense mass of trees, shrubs, ferns and creepers. Extending into the valley, at about right angles to the sides, are numerous sub-ridges. The upper portions of these sub-ridges and of the valleys between them are also overgrown with a dense mass of vegetation. The lower por- tions and also the bed of the main valley are covered with the intro- duced "Hilo grass" {Paspaluni coujiigatnin) with here and there clumps or isolated individuals of L,ehua {Met rosidcros poly iiiorpha) , Straussia, Guava [Psidiuui gjiayava) , etc. There are about twent^'- three of these sub-ridges, which are more or less parallel to one another. In some cases the foot of a sub-ridge expands into a more or less undulating slope. In numbering these sub-ridges the num- bers begin at the head of the valley. A. multizojiata is found on all the upper 17 sub-ridges, a dis- trict of about a mile in length, and from 100 to 400 yards in breadth. There are no permanent streams in any of the valleys between ■these sub-ridges. Tw^o of these valleys usually have a little flow- ing water. The valley between sub-ridges XIV and XV serves as ;a boundary to several of the color- varieties. That between X\'II and XVIII serves as a boundary to the whole species. In some cases a sub-ridge has been divided into two or more localities. This has been done when there has been a group of trees isolated from the rest of the trees growing on the sub-ridge. These locali- ties are designated by adding a letter to the nvimber of the sub-ridge. None of the localities are more than 150 yards in diameter. A. mnl- iizonata is found in more or less open localities. Specimens are Achatinclla }[i(Iti:zonata . 67 seldom found where there is a dense vegetation, the limit being at the thick growths of the "Stag-horn fern" {Glcichenia diclwtonia) and leie {Frcvciiietia Arnotti) . The elevation at which it is found is from about 1000 ft. to about 1400 ft. Of the .shells found 95.5 per cent, were on either lehua, .straussia or guava. lychua represents 53.3 per cent, of the trees on which shells were found, .straussia 9.8 percent., and guava 29.8 per cent. Of A. multizoiiata 54.6 per cent, were found on lehua, 14.2 percent, on straussia, and 26.7 per cent, guava. Of the remaining plants Po'dn^ia fa'tida , representing 1.7 per cent., yielded 1.2 per cent, of the shells; A'ad/ni, represent- ing 2.3 per cent., yielded 1.2 per cent.; and all others, about a half a dozen genera, representing 3.1 per cent., yielded 2.1 per cent. The distribution of these plants, according to sub-ridges, and of the color-varieties found on these plants may be found in Tables II and III. Achatinella multi^jonata Baldwin.' "Shell dextral, imperforate, moderately solid, elongately coni- cal, apex sub-acute, surface shining, striated with fine lines of growth, under a. strong lens showing ver}' numerous, extremel}^ minute decussating striae ; apical whorls smooth, scarcely decus- sated. Color white, variously striped with numerous dark brown lines and bands, some on the base and others spiral. Whorls 6, lightly marginate above, convex ; suture lightly impressed. Aper- ture oblique, oval, white, the dark bands of the exterior visible within; peristome acute, thickened within, slightly expanded, white, the dark lines of the exterior marked on the inner edge; columella purplish brown, terminating in a strong, oblique, tortu- ous fold. Length, 18; diam., 10 mm. Habitat, Nuuanu valley, Oahu. Animal when extended in motion, longer than the .shell. Mantle brown, lighter on the outer edge. Foot above and below^ light brown, posterior portion tapering. Tentacles long and slen- der ; these, with the head above, slate color." The above is Mr. Baldwin's description of A. i)niltirjo)iata. Mr. Baldwin states that the mantle is brown. In all the specimens coUecled by the writer the mantle varies from a ver}- dark to a light slate color. It is sometimes mottled with light or dark markings. A. vndtizonata, in common with most of the arboreal achatinellidae, 'Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 215, 216, pi. x, f. I, 2. 1.S95. 68 Director's Annual Report. varies greatly not only in color but also, in a less degree, in size and form. Mr. Baldwin states in a note that "a great variety of transition forms occur between this species and A. bcllula vSmith, which is found on the neighboring mountain ridges of Nuuanu valley, and is a much larger shell. ' ' A . hellula is not onh- larger, but the shell is more solid and the median whorls less convex. A . bellida varies to a much less extent. A. uiultizonata varies from a pure white to a rich mahogany brown, and also through a larger number of striped variations. The apex of the shell also varies. In about half of the color-varieties the apex is white or a very light brown; the rest have the apex striped with a light to a very dark brown band. The color of the apex is nearly constant in each color- variety. In color-variety W, however, slightly more than half the shells have the apex white, the remaining having a banded apex. Young, disse<5led from the uterus of the animal, usually agree in coloration, with the apex of their parent. Several exceptions have been found of shells with a white apex containing a striped 3-oung, while only four cases have been found of shells with a striped apex containing white young. For convenience the writer has divided this shell into twenty- five color-varieties. Each of these color-varieties is designated by a letter. The letters thus used are A-T and V-Z. A verv large number of intermediate specimens occur. Some of these color- varieties have a very restricfted range, being found on only three or four of the sub-ridges ; others are found over nearly the whole range of the species. Color-variety A. vSliell white, sometimes light yellow near the edge of the peris- tome ; columella white, sometimes purple; 1 17 specimens. This color-variety is distributed over nearly the whole range of the species. It is not found in localities XlVa and XI\"b. About 70 per cent, of this color-variety were found on lehua, though this tree represents only about 53 per cent, of the plants on which shells were found. About 43 percent, came from sub-ridges \\\, \TII and X. Color-variety B. Shell white, with the suture marked with a brown band or line ; columella white-purple ; in the latter case the und)ilical re- Afha/iiiel/a Multizonata . 69 gion dark brown or black ; 20 specimens. In this color-variety it is interesting to note that the specimens were colle(5led only at the extreme limits of the range of the species ; 4 specimens were found on sub-ridges I-IV, and 16 specimens from sub-ridges XV-XVII. Color-variety C. Shell white, sometimes light yellow near the edge of the peris- tome, apex light brown, this brown sometimes extends to the sec- ond and third whorls; columella white, sometimes purple; 125 specimens. This color- variety is distributed over nearly the whole range of the species, about 20 per cent, coming from sub-ridge X. This color-variety is absent from sub-ridges I and II, and also from localities XlVa and XlVb. Color-variety D. Shell a light chocolate brown ; columella white to purple ; 23 specimens. About 83 per cent, come from sub-ridges III-V, and 56 per cent, were found on straussia. This plant represents only 14 per cent, of the plants on which shells were found. Color-variety E. Apex and upper whorls white, the two lower whorls yellow; columella white to purple ; 49 specimens. This color-variety is. fairly distributed in small numbers over most of the range of the species. Color-variety F. Apex white to light brown, spire white encircled with bands or lines of light yellow which continue on the upper portion of the lowest whorl, base yellow; columella white to purple. In two specimens the suture is marked with a brown band. These two .shells had the umbilical region dark brown, with the columella and peristome purple; 102 specimens. This color-variet}- is dis- tributed over nearly the whole range of the species. Color-variety G. Apex and spire white, base yellow ; columella white to purple; 192 specimens. This abundant color-variety is distributed over 70 Director's Aiuiual Report. nearly the whole range of the species. About 64 per cent, were found on lehua. Color-variety H. Apex and spire white, base a dark reddish brown ; columella white to purple ; 31 specimens. This color-variety is only found on sub-ridges XII-XIV, about 84 per cent, coming from the differ- ent localities on the lowest sub-ridges. This color- variety was found only on lehua and guava. Color-variety I. Apex white to light brown, spire white encircled by bands or lines of light 5'ellow, the lowest whorl 3'ellow encircled at the per- iphery with a dark brown band or two brown lines ; columella light-dark purple rarely white, peristome usually purple, umbilical region sometimes dark brown; 66 specimens. This color- variety distributed from sub-ridge II-XIV, nearly 50 per cent, coming from sub-ridges X-XII. Color-variety J. Apex light brown, median whorls white, base of lowest whorl a rich reddish browj^i bounded at the periphery by a dark Ijrown band or two lines; columella purple; 21 specimens. This color- variety was not found above sub-ridge VI, nor below sub-ridge XIV . Its distribution is somewhat similar to that of color-variety H. Color-variety K. Shell white, a dark brown band or two lines encircles the base at the peripher\' ; the band is sometimes continued on the spire just under the suture; columella purple, rareh' white ; 127 speci- mens. This color-variety is distributed from sub-ridge I-XIW Color-variety L. Apex and spire white, a dark brown band or two lines en- circles the base at the periphery, the base below this band \ellow; columella purple, rarely white ; 11 1 specimens. The distribution of this color-variety is from sub-ridges I-XIV. Color - v a r i et y M . Shell a light brown, slightly darker at the apex, the base en- circled at the periphery l)y a dark brown band; 13 specimens. AcliafhicUa Multizonata . 71 This color variety is not found below sub-ridge XIII ; about 60 per cent, came from sub-ridges II-\'. Color-variety N. Apex white to light brown ; upper portion of the spire white, the lowest whorl encircled b}' two broad brown bands, one just above, the other just below the peripher}' ; these bands separated by a narrow to broad white band at the peripher}' ; the upper band continues for another whorl, encircling the spire just above the suture ; the lower band sometimes represented by two-four brown lines. In four cases the outer edges of the two bands are margined with a very dark brown line ; base white or yellow ; columella purple ; 37 specimens. This color-variety is easih' recognized ; it is confined to sub-ridges III-V. There are no intergrading forms between this color-variety and any of the other color-varieties. COLOR-VARIETV O. Shell white, apex striped with a chestnut band, spire striped with two-eight light brown lines which continue on the upper por- tion of the last whorl; base reddish brown, striped with one-four dark brown bands or lines; suture marked with a brown band; columella purple ; 56 specimens. This color-variety is almost con- fined to sub-ridge XI\', only four specimens coming from other sub-ridges ; just half the specimens coming from the locality XIVc; 50 per cent, were found on guava. COLOR-VARIETV P. Shell 3'ellow, apex striped as in O; spire striped with two-eight brown lines which continue on the upper portion of the last whorl ; base striped two-four dark brown bands or lines ; suture marked with a brown band ; columella purple ; 50 specimens. Of this color-variety 80 per cent, came from sub-ridge XIV ; 74 per cent, were found on guava. COLOR-VARIETY Q. Shell white, apex striped as in O, the rest of the shell striped as in O ; base white-yellow; columella purple; 326 specimens. This color-variety agrees closely with the specimens described and 72 Director' s Animal Report. figured by Mr. Baldwin. It is di.stributed over nearly the whole range of the species. It is absent, however, from sub-ridges X and XI. This is the most abundant of all the color-varieties. Color-variety R. Shell white, striped with three bands ; a very dark brown band encircles the base just below the periphery ; a light brown band encircles the periphery, and a dark brown band or line midway between the periphery and the suture encircles the last whorl and is continued on the spire ; apex white to light brown ; base white to yellow. In two cases the last three whorls are yellow. Suture sometimes marked with a brown line; columella purple, rarely white ; 152 specimens. This color-variety is found on most of the sub-ridges above and including sub-ridge XIV. Onl}' a single specimen was found below sub-ridge XIV. Color-variety S. Shell white, apex and spire white, base just below the periph- ery encircled by a dark brown band ; a light browai band encircles the shell at the periphery ; ba.se white to yellow ; columella purple; 45 specimens. This color- variety is closely related to R ; it lacks, however, the dark brown line encircling the spire. It is dis- tributed on most of the sub-ridges from V to XIV. Color-variety T. Shell white, striped with a fine light brown line on the spire; apex white ; base white or yellowish, striped with two-four light brown lines ; columella white, rarely purple ; 9 specimens. This color-variety is widely scattered from sub-ridges III-XIV. Color-\'ARIety \\ Shell a light pinkish purple, apex banded as in O; lowest whorl and spire .striped with yellowish bands or lines ; base yellowish. In one case the lowest whorl and spire striped with dark brown lines; columella purple ; 6 specimens. Of this color-variety 2 specimens came from sub-ridge XIII, 3 from sub-ridge XVI, and i from sub- ridge XVII. All were found upon lehua. AchatincUa Multizonata . 73 Color-variety W. Shell a rich mahogany brown; apex in most cases white, in other cases striped as in O; in the latter cases the suture is marked with a dark brown line; columella purple; 18 specimens. This color-variety is confined to the last two sub-ridges. All the speci- mens except three were found on lehua. Color-variety X. vShell a rich mahogany brown, as in \V, but striped with numer- ous dark brown lines ; apex banded as in O; suture marked with a dark brown line; columella purple ; 15 specimens. This color- variety was found only on sub-ridges X\"-XVII. All were found on lehua. Color-variety Y. Apex white, base a dark brown shading into a pinkish purple near the suture ; this lighter color is continued on the spire ; colu- mella purple ; a single specimen. This specimen came from sub- ridge XVII. It was found upon lehua. Color-variety Z. Shells variously colored or striped ; apex striped with a dark brown band ; the lower whorls are marked as in B, E and R ; suture marked with a brown line ; columella purple ; 73 specimens. In this color-variety there has been considerable "lumping". All the specimens agree in having the apex striped wath a very dark band. In all cases this has occurred in color-varieties which usuall}' have a white or light browm apex. This color-variety is almost confined to sub-ridges I and II. There are only three exceptions out of 73 specimens; these came from sub-ridges III, VII and XI. Of this color- variety 70 per cent, were found upon guava. These color-varieties fall naturally into seven groups. The first of these groups, and also the largest, is made up of the color- varieties A-H. It is easily recognized, as none of the shells are marked with dark bands or lines. The shells vary from white to yellow. The apex is white to light brown; never striped. The columella is usuall}' white, sometimes purple. This group represents about 74 Director's Annual Report. 37 percent, of .7. inultizonata. Of this group 63 per cent, were found on lehua, about 16 per cent, on straussia, and 17 per cent, on guava. The second of these groups contains the color-varieties I-M. The shells are white to yellow, sometimes marked with brown. All the shells of this group are encircled at the periphery by a dark brown band, or two brown lines. The apex in every case is white or light brown. The columella is usually purple, almost never white. This group is only found from sub-ridges I-XI\\ It con- tains nearly 19 per cent, of the specimens of A. i!iutti::o)iata. Of this group 53 per cent, were found upon lehua, 15 per cent, on straussia, and 24 per cent, on guava; 48 per cent, of this group were found on sub-ridges IX-XIII. The third of these groups contains the color-variety N. This color-variety is so distinct from all the other color-varieties that it is thought best to place it in a group by itself. All the specimens came from sub-ridges III-V, 62 per cent, coming from sub-ridge IV. About 40 per cent, were found on lehua, 21 per cent, on straussia, and 27 per cent, on guava. The fourth group contains the color-varieties 0-Q. This group is distributed over nearly the whole range of the species. It is absent, however, from sub-ridges IX-XI. The shells of this group are striped with from four to fifteen lines or bands. The apex is .striped with a light brown band. The columella is usuall}' purple; in only a very few cases is the columella white. Of this group 48 per cent, came from sub-ridge XIV; 44 per cent, were found on lehua, 12 per cent, on straussia, and 43 per cent, on guava. The fifth group is made up of color-varieties R-T. The shell is white, variously striped ; the apex is white ; columella is usually purple. About 60 per cent, were found on lehua, 15 per cent, on straussia, and ig per cent, on guava. This group is distributed over nearly the whole range of the species ; only five specimens were found below sub-ridge XIV. The sixth group is made up of the color-varieties ^'-Y. The shells are variously colored from a rich mahogany brown to a pink- ish purple. The apex is visually banded ; in some cases it is white. The columella is usually purple. All except two specimens came from sub-ridges XV-XVII ; 75 per cent, were found upon lehua. Achati)iclla Multizonata. 75 This group comes nearest, in color, to A. bcUula Smith, but differs in form and size from that species. The seventh group is made up of the color-variet_v Z. This color-variety agrees with several of the other color-varieties in the markings of the lower whorls, but differs from them in the very dark banded apex. Of this group 96 per cent, were found on sub- ridges I and II ; 70 per cent, were found on guava, and 23 per cent, on lehua. The seventeen sub-ridges on which these shells were found may be divided into six districts , according to shells found on them. The first district comprises the sub-ridges I and II. The charadler- istic color-variety of this district is Z. This color-variety repre- sents 72 per cent, of the shells from this district ; 96 per cent, of this color-variet)' are from these two sub-ridges. The sepond district comprises the sub-ridges III-\'. The characfteristic color- variety of this district is N. All the specimens of this color- variety were from this district. The third district is made up of sub-ridges VI-VIII. Group five contains the charadleristic shells of this district, from which 48 per cent, of this group came. The fourth district is made up of the sub-ridges IX-XIII. The characfteristic shells of this district are group two ; 47 per cent, of this group were from this district. The fifth district is made up of the sub-ridge XIV. The fifth group chara(5lerizes this district ; 48 per cent, of this group are from this district. This group represents 64 per cent, of the shells from this district. The sixth district is made up of sub-ridges XV-XVII. The sixth group contains the characfteristic shells of this district. All but two specimens of this group were from this district. There are seven of the color- varieties of which over 95 per cent . came from two or three consecutive ridges. These are: H, with 97 per cent, from sub-ridges XIII-XIV ; J, with 95 per cent, from XII-XIV ; N, wdth 100 per cent, from III-V ; O, with 96 per cent, from XIII and XIV; W, with 100 per cent, from XVI-XVII ; X, with 100 per cent, from XV-XVII; and Z, with 96 per 76 Director' s Animal Report. cent, from I and II. There are only two of the color-varieties found in like proportion on a single genus of plants. These are the color-varieties V and W, of which all the specimens were found on lehua. The sixth group of color- varieties, as has been said, is very closely related to A. bellida. This group is represented by only 40 specimens, of which all but two came from sub-ridges XV-XVII. This group is conne(5ted with the three largest groups by the fol- lowing color-varieties : H with the first group, J with the second group, and ,0 with the fourth group. The third and fifth groups are most nearly related to the second group. The seventh group agrees in the color and markings of the last whorl with the first, second and fifth groups; and in the banded apex with the fourth group. In this species it can be seen that isolation plays a greater part than environment. In closing the writer wishes to express his thanks to Direcfkor William T. Brigham for naming several of the plants, on which shells were found, and for many useful suggestions. Also to Rev. E. W. Thwing for the loan of a valuable paper. ^ TABLE I. Showixg the Distribution' of the Coi^or-varieties and the Percentage of the Groups of Color-varieties OF each Sub-ridge and Locality. Sub- ridge. A 1 B C D « K G H Per cent. I J K 1 5 4 4 2 2 8 S 2 24 2 3 19 3 2 5 L 3 3 2 .S M "i 2 1 Per cent. N Per cent. P Q 2 Per cent. R 2 1 s T Per cent. V 1. X Y Per cent. Z 36 35 1 Per cent. Total per Sub-ndge. 11 3 3 5 4 11 6 7 1 4 5 1 1 e 11 8 8 6 2 2 12 14 40 42 43 BB 85 26 B3 40 8 24 22 22 22 16 8 12 13 22 07 35 32 27 46 17 11 49 3 7 48 9 4 4 2 7 3 20 21 43 24 23 20 33 7 12 11 19 10 4 9 2 14 1 72 60 2 49 58 II 1 2 2 "3 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 :'::: .... III 6 4 S 3 10 4 3 11 6 2E 9 11 24 11 4 7 8 4 IB 12 10 10 9 9 4 8 14 38 10 18 3 2 IV 6 3 8 IS 1 20 lu 2 1 14 11 40 7 15 10 "2 V ii:::: Via 6 1 7 1 VI b I ' "'3 1 1 1 93 55 3 144 25 60 n 1 :;:: 21 2(i .... 1 4 3 ^5' 1 4 4 3 2 1 2 4 « 16.... 11 ...- , 58 62 57 28 B3 48 43 11 ' 20 28 41 42 38 16 1 6 10 ""2 "3 'I 6 17 5 *"i 9 1 3 2 1 1 4 4 1 6 « 3 4 2 14 li> 14 1 "3 3 8 9 73 39 5 •20 38 44 S3 3261 5 7 IH 37 6 77 71 10 49 88 40 42 5 13 3 1 1 4 9 1 1 1 2 4 4 I 1 5 3 1 1 10 10 4 28 "37 2 1 27 .... 1 S "5 ) lii "k 8 ■ 1 6 1 li)7 ! 44 ' 2 11 1 6} 31 i ll 1 2 16 1 15 2 .. 98 1 43 115 94 .... 1 8 7 7 S ] ..:: 3 5 T 15 .... 1 7 17 18 14 1 3 6 7 15 b 2 6 50 1 4 l.'iSi 1 4 3 1 6 12 6 18 66 21 127 111 13 18.9 37 56 45 9 73 4.1 Total. II7I 20; 125 23 48 102 192 31 36.9 2.1 24.2 11.6 2.2 TABLE II. Showing the Distribution of the Pl-\nts of each Sub-ridge or Locality. TABLE III. Showing the Distribution of Color-v.\rieties according to Plants. § m (U 1 m ;c 5o a bo 3 bii 9.^ 5 1 . £'« 5 2 g . ^^ y £ s « »• 3 u bfl 4 rt 1- ^ a •| 0. <» £! s: ^P. S rt H 'V j= ■S •Sp. 2 gs Si * X ■ji a. u a IT. Ph r 1 A B C D H 83 14 7i ^Z r lu 1 ' ., 102 G 124 21 37 35 10 4 ., .. .1 4 8li .> '■ J K I, M N P S ... 62 60 7 IB 32 27 4 27 S B 111 13 ^, 10 28 37 113 20 16 3 19 10 146 96 26 ., 321! 24 3S 27 3 ., 4 XlVa 1 34 3 45 IS 21 23 17 T V W X 1 16 '■i , 6 ' . . ..^^. XV 4 12 1 15 13 IS 26 Y Z 1 17 2 51 1 2 73 279 51 156 9 12 16 523 Total 974 254 477 21 21 :« Per cent 53.3 !).S 29.8 1.7 1 2.3 1 3.1 Per cent. 54.6 14.2 26.7 1 1.2 1.2 2.1 1 A Monograph of Marcus Island. I5v William Alansox Krvan, li.Sc. PREFATORY NOTE. The Trustees havin;;^ been nleased to accept the offer of trans- portation tendered by Mr. W. C. Peacock in behalf of the Marcus Island Guano Company, authorized the writer, in the absence of the field collecftor, to undertake an expedition to Marcus Island in the interest of the Bishop Museum, to make a thorough investiga- tion of the geology, zoology and botany of that remote island. The following paper contains the scientific results of the investigations made in the vicinity of and during a week's sojourn on the island. Owing to the presence of a party of Japanese, and the international complications resulting from both Japan and the United States claiming possession of the island, our stay was much more limited than had at first been planned. As a result, work on the marine zoolog}' was curtailed to a considerable extent, and the collecflions made in all departments must be regarded as representative only. It has been thought advisable to restrict the present paper to the information gathered concerning Marcus Island, though much additional material was collecfted which will appear in the form of an account of our visit to Midway Island. Grateful acknowledgments are due to the gentlemen inter- ested in the commercial enterprise which made this expedition possible. Their never failing courtesy and generous assistance have done much to facilitate the work undertaken by this institution. In the proper conne(5lion I shall hope to acknowledge the kindly assistance of such distinguished- specialists as Doctors Stejneger, Dall, Gilbert, Smith, Miss Rathbun and others to whom, as final authorities, I have referred various questions in nomenclature. Thanks are due Direclor Brigham for much assistance and kindl}' suggestions with the proof sheets; and to Mr. Sedgwick, who, as chemist of the Compau}-, was my companion on the voyage, and who has added much to the accuracy and detail of the fol- (77) 78 Director's Amuial Report. lowing account. I venture the hope that the present paper may be the first of a series of monographs which the Trustees may see fit to publish on some of the more interesting" and as yet little known islands of this vast ocean. INTRODUCTION. Marcus Island, the subject of the present monograph, was so little known at a date as recent as 1900 that it could not be dis- tinguished with certainty, either in location or characteristics, from a number of reported islands which are said to lie in that portion of the ocean, and since it was impossible to obtain definite informa- tion, however brief, concerning it, it seems but fitting to bring together here a history of the island so far as it can be gathered. On a Mercator's projecflion map this mere speck of land rising above the ocean's surface is distant from Honolulu 2400 miles, and 4500 miles west by south from San Francisco, some 1200 miles southeast of Yokohama, and not less than 1000 miles from Guam, the nearest American soil. A number of corredled readings taken by our vessel places the centre of the island in Lat. 24° 14' N., and 154° E. Long. L,os Jardines, the nearest islands which are not direcflly confused with Marcus Island, are placed on certain maps and charts 200 miles to the southwest with their position indicated as doubtful ; however, as they are described as being two small islands which were discovered in 1788 by Captain Marshall, and have been reported at rare intervals since by whalers, they need not here be taken farther into account. As to who named Marcus Island and for whom it was named the records at hand give no clue; doubtless its discovery, early history and naming are lost in the maze of uncertain and oftimes unreliable log books kept by tho.se hardy seamen who made long voyages in these waters while engaged in the whaling industr3\ Turning to the Direcflory of the North Pacific Ocean, published in 1886, I find that "Marcus Island has been shown as a doubtful island in Lat. 24° 25' N., and lyong. 153° 45' E; but several other announcements of islands are found hereabouts. Island from whalers report, iu Lat. 24° N., 150° 40' E. Another island in 24° 5' N., 150° 10' E. It was seen by Captain Kilton in the David Hoadley in May, 1868. He describes it as a low, level, sandy island covered with trees and bushes, about two or three miles long east A Moiooraph of Marcus Island . 79 and west. No breakers were visible, extending any great distance, from either end ; its width was not ascertained. The position of the we.st end, by set of sights, was 24" 24' N., 153° 58' K., or twenty miles northward of the reported position of Weeks Island." The U. S. Survey Ship Tuscarora, which made cable sound- ings across the Pacific in 1874, to which I will subseqently allude, came close enough to the island to observe large black rocks on the reef which fringed the shore. Commander Belknap states that the island is about sixty feet high and appears when first seen like a forest of trees rising out of the water. He placed it in Lat. 24° 14' N., Long. 154° o' K., which agrees exa(5tly with observa- tions taken by our party. Weeks Island, not unlike many others hereabouts, was origi- nally a whaler's report, and by some is believed to be identical with Marcus Island. However, it was later seen by Captain Gelett of the Hawaiian Mission Ship Morning Star, and was located by him in 24° 4' N., and 154° 2' E. He states that it was about five miles long, densely covered with trees and shrubbery, with a white sandy beach, and a knoll near the centre rising about 200 feet above the sea. He saw no signs of inhabitants, and noted that a reef ex- tended to the north of it.' In an attempt to harmonize these varied and scattering reported islands and reefs, all of which have been more or less confounded with Marcus Island, one should not lo.se sight of the fact that the}- were made mainly in the daj's of long sailing voyages, when slight errors in the variation of the chronometer would tend to throw out the longitude, to which strong and variable currents add another element of uncertainty. In addition to which, since Marcus Island is not far from a centre of volcanic acftivity, disturbances of this characl;er may have removed some reefs or islets below the surface of the sea ; yet my observations of the flight of certain birds while in the vicinity of the island leads me to strongly believe in the ex- istence of an island some fifty tq seventy-five miles to the north and east of the island of Marcus. •still farther to the north are given: ll'ake's Island in Lat. 31° 14' N., Long. 155° o' E. (A whaler's notice). A /P^-c^in 31° 18' N., 153° 20' E. An Island in 3i°o'N., 147° 16' E. A Reef'va 32°o'N., 147° 20' E. A Reef, announced by the China Mail Steamer, in 31° 30' N., 154° o' E. Gangi's Rei'f \n ^0° HJ N., 154° 20' E., and other reports which are doubtless repetitions or copies of one or the other of the above, making them too numerous to recount ; however, suffice it to note that the Commanders of the Pacific Mail Steamers do not believe in their existence. Congress Island is given in 23° 30' N., 148° o' E. An Island in 26° 6' N., 154° 36' E. Both located by whalers. 8o Director' s Ainiual Report. On the evening of the day previous to our sighting land, while we were something over a hundred miles to the north and east of it, all of the land birds observed took a uniform course off our star- board bow as they flew heavily laden on their return home from the day's fishing at sea. We held a course pracftically due west, and on the following noon sighted Marcus two points off our port bow. By knowing something of the radius to which certain of the birds observed go to sea, it did not seem improbable that the island (loc. cit., p. 1 126) reported by the whaler as being in 26° 6' N., 154° 36' E. might yet be found to be a reality. When the island was sighted from the masthead at about 7:30 on the morning of July 30, 1902, it resembled a low level cloud just discernible above the horizon. By 9 o'clock a rough outline was easil>- traced ; an hour later a sandy beach and a few straggling coconuts rising above the forest line were seen ; but nowhere, either at this time or subsequeitth% were we able to locate any elevation that could be mistaken for the sandy mound reported on Weeks Island. As we came closer to land breakers could be seen on the reef along the northwest side. A boat was lowered and manned. The Captain's party, including Mr. Sedgwick and the writer, took places in the stern, and then began one of the most exciting ex- periences of my life, for it was evident that we would have to make a landing over the reef, and the presence of numerous sharks about our boat made a setting for the undertaking which gave every promise of a real adventure. As we were rowed landward we could see the swells breaking into great sheets of spray on the jagged sub- merged walls of coral and shooting high into the air ; but by follow- ing along the line of breakers we finall}- came to a place about a third of the distance from the southwest point where, by waiting a favorable opportunity, it was possible to get our boat through a narrow shallow opening in the reef, and to make our landing with- out mishap. Finding certain of^cers of the Japanese Government in posses- sion of what we had anticipated to be American territory, it might be well to explain that, remote as the island is from the two coun- tries, both Governments had considered it of sufficient importance to lay claim to its sovereignty. The Japanese claim was based fundamentally on its accidental discovery by a shipwrecked captain, who had gone ashore on the island in a terrific storm. This event A Monograph of Marcus Island. 8i brought the knowledge of it to the attention of the Japanese, and from time to time hunting and fishing vessels called there, and on all such visits found it entirely uninhabited. In 1S96 these visits were made of a more or less permanent chara(5ler, and since that ICf*' W Fig. I. Photographed from the beach in front of the settlement. Show- ing the wooden monument eredled by the Government of Japan in 1S98. which sets forth her claim to the island. The palm-thatched shed wa.s used by the colony in preparing birds for fertilizer. time Japanese have repaired to the island each 3'ear during the summer months and have established a thrifty colony. However, no official steps were taken by their Government to lay claim to the island until in July, 1898, when it was incorporated in the Bonin Group and of!icially named Minami Torishima ( South Bird OccAsioxAL Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. II., No. i.— 6. 82 Director s Annual Report. Island). In that year a wooden monument (Fig. i) which set forth Japan's claim was eredled on the south beach. On the other hand Captain Rosehill, a citizen of the United States, while engaged in trading in the Pacific, landed on the island in June, 1889, with a view of ascertaining its value as a coconut island, and believing himself to be the first person to set foot on its soil, or at least that it had never been taken or occupied b}- any Government or individual, he claimed it for the United States. Since that time he had been engaged in making a satis- facftory proof of his claims and organizing the present expedition to investigate its guano deposits. Later, the Japanese Government (I understand) has relinquished all claims to the island and it may now be regarded as undisputed American territory. Learning of Captain Rosehill's intended visit, the Japanese Government despatched a cruiser to the island and left a naval officer and a party of marines in control. It was owing to the mili- tary regulations imposed by them that the work of our part}- was so materially hampered, and that the period of our stay was made much too brief to accomplish as exhaustive an investigation as had been originally planned. PHYSICAL FEATURES. The geographical position of Marcus Island has been touched upon under a previous head ; it therefore remains to consider its stru<5lure and physical features before attempting to draw conclu- sions concerning its geological history. On approaching the island from the sea in a small boat, one is attracT;ed by the intense blue of the ocean washing the growing reef on every side. The reef itself is of the common form fringing almost all coral islands of this class in the Pacific. Its outer face, though jagged and broken, seldom gives way to form a channel of sufficient width and depth to admit of a small boat passing through at low tide ; in fact only two such places were found by our crew : one, the first point from which we effe(5led a landing, about a third of the distance from the southwest point on the northwest side of the island ; the other, about a quarter of the distance from the same point on the southern side. This latter, by no means a safe passage for a whale boat, is the principal opening and the one made use of by the Japanese in landing their supplies and shipping the fertilizer and bird skins secured by them. The time at my ,-7 Moiworaph of Marcus Island. 83 disposal (lid not permit of making systematic soundings; neverthe- less a number of attempts were made at various times to find anchorage for our schooner close in to land, with the result that KiG. 2. Showing large flag rock of shingle conglomerate that has been broken loose from the water line and carried inland by the acftion of the sea. In the tree are three nests of the Noddy Tern, Ainnis slulidm (I^nn.)- bottom was found at a depth of eight to fourteen fathoms on all sides of the island, within a few hundred yards of land. The bot- tom was of solid rock — probably- coral — with occasional patches of sand and .shingle. I believe that no ves.sel has found a satisfaclory 84 Diirctor's Annual Keport. anchorage, though the best is considered to be half a mile off land on the southern side in fourteen fathoms of water. The set of the current in these waters is in a northwesterly dire(flion, though the island forms a local current which is exceed- ingly variable and not to be relied upon when close in to the breakers. On the table reef, particularly along the northwest and eastern sides, are to be seen huge blocks of solid coral rocks rising ofttimes eight or ten feet above the water at low tide ; many of these rocks weigh tons and the force required to disengage them from the growing reef and carry them landward cannot be esti- mated, though it should by no means be lost sight of in con- sidering the forces used by nature in this interesting work of island building. Scattered at irregular intervals all along the beach, and not infrequently inland quite a distance, were to be found concrete flag stone rocks (Fig. 2) that had been broken loose from where they were formed below the tide line and lifted high and dry on the beach in time of storms. Stones of shingle and sand, all of the most compact charadler, measuring three by five feet on the surface, and some six inches thick, were observed forty and fifty feet above the sea level and several hundred feet inland. When exposed to the wash of the ocean these conglomerate stones are invariably smoothly polished, and, being very compact and overgrown with nullipores, give ver}' little indication of their composite characfler; however, when carried up on the beach and expo.sed to atmos- pheric agencies they tend to disintegrate and were always leached out and roughened, resembling an ordinary pudding stone in stru(5lure. The reef varies considerably in width ; it is a. little more than a hundred yards in the narrowest place on the eastern side, while the average width is approximately two hundred yards. On the three main points the reef extends nearly seven hundred yards seaward. Being on the northern limits of the coral belt only the more hardy reef building pontes and pocillopora are here to be com- monly found. Perhaps a clear conception of the form of this bit of land, if indeed we can dignify a mere heap of sand and shells in the midst of the ocean by calling it land, can be had by holding in mind a roughly formed right-angle triangle, the chief angle of which would form the southwest point. By the ordinary aclion of A Monooraph oj Marcus Island. 85 the sea the sides have become concave, while the augles have been rounded down to form obtuse points. Beginning with the south side we find the beach composed, for ahnost its entire length, of coarse coral shingle, from which the finer coral sand or detritus has been thoroughh' sifted. The average size of the pebbles along Fk;. ;. The northwest side, looking toward the north point. The birds are the female and the downy young of the Booby, Sula sula (Linn.). the water line was probably half an inch in diameter. Back some distance these bits of coral were considerably larger in size and were not so worn and rounded. Immediately in front of the settle- ment, between a salt water well and the sea, was exposed a table of shingle conglomerate, the surface of which was some fifteen feet or more above the sea. 86 Director's Anyiual Report. The old exposed beach conglomerate was immediately back of the opening in the reef, and it was doubtless owing to the adtion of the waters that the loose superposed shingle, which was some four feet in depth over it, had been removed exposing this interesting bit of geological data. Everywhere along this beach was to be found evidence that the island was being added to at all times, and especially during storms. Stretching along the entire southern side was an apparently new beach. On inquiry I learned from the Japanese that in the month of Ocftober, 1901, there had been a heavy storm from the south that prevailed with much violence for ten daj'S, during which the sea rose to a point they indicated to me that was fully twenty feet above the ordinary water line.- It was at the time of this storm that the new beach referred to was laid down ; I estimated its width to be forty feet, with the greatest depth of twelve feet at about the middle of the southern shore. Back of this new deposit there were evidences of similar construc- tive storms in the not too distant past. The northwest coast (Fig. 3) was made up largely of sand and small coral shingle, and the beach formed a less abrupt angle with the sea level than the one just considered, indicating that though it was not wholly free from storms they had been less frequent, and as a rule less violent in recent years. About a quarter of the dis- tance from the northern point, and extending from there on to the northern end of the island, was exposed a black coral reef one hundred and fifty feet at the widest point, and sloping from the land to the sea ; it is probably seven feet above the water line, where it disappears under the sand and shingle of the upper beach. The geological significance of this elevated reef is apparent. Its surface was sculptured into holes and ridges by the ac5lion of the water, while its stru(5lure was most compact and must have offered great resistance to ordinary weathering ; some of the pits in the surface were large enough to hold several gallons of water. The east and last side of the island to be considered shows the effect of many furious storms; indeed, it is all the industrious 2 Since the preparation of the above article I have received a letter from Mr. V. Nagata, a Japanese who was on the island during our visit. He states that on September 2. 1902 (a month after our departure), a storm of unusual violence broke on the island from a southerly dire(ftion, carrying away the rough houses, destroying many of the trees, and forcing the colonists to retreat to the highest point for safety. They were left without food other than fish and birds from that date until December 25. During this time sixteen of their number perished. A Monos;yaph of Marcus Island . 87 polyp can do to build its masonry of coral rock as fast as old ocean is pleased to here heap up the land-forming materials. Near the north end the land attains a height of seventy-five feet, which was the highest point found. In this vicinity the beach is made up of Fig. 4. One of the curious spaces inland on which, though surrounded by dense woods, no trees or shrubs will grow. six successive bench-like steps. These mark the gradual reced- ing beach lines and point unmistakably to successive elevations. The old benches are quite uniform in characfter, being twelve feet deep and thirty or forty feet in width. Rounded blocks of coral which go to make up the upper ones are often as large as a man's head. Intermingled with the stones are shingle and sand of a coral 88 Director's Annual Report. nature, but the grinding and sorting process of the waves is clearly seen ; the larger and rougher materials remaining in the upper beaches, while shingle and coarse sand form the lower ones. In the middle of the island along this side the highest point is not to exceed fort}- feet, while at the southeast point an elevation of sixty-five or seventy feet is attained. Turning to the interior of the island we found the surface to be, generall}^ speaking, quite level, though the eastern half was broken up into minor surface irregularities. A little to the northwest of the centre were four separate deposits of loose black alluvial soil, which undoubtedly mark the location of as many dry lagoons. Generally speaking the island has been built up about these spots as a centre. The surfaces of these old lagoons are lower than the surrounding land, but still are in the neighborhood of twenty feet above sea level. ^ The western and northwestern portion of the island is made up of sand more or less mixed with humus. The eastern and southeastern portion is composed of coarse blocks of coral, coral shingle, huge coral boulders, and a great quantity of coral branches the prongs of which are ofttimes scarcely broken. A hundred and fifty yards from the coast line on every side the whole surface of the island is heavil}' wooded, excepting that scattered about here and there are to be found irregular patches, from a few rods to a few acres in extent, which are entirely desti- tute of trees and shrubs (Fig. 4), for which the composition of the ground offers no solution. The extent of the coast line is a little over four miles, while the area of the island (estimated) is about 740 acres. A somewhat hasty survey of the island was made, from which field data I was able to draw the map given on another page. The following table 3 Mr. Sedgwick, in carrying on the investigations of the Guano Company, made a juiniber of excavations in various parts of the island, but especially in the bottoms of these old lagoons, which were now overgrown with thick grass, shrubs and trees, over which towered fine coconuts of great age. In these depressions exi.st varying conditions in the under strata, though the surface is uniformly composed of alluvial deposits varying in thickness from eight to fourteen inches. Underneath this, in the coconut patch, were found coral sand and earth from six to ten inches, then a layer of coral sand with pebbles, and occasionally solid base-forming coral in a slab, under which was found broken coral. In the two other larger alluvial patches beneath the black earth was light clay-colored mud composed of fine par" tides of coral, and below this were larger pieces of coral as far down as the excavations were carried, which was from six to eight feet. The investigations of the Chemist were not nearly as complete or as conclusive as it had been planned to make them. A limited quantity of guano was found which gave a test of 70 per cent, phosphate of lime : but the great majority of the samples secured were not so flattering. ''^'-N-nj9>.*V.*^^ A Monoo;raph of Marcus Island. 89 of the coast meander lines were taken with a compass and chain and may be regarded as approximately correct. Starting abont 1 500 feet from the southwest point the readings would be as follows : 1. XE. 1/2 N.. .MaKii*!tic (i'.tOO feel. 2. E. by S., MaRiietic (WO feet. 3. 8. y-2 E., Magnetic tiOOO feet. 4. S. b.v W. y-2 W., Magnetic !iO(i feet. 5. SW. by W. i/>, Magnetic (iOO feet. (i. W. by S.. Magnetic :!UU feet. 7. "\V. by X., Magnetic (iOOO feet. Corrections. — Corrected bearin.g of line 3, % of a point to the east. Corrected unmeasured portion of line 1 by adding I'lOO ft. On all sides of the island, usually well up from the water, was abundant driftwood and wreckage. Great logs of unknown origin, sometimes fift}' feet in length, wnth broken branches and scarred trunks were common. But it was well toward the north point that a single great "Northwest" log had gone ashore and been driven a considerable distance inland. Applying a tape I found the log twelve and a half feet in length by forty-two inches in diameter. Both ends had been cut square, and into the butt end was driven a large wooden wedge. We regarded this bit of silent evidence as indicating the natural relation existing between the American con- tinent and this all but lost island, and looked upon it as a fore- runner of the ultimate annexation of Marcus by the United States, an event which since our visit has been fully recognized. To the naturalists the story of the voyage of this adventurous log, detail- ing its history from the time of its leaving its home at Puget Sound until at last, wdnd and current-driven across the Pacific, it reached its final resting place, high on this isolated spot, would indeed be interesting and instructive could it be accurately told. GEOLOGY. PVom the description of the physical features which has been given it may be gathered that the island is to be considered as an ancient triangular atoll which has been elevated above the sea. The chief reasons for so regarding it are, its proximity to regions of known volcanic disturbances, its old dry lagoons, the elevated table of coral rock exposed at the southern side as w^ell as the more recent one at the uortHern end, the steps or bench-like beaches on the eastern side, the huge blocks of coral rocks scattered over the surface which are above the reach of the highest seas, in addition 90 Director's Annual Report. to the size and condition of the coral boulders which make up a large part of its surface. The difhculties encountered in examining the geology of the island were considerable. The density of the vegetation at times made it impossible to see to anj^ distance, and at all times rendered locomotion very difficult ; however, I crossed and recrossed the island a number of times in every direcftion, in addition to making a detailed examination of the appearance of the seaward slopes, and carefully noting and photographing every important point that might throw light on the island's past history. Turning to soundings taken by the U. S. S. Tuscarora^ across the Pacific in March, 1874, we find, beginning on the i6oth Meridian, 350 miles to the east of Marcus Island, that bottom consisting of yellow mud was found at a depth of 3023 fathoms ; at the 154th Meridian, in the vicinity of Marcus Island, the sounding instrument secured coral and lava at a depth of 1499 fathoms; while at the i52d Meridian the bottom was found to be composed of ooze at a depth of 3023 fathoms below the sea level. So that from east to west Marcus Island may be regarded as the summit of an elevation in the ocean's floor, ^ forming a peak or fold which approaches near enough to the surface to admit of its being used by the reef-building corals as a lodgment. The region to the west and northwest is one noted for its vol- canic acftivity ; while Rota, an island north of Guam, according to Quoy and Gaimard, has coral rocks upon its hills, more than 600 feet above the sea. The islands to the north of it are as yet little known, but like Rota give evidence of change of levels ; while our experience on the night on August 5tli, hereafter mentioned, leads me strongly to suspect that Marcus Island is not by any means a fixed island, and may yet be still further elevated. Having once accounted for the floor of the ocean approaching near enough the surface to admit of a coral growth, the next step is an easy one, for by well known laws of nature, reef -building corals always tend to grow outward from a central point. The old •* Soundings taken by the IT. S. S. Tuscarora in the vicinity of Marcus Island: — Decree: 360 E. 159 E. 1.581/^ E. T.5s E. !.")() E. ir)4 E. ir.aM; E. ir,oE. Dppth: n02aft. 2H38ft. 2042 ft. 217-'! ft. :i27:!ft. 1499 ft. :i02:Ut. :i287ft. liottoui : Yel'wmud. Mud lava. Corals. CoriUs. Ooze. Cor'l lava. Ooze. Ooze. 5 1 regret that my efforts to secure information conceroing the floor of the ocean to the north and south of the island from the various cable companies who have made soundings in these waters were unavailing; so that it yet remains to be ascertained whether Marcus Island is simply the summit of a single subterranean mountain or a peak of a range. . / .Uonooraph of J/a/n/s Island. 91 corals in the centre of the growth die from want of suitable food, and as a rule a simple lagoon surrounded by a ring of coral results. Through the action of the waves fragments of coral are detached from the outer edge of the reef and piled on its surface together with shells and other land-building materials. In the lagoon; which at this time must have been more or less cut off from the sea except in the periods of storms, there begins to form an ooze which is augmented b}- the decaying vegetable matter supplied from the hardy shore plants growing on the ring of new formed land about it. lyocated as our embryo island is in the regions of the terrific monsoons that sweep over the west and northwest Pacific, it is not difhcult to account for the frequent appearance of small fragments of pumice and other light volcanic producfls that, floating on the surface of the ocean, have eventually been carried over the ring of sand and shingle and deposited in the comparatively quiet water of the lagoon and there mingle with fragments of coral, bits of shell, and other forms of ocean debris which are brought thither from time to time. We have no definite clue as to the time required to build up the land to the greatest height it can attain from the ordinar}" acftion of the sea ; but from the charadler of its surface at the highest points^ consisting as it does of boulders of coral twelve inches or more in diameter, which are mingled with smaller fragments, we are able to leave out of account the adlion of the wind that is so frequently a potent agent in building coral islands above the high water mark. Investigators have determined that the highest waves are but little more than a third the height of this island (75 feet), so that we must look elsewhere for the agencies that would build up this heap of sand and shingle to its present height. Perhaps the most apparent and convincing testimony would be derived from a stud}- of the dry lagoons and the material which forms their floor. Mr. Sedgwick made excavations in all four of these, but especially in the larger central one which is designated on the map. Review- ing the conditions found there it would appear that at a time when the island had been piled up to the height of thirty or more feet, the ring of land, lagoon and all, had been of a sudden subject to a uniform uplift. Gradually this lake-like lagoon had evaporated or leached out through its porous bottom, leaving a deposit of black 92 Director's Animal Report. alluvial earth. We may conclude that the first stage of formation must have been, geographically speaking, comparatively brief, judging from the shallow deposits here found. Looking elsewhere for confirmative evidence my attention was direcfted to the con- ditions existinsr in the salt water well. It had been sunk into a ■ffe? W '.ys i Fig. 5. View at north point, seventy feet above sea level. Showing the surface of the island at the highest point, the character of the foliage, and wreckage from a Japanese boat. concrete of coral shingle for the last five feet, which had unmistak- ably been formed under water. Again, mention has been made of the exposed table of coral shingle rock which had been uncovered immediately in front of the settlement during the period of a recent storm. This rock, like that in the well, showed every evidence of having an aqueous origin, and the peculiar stru(5lure of the rock laid down by the adlion of the waves in shallow water. I conclude that this must have been an old shore line, most probably corre- sponding to the one first made when the lagoon was formed. .-7 Mo)ioqraph of Marcus h/cv/d. 93 (-U ^m. M v\ 1.00 1.50 .10 ^ 2093 M;ncn.s. 12.00 9.:{.5 4..S0 .47 1.00 1.5.") .40 f/ 2(192 Martun. 12.00 9.10 4.25 .iiO 1.011 1..5.-) .40 rf Dioinedea imtnutabilis Roths. Gooney. Only one bird was seen alive, and I was able to secure but one from a Japanese who had shot it on the island. He informed me that it had been taken early in the spring, and it was one of ten birds — all they had been able to get during the year. The story of the Marcus Island colony of goonies is one of death and extermination. In the beginning of the operations of the Japanese company on the island goonies were fairly abundant. Not being able to find guano by their crude methods, they devel- oped a scheme whereby they were able to make a marketable com- modity by killing the birds and boiling them down in great kettles. The resultant, consisting of the flesh, bones and viscera, was barreled and shipped to Japan where it was used as a fertilizer. The long wing feathers of all the birds were pulled out and care- fully preserved to be shipped to America and Europe and sold as "eagle feathers", which were in great demand for trimming on ladies' hats. The feathers from the breast were plucked off and sold by the pound. A profitable business was thus developed, with the deplorable result that within six years the entire colony of these splendid birds has been exterminated. I was told that they had been so exceedingly abundant in for- mer 3'ears that a man could kill three hundred birds in a Az.\ . The last year or so, as the colony had dwindled down, it had been the pracflice to kill the birds for the feathers only. All over the island were found the heaps of white bones of the birds that had thus been destroyed. I saw two or three eggs half buried in the sand that had been lying there a long time, as they were bleached out white and were very fragile. A Monooraph of Marcus Island. 107 The skin secured was that of t^-pical immiitabilis and meas- ured : Length 30.50, wing 18.00, tail 5.65, tarsus 3.10, toe 4.20, cuhnen 4.00, depth of bill 1.35. Diomedea nigripes And. Black-footed Albatross. Not a single bird was seen on the island, and indeed few at any time at sea. I learned that they had formerly been almost as abundant as the white-breasted species, and had been exterminated simultaneously with them. The bird hunters did not secure a specimen during the season of 1902. Priofitius cuneatus (vSahin.). Wedge-tailed Shearwater. This "Mutton bird", as it is common!}^ called by sea-going people, without in au}^ way distinguishing it from its numerous cousins, was found wnth eggs and young in all stages of develop- ment. As the species has been previousl}' reported from Sulphur Island (Bonin group), KrUvSenstern Island (Marshall group), as well as from Laj'san and Kauai of the Hawaiian group, it was not strange that it should be found at this spot, which is more or less intermediate between them all. Flying largely at night as the species does, and consequently spending much of the day sitting about on the ground or in their burrows the}' are quite available for specimens, though the}' in- variabh' make good use of their beaks and claws before they are finally taken. The shady interior was most frequented b}' them, especially the edge of the soft alluvial earthy deposits which are well suited to their burrowing habits. None were seen on the southwest point, though this portion of the island was niainl}- coral sand and leaf mould and quite thickly wooded. They are to be seen, a pair together, during the day dozing under a log, about the roots of the trees, under low bushes or in holes. A hole which I dug out in one of the alluvial patches was eight feet long, six inches in diameter, and eighteen inches below the surface. From it a parent bird and a down}' young were taken. On the wing they fly rapidly, going far out to sea for their food. While we saw in- dividuals almost every day during our journey to and from the island, they were far more plentiful inside a circle with a radius of say three hundred miles, a distance which they can easily go and return during the same day. io8 Director's Anmial Report. A careful study of the adults secured, in comparison with other skins from Laysan, shows no variation in color worthy of remark. The nestling in the down has not been heretofore described. A specimen (Museum No. 21 16) not more than five days old is a smok}' lilac-gray over the back and top of the head, and very light pearl gray on the under parts, darkest on the abdomen. The bill was olive-gray at the tip, darker at the base, drying darker. Feet bluish light flesh-color, drying buffy. I append the measurements of the seven specimens. Tail. No. Locality. Length . llnig -'Ill Man-US. IS.rM 11.50 2112 Marcus. 18.25 11.25 2113 Marcus. IS. 50 11.50 2115 Marcus. 11.40 2114 Marcus. IN. 2.-) 11.40 2110 jMa-rcus. lS..-)0 11.55 21 OU Marcus. 11.. 55 Tan lis. Tor. Ci/tmru . n .ofB. Sex 1.75 2.25 1 ..55 .50 d l.!tO 2.;!2 1.55 .50 9 l.ilO 2.25 l.(iO ..50 s 1.87 2.32 1..55 .50 ? 1.90 2.20 1.55 ..50 s 1.85 2.85 1..55 ..50 d 1 .85 2.20 1.45 ..50 ■ d Though I took pains to look, I saw no sign of Bulwer's Petrel,. Bonin Petrel, or the Hawaiian Storm Petrel ; though one might, with good reason, expect to meet with them on this island. Puffinus nativitatis Streets. Christmas Island Shear- water. The seven specimens of this Shearwater that were secured form an interesting series, ranging from the young in the down through the different stages to the fully adult. The species is not uncom- monly found sitting under the same bushes and roots in company with its wedge-tailed cousin and the Red-tailed Tropic Bird. There appears to be no contention among them. Unlike P. eiineatiis they were never seen to burrow in the ground, choosing a dark cool place under any sheltering bush or root. They lay but a single smooth white ^"gz- l^he season for eggs had passed by the first of August, there only being an occasional infertile one to be seen. But the variation in the size of the young bird was conclusive proof that the period of deposition was a long one. The nestlings, in the first down, are interesting little balls of a drab color all over, without variation other than being a trifle darker on the head and rump. At this age they look not unlike powder puffs as they sit on the nest with their heads drawn in, just leaving their blue-black bills sticking out to suggest the handle. As the nestling gets older the down, which continues to grow longer and coarser, is finally followed by the first feathers. It was A Monograph of Marcus Island. 109 interesting to note that each filament of down was the forerunner of one of the barbs in the web of a feather, and that as the feather came out and assumed proportions the filaments were sloughed off one by one, thus accomplishing the transition from down to feathers by a gradual process. The feathers of the back and wing coverts first appear ; these are followed by the feathers of the breast and under parts. By the time the abdomen is thoroughl}^ covered the wing and tail feathers are an inch or more out of the capsules. At this age the bird presents a very ridiculous appearance, having the head and neck almost bare, the body covered with short feathers, and the rump and upper and lower tail coverts still retain- ing the down of early youth. The head and neck are the last to feather ; by that time the young bird is able to make short excur- sions on its own account. All during this period of growth the young birds are exceedingly fat. In the adult the sexes are not distinguishable in plumage, and show practically no variation in color ; however, the female wall average a trifle the larger. The feet and toes, as w^ell as the bills, of both old and young at all stages are black, and never yellow at the base as figured at page 45 in the Avifauna of lyaysan. Just what their food was I was not able to learn to a certainty, though I believe small squid form a considerable part of it. I never saw one regurgitate fish, though the in.stant the old ones are caught, or the young ones disturbed, they disgorge the entire contents of their stomachs, which, in addition to having an offensive odor, has the color and consistency of the oil to be commonly seen on open- ing a tin of salmon. It is almost impossible to get a specimen to the skinning table without getting this fluid on the plumage. On Marcus Island this species is less plentiful than the foregoing, though it is to be seen far out at sea, often hundreds of miles from the nearest land. Three adults give the following measurements : No. Locality. Length. [Viiig. Tail. Tai^iis. Toe. Culmen. D.o/B. Sex. 210:; Mai'fiis. 14..TO 10.00 .-{.so 1.6.") 1.90 1.2.5 .40 ? 210:i MarciLs. 14.(K) il.no W.X^h l.KO 1.90 1.20 .40 ff 2104 Marcus. 0.75 ;!.()0 1.00 1.0.5 1.20 .40 — The male bird, No. 2103, was covered wnth no less than forty of the sticky seeds from one of the principal trees on the island, an interesting specimen, showing the part these birds take in dis- tributing certain non-edible seeds. no Director's Annual Repori. Phaethon rubricauda Bodd. Red-tailed Tropic Bird. This interesting bird, as the generic name bestowed by Iviunaeus implies, follows the track of the sun throughout the tropics where it is found nesting on almost all of the low bird islands throughout its extensive range. At the island whose avifauna we are consider- ing it was quite abundant, as instanced by one of the Japanese, who, for wanton destruction, killed thirty-five specimens in less than two hours. Though to be met with all over the island, they prefer the deeper shade and more quiet parts for rearing their young. This fun(5lion must occup}' the greater part of their time, judging from the fact that fresh eggs were secured on August 5, while at the same time young of the 3xar were ready to leave the nest. The nest is a simple depression in the sand or earth under a log, bush, root, or tilted stone. No lining is added, and never more than one &g^ is laid. Both birds assist in incubation ; often both will be seen on the nest at the same time. They will not leave the egg w^ien disturbed, but, to the discomfort of the intruder, will make a hoarse undescribable clattering noise, lasting several seconds. The downy chick when first hatched is one of the most inter- esting little birds I ever saw. The upper parts are colored a fine light smoky gray, the under parts almost pure white. The down is exceedingly long and very fine, forming about the head a hood, suggesting a court wig, out of which the small bead-like eyes peer inquiringly, giving the chick a most dignified expression. The feathers on the wings appear first, and, like the whole upper sur- face, are barred and spotted with black in the first plumage. Fish is the principal, and, so far as I know, the only food of both young and old. One young bird I secured gave up three flying-fish from six to seven inches long, together with a quantity of the salmon oil slime elsew^iere referred to. The three fish must have weighed very nearly a pound. If the fat and heav}' condition of the young is any index, the old tropic-birds are experts at fishing. This bird, so easy to capture on the nest, is one of the most difficult to kill that has come under my notice. By the ordinary method of compressing the lungs and heart between the fingers and thumb, ten to twenty minutes must elapse before the bird is dead past re- viving in the collecting bag. The tenacious hold they have on life, A Monograph of Marcus Island. iii coupled with the copious way they bleed wlieu injured, has won for them great respect in the minds of the sailors, who will rarely harm one for fear of visiting some calamity on his vessel by so doing. I have carefully taken the following measurements from the four birds secured. .\o. Loialitv. Length. ll'iitg. Tail. Tarsus. Toe. Cuimcii. D.ofli. Snx. 2072 Marcus. 28.00 12.7U 14.00 1.00 1.90 2.30 .N.") ? 2073 Marcus. 2fi.00 12.40 11..50 1.00 l.so 2.40 .SO ^ 2071 Marcus. 12.20 13.75 1.00 1.8r, 2..50 .'.to <■ 2074 Marcu.s. 12.20 10.25 1.00 1.75 2.25 .'.lii ^ Sula cyanops Sundev. Blue-faced Booby. Only a few individuals of this species were to be seen sitting on the black rocks on the reef, and since I was not permitted to use a gun, I did not secure a specimen. Earlier in the season the Jap- anese had brought a young one to camp and reared it by hand, feeding it on fish. It had become quite tame and showed some signs of intelligence, as coming about for food when the fishermen opened their catches. Picking, biting, snapping and hissing at all passers-by, it was in every way a bossy, impudent nuisance about camp. During a rain storm this young booby would fly up into a stump of a tree that formed its favorite roost, and alternately flap its wings and then hold them out from its body, evidently greatly enjoying its shower bath. When sleeping it would perch resolutely on its stump, stand every feather on end, tiirn its long head and neck dowm over its back, tuck its bill under its wing, and thus be lost to the scenes about for hours at a time. Sula piscator (Linn.). Red-footed Booby. None of this species was noted on the island, and but few were to be seen on the reef . The la.st day we were on the island ( August 7 ) one of the Japanese went out and ^ot five from -off the rocks, cf which I secured one, an adult male, Museum No. 2075. Its meas- urements are: Length 29.50, wing 15.25, tarsus 1.25, toe 2.90, culmen 3.30, depth of bill i.io. Sula sula (Linn.). Booby. On the beach underneath the trees, well above the line of the highest tides at the northern point of the island, were found the colonies of this widely distributed "Sea Fool" or Boob}'. Thou- sands of them were to be seen on the wing, sitting on eggs, or feed- 1 12 Directory's Annual Report. ing their half-grown young. The nest, a low flat heap, invariably placed on the ground, is a rude strudlure twelve to twenty inches across by from two to six inches high, composed of sticks, dry leaves and rubbish piled loosely together, in the top of which is a depression to retain the eggs. Some nests were little more than wallowed-out places in the sand. The edge of these had been finished off, as a rule, by the addition of such leaves and twigs as the mother bird could reach without leaving the nest. Owners of these more slipshod excuses for nests seemed conscious of being remiss in the performance of this preparatory maternal funcflion. Whenever we would approach they would at once busj' themselves in rearranging the meagre materials about them. Picking up a stick from one side and carefully lajnng it down on the other ; catch- ing up a leaf here and putting it where the stick had been. Thus they would appear entirely engrossed until we came within a few feet, when, after hissing and snapping their bills a few times, they would disgorge such food as they might happen to have, and clumsily leaving the nest would go off to sea, alwaj'S returning in a few minutes to see w^hat might have happened during their absence. Two eggs were the usual complement, though not uncommonly only one was deposited. One is usually quite soiled, evidentl}^ by the bird's feet, while the second and last to hatch is always clean and fresh looking. From the difference in the appearance of the two nestlings I conjecflured that a period of ten days must have elapsed between the deposition of the eggs. The chicks, when first out of the shells, are repugnant looking, naked little things, but the}- rapidly grow a coat of fine white down which they retain until about half-grown. At this period the}- look like veritable "fools in the down", and make the name "booby" equally as applicable to the young as the old. The first new dark feathers to show are the coverts along the humerus, the primaries and the tail feathers. As the bird begins to feather the down is ebraded from the ends of the barbs of the feathers, which leaves the new plumage over the back clove-brown with paler edges. The eggs are incubated and the young fed b}' both parent birds. Fish is the food most in favor. It is taken by the 5'oung putting their bills crosswise in the open mouth of the parent bird, when tliej^ receive their nourishment without farther ado. A hissing noise made by both old and young birds when dis- turbed is not unlike that made by a setting goose ; but the bite of A Monograph of I\/a?rics Island. 113 an old booby is a tbiug to be long remembered. Two adult birds, Museum Nos. 2076 (ad.) aud 2077 (f.), measured respecftively : Length 30.00, 31.00; wing 15.50, 15.75 ; tail 7.75, 8.50; tarsus 1.90, 1.75; toe 3.30, 3.25 ; culmen 4.10, 3.90; depth of bill 1.35, 1.30. Fregata aquila I^inn. Man-o'-War Bird. Sailing about high overhead this avian pirate of the tropical seas was to be seen almost ever}- day during the course of our long, tedious vo3'age. It became more abundant as we approached the little speck of land that formed the object of our journey. We found it nesting, not in great numbers to be sure, but sufficiently abundant to warrant it being called very common. Having in mind previous accounts of the species nesting on low scrub bushes, on grass tussocks, and even on the ground, as well as on the face of cliffs, it took two or three days for me to give up the idea of finding it rearing its young in nests similarly placed. However, after some search I found the hawks nesting in two distinct colo- nies a little way from the centre of the island towards the north point; not near the ground, as I had expe(5ted, but in the very topmost branches of the tallest trees that grew about the curious open spaces in the thick wooded part of this island. Some sites were thirt3--five feet or more from the ground. The bulk}- pile of loose sticks that formed the rough platform nest on which the half-grown young were sitting had evidently been broken from the dead limbs of blighted trees near at hand, as the fresh ends of the sticks testified. These platforms varied greatly in dimensions; some — twenty inches across and eight inches deep — had to all ap- pearances been made new that year ; some more bulky ones had been repaired and used over several times. As stated twigs were the principal building material, though dried leaves and occasion- ally a few white bones were seen in the nests ; but without excep- tion all were badly befouled with the birds' excrement. The young were all more than half grown and were not very closely attended by the parents, though I saw several feeding their young on the plunder they had secured from the boobies. I had read much when a boy of this natural bird pirate, that feeds on the fish caught by other sea fowl ; but what I had heard and read about it did little to detract from the interest I felt in watching for the first time in my life the exploits of an accomplished robber. Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. II., No. i. — 8. 114 Director's Ajiiiual Report. I have before referred to the large colonies of common brown boobies about the north point of the island. It was in the vicinity of this colony that the man-o'-war birds were the most abundant. Here they would lie in ambush for the old boobies and tropic birds as they returned from the sea heavily laden with fresh food for their young. Sitting quietly on the tree tops, or more often wheel- ing high overhead industriously patroling the island, out where the surf broke on the reef, these birds would keep a sharp lookout to sea for a sight of the returning fishing fleet of boobies. Sighting one (sometimes consisting of one, sometimes of several individuals) as many as half a dozen hawks would make for them under full sail, and without a moment's warning would engage a hapless bird in battle. Swooping down upon it from every side, buffetting it with their wings, snapping at it with their long hooked bills, flying now above, now before, now below it, the hawks would so confuse their vidlims that eventually, feeling that the only safety for its life lay in letting go part of its store of supplies as a sop for its assailants to quarrel over, the booby would on a sudden drop one of its fish, whereat the hawk would swoop down, more rapidly than the eye could follow, and catch" the food before it had touched the wave, then taking it securely in its bill would fly majestically off to feed its own ever expedtant offspring. The unfortunate booby meanwhile was farther pursued by the less fortunate hawks until, reft of all her quarry, she was allowed to return to her young. On the fringing reef hereabout were exposed a number of large blocks of coral stone that served an interesting purpose in these sea battles. If a booby succeeded in warding off or evading her pursuers from the first attack she would set a course direct for one of these rocks, the hawks usually increasing in numbers at every moment in hot pursuit. Perhaps another fish would be dropped on the way, but if at last the bird was able to make this place of safety its pursuers would mount high in air, or, to use a sea term, lay off and on, sailing back and forth always keeping the sharpest watch on the brown object sitting quietly on the rock. After a short rest and choosing a favorable opportunity when its pursuers were at some distance the booby would make a final dash for the shore. The nearer it got to the beach the more furious grew the conflict ; for in addition to the hawks both the noddy and white terns would take a hand in the robbery. It often occurred that a bird that had, A Monograph of Maims Island. 115 let go its catch one by one as it came in would here, within fifty }'ards of its nest, disgorge its last fish, which would be eagerly caught up by any one of its pursuers that was able to secure it. Panting and excited the old boobies would drop down on arriving at the colony in an exhausted condition. The frigate birds showed much discrimination, selecfling at once the boobies that were most heavily laden and consequently more liable to pay generous toll when brought in contact with this high-handed system of exadling customs duties. Though tropic birds were attacked they were more rapid flyers and more expert at evading pursuit. As in the story of the two dogs that quar- relled over a bone, it was not uncommon in the performances I have described to see the tiny white tern reap the most substantial benefit from one of these encounters. Battles similar to those mentioned were to be seen during the entire day, but towards nightfall they were more numerous as well as more severe. Four young birds. Museum Nos. 2096-99, were secured from the nests. The old birds kept out of reach of a bambu pole which was m}^ only weapon. Tringa acuminata (Horsf.). Sharp-tailed Sandpiper. A single example, undoubtedly of this species, was seen at close range on August 6, on the beach towards the north point. Heteractitis incanus (Gmel.). Wandering Tattler. A poorly mounted bird. Museum No. 2100, was secured from a Japanese. It has the nasal grooves extending forward more than two-thirds the length of the bill. The measurements are : wing 6.60, tail 2.75, tarsus 1.35, toe 1.30, culmen 1.50, depth of bill .27. The tarsus is irregularly plated behind for two-thirds its length, a fact which is disquieting to the range usually assigned the two species in this ocean if taken in connedtion with the locality the specimen comes from, and also that it was secured during the spring months. I saw several individuals on the beach, but secured only the one measured above. Charadrius dominicus fulvus (Gmel.). Pacific Golden Plover. One bird was flushed while crossing one of the patches of alluvial deposit, and one bird was secured from the foreman of Ii6 Directoi'' s Anmial Report. the company. The bird measures: Length 9.90, wing 6.45, tail 2.55, tarsus 1.80, toe 1.30, culmen .95. Arenaria interpres (Linn.). Turnstone. On August 4 I saw a flock of eleven of these interesting birds at close range while they were feeding along the beach, but owing to the regulations concerning firearms I was not able to kill one, though I am as positive as I could be under the circumstances of the identity. REPTILIA. As was to be expedled on an island scarcely more than a square mile in extent the species of reptiles were but few, in fact only a representative of each of the two widely distributed Polynesian families were secured, though the number of individuals were ex- ceedingly abundant. I am indebted to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Herpetologist of the vSmithsonian Institution, for the verification of the species colledled. Family Geckonidse. — The Geckos. Perochirus articulatus (Fischer). This interesting gecko was found in abundance all over the island, especially in hollow trees or under loose bark. Usually during the daytime they kept themselves well concealed, but at nightfall they came out and were plentiful all about the thatched huts as well as on the trees and bushes. Rarely did I see them on the ground. A number of the eggs, supposed to be of this species, were found secreted under the bark on a dead tree. Dr. Stejneger informs me that this gecko has hitherto only been known from the Caroline archipelago. A good series was taken illustrating many interesting details in the varying coloration of the species, as well as showing successive steps in the acquisition of a new tail. Family Scincidse. — The Skinks. Ablepharus boutonii var. The skink was if anything more abundant than the gecko, but both were too numerous to admit of their being regarded as recent arrivals. In addition to inhabiting the trees and huts these acftive little fellows were not infrequently seen on the ground and under A Monograph oj I\Iarcns Island. 117 stones, as well as in clumps of grass growing close down to the waters' edge. Although abundant they were exceedingly difficult to catch, being as quick as a flash and never venturing far away from some hiding place. In addition to the specimens retained by this Museum a series of both species has been deposited in the National Museum at Washington. PISCES. A small colledlion of fish, numbering some sevent}^ species, was made, which on examination has proved to be of more than pass- ing interest. It has been found impossible to prepare the anno- tated list for publication in this paper as first planned. However, it will appear later under a separate title. INSECTA. I w^as to considerable pains to collect a series of the insecfls on the island, but unfortunately the specimens were all unavoidably destroyed by ants or other pests on the vessel during the return voyage. In addition to sweeping the plants and grasses with a colle(5ling net I examined dead wood, bark, and leaves carefully, as well as making repeated searches under logs, stones and decaying flesh for specimens. Rainwater tanks about the settle- ment were visited by day and night, traps were also construcfted of cans and bottles, and I put in several hours on two still even- ings in an attempt to attract inse(5ls to alight on our tent as a screen, using a strong ascetyline light to allure them. As a result of my efforts I was not able to secure more than a dozen species all told. In fact, as a pastime on our journey to the island I made a colle(5lion of insecfls on board the schooner that far outnumbered the species I was able to collect on land. A small red ant was quite common as well as troublesome, especially about the settlement. I fancy it had been imported since the colony was established. Two species of flies were very abundant, one a blow fly {Caliphora?) which persisted in laying its eggs on the dead birds both before and after they were skinned ; the other species, a small vinegar fly, of a genus unfamiliar to me, were to be seen in moist, shady places all over the island. A small miller was common during the night, and I am of the opinion that ii8 Director's Annual Report. the skinks and geckos feed on it as well as on the small flies just mentioned. The birds were infested with various species of Mallophaga. A large gooney louse was quite troublesome to the Japanese by reason of its poisonous bite which caused painful, ulcerous sores to break out on the hands and legs. Foully two-thirds of the colony were disfigured by them in this way. The only spider that had established itself was the widely distributed web-spinning species, Epeira nautica Koch. Their stout webs were stretched from tree to tree in such a way as to be a nuisance as we walked through the forest. The trees and grass showed little or no signs of insect pests. In fact I found only one species of plant that had been molested by biting insedls. Since these depredations were to be seen only in a very limited area, and as I was unable to secure the miscreant either by day or night I concluded the species must have been a recent Japanese introducftion that had not had time to thoroughly establish itself. No species of Coleoptera were secured. CRUSTACEA. The small collection of crabs secured consists of eleven species, four of which were found abundant on the land, while the remain- ing seven were colledled on the reef and may be considered as representing the commoner form to be met with in the waters about the island. The land Crustacea make up in numbers and a(5livity for their comparative poverty in kind, and are exceedingly important agents in the economy of the island. In addition to adling as general scavengers certain of them take the place of earth worms by aiding in mixing light surface materials into the sand; while others, as the Coenobita^ by bringing shells to serve as habitations and sub- sequently discarding them inland, aid in a material way to the building up of the land. To Miss Mary J. Rathbun and Mr. J. E. Benedict, both of the National Museum at Washington, I am indebted for assistance in the determination of the species and for many courtesies. Geograpsus grayi (M. Kdw.). By far the most common species on the island this interesting crab was everywhere abundant, especially about the settlement A Monograph of Marcus Island. 119 and in the coconut grove. By day they were to be seen feeding on fallen coconuts and bits of refuse ; at night they were even more adlive and were often heard scurrying about in the coconut thatch overhead. Frequently they were found in our larder helping themselves. When disturbed they would move off sideways a few steps and stop to observe the intruder, assuming an attitude of both importance and injury that was most ludicrous to behold. Grapsus grapsus (Linn.). Almost as abundant as the preceding species and similar to it in habits. Geograpsus crinipes (Dana). Judging by the specimens secured this is not an abundant species on the island. I^eptodius sanguineus (M. Edw.). Common species on the rocks, and was frequently secured in the small mesh nets used in fishing. Petrolisthes Speciosus (Dana) var. A number of specimens of this adlive crab was secured In life they are bluish all over, variously marked with small black spots. Coenobita olivieri Owen. This bright red crab was an abundant species and to be seen day and night often well inland. They usually congregate about the dead bodies of birds, on which they feed ; however, they are good climbers, as many of them were found well up in the trees where they had evidently gone in search of food. When disturbed in any way they simply let go their hold and dropped to the ground with a heavy thud. As a habitation the cast off shells of Tnrbo radiatus Gmel. seemed to be preferred by them, though other shells were often used. Coenobita compressa Guerin. I did not find C. compressa quite as abundant as the foregoing species. Specimens colledled inhabited the shells of Tnrbo argy- rostomiis Linn. I20 Director's Annual Report. Calcinus elegans (M. Edw.). A number of specimens were secured in the small nets used for fishing. In every instance they were domiciled in the shells of Ricimila lior^ida lyam. A color note states that the legs were a bright blue in life while the claws were brown. Pachygrapsus plicatus (M. Edw.). In life olive green, with some darker spots, the whole surface washed with darker shades. Ia.\,s().\ Bkvan' and Alhekt C. Heuuk. Family MUR^NID^.— The Morays. 2403. Gymnothorax detactus. New species. Head 3.33 to anus, 7.20 in total length; head and trunk shorter than tail; depth 14 in total length; snout .20 of head; eye .60 of snout, 8.33 in head ; gill opening small, less than diam- eter of eye ; interorbital space, flat, grooved, its width equal to diameter of eye ; lower jaw weak, inferior; teeth uniserial ; a row A Monograph of Marcus Island. — Appendix. 127 of three depressible teeth ou vomer. Anterior nostril on tip of snout above lip, its tube a little more than .50 diameter of eye ; tip of snout keeled ; between tube of anterior nostril and keel is a mucus pore ; posterior nostril without tube, situated above anterior portion of e3^e ; a pore midway between posterior nostril and tip of snout; a row of four pores on the sides of each jaw. Origin of dorsal in advance of gill opening, its height contained 8 times in length of head. Color in alcohol : purplish brown, everywhere marked with very numerous irregular dark brown transverse bands, those on middle and anterior portion of body dendritic ; paler on belly and throat, the latter becoming pale reddish. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2403, is the type. 2404. Mursena nebulosa (Bl.), A single specimen. Family HEMIRHAMPHID.F:.— The Balaos.. 2405. Hemirhamphus depauperatus I^ay & Bennet. Family EXOCCETID.F:.— The Flying-fishes. 2406. Bxocoetus volitans l^inn. Family MUGIIvID.F:.— The Mullets. 2407. Chaenomugil nauticus. New species. D. IV-1-9 ; A. iii-io; scales in lateral series 50. A long pointed scale at base of spinous dorsal and base of ventral ; great- est depth of body nearl}^ equal to length of head, 5.50 in total length ; head a trifle less than 5 in total length ; eye equals snout 3.50 in head. Upper lip not thick, notched; lower lip with a ridged knob at tip, which fits into notch of upper lip ; both lips fringed with numerous ciliated teeth, the tips bifid or trifid. Max- illar}^ entirely concealed when mouth is closed ; interorbital space broad, very gently convex, 3 in length of head. Origin of spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal ; origin of anal fin forward of soft dorsal ; first ray of soft dorsal .So of length of head, equal to longest rays of anal ; caudal forked, longest rays scarcely as long as head. Color in alcohol: silvery, dorsal region darker. Margin of soft dorsal and caudal dusky ; other fins pale or colorless, except 128 Director's Annual Rcpoj't. that iu some specimens the aual has a dusky margin. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2407 is the type. Famii^y HOIvOCp:nTRID.^.— The Souirrel-fishes. 2408. Myripristis adustus Bleeker. 2409. Holocentrus diadema Lacep. 2410. Holocentrus tiereoides Bleeker. D. XI-14; A. IV-9 ; lateral line 42. Depth 2.75 without cau- 'dal, 3.33 with caudal; head 2.88 without caudal. Eye 3 in head, to end of opercular spines. Depth of caudal peduncle 4 in head. 'Two opercular spines, the upper the larger. Third anal spine very stout and long, equal to distance from snout to posterior edge of preopercle. Color in alcohol : brown with reddish cast. A red-brown line at base of spinous dorsal. Two golden longitudinal lines above, and six below the lateral line. Fins pale, uniform. Membrane of spinous dorsal more or less suffused with rose color. 241 1. Holocentrus binolatum Quoy & Gaim. Family MULLID.E. — The Surmullets. 2412. Mulloides samoensis Giinth. 2413. Pseudupeneus bifasciatus (Lacep.). Three very young specimens. Color in life : "Barbules and lower -fins yellow. Dorsal reddish pink. Body crossed by two darker bands ; light bands yellowish." — Bryan. Color in alcohol: from head to origin of spinous dorsal a broad poorly defined black- ish band running down to belly ; a similar band from soft dorsal to anal ; between these two a broad pinkish band ; caudal peduncle 3'ellowish, inclined to pinkish. Fins all pale, except spinous dorsal, which is barred with dusky, becoming blackish near margin. Family CARANGID.F:.— The Pompanos. 2414. Caranx melampygus Cuv. and Val. D. viii-i-23 ; A. 11-1-18; scutes 40. A young specimen 106 mm. long. The number of sciites is greater than the typica A Monograph of Marcus Island. — Appendix. 129 number owing to the immaturity of the specimen, in which the anterior ones are more obvious than in the adults. Family KUHI^IID^. 2415. Kuhlia malo (Cuv. & Val.)- Color in life : "Silvery bluish on the back ; tail with a black margin. ' ' — Bryan. In alcohol : general color silvery white ; bluish gray on the back ; caudal and dorsal fins with a marginal black band. 2416. Kuhlia tsenitira (Cuv. & Val.). Color in life : "Silvery bluish over the back; tail with two diagonal stripes." — Bryan. 2417. Kuhlia marginata (Cuv. & Val.). D. x-ii ; A. 111-12 ; lateral line 44. Color in alcohol : silvery brown, darker above, where it is covered with more or less distinct dark brown spots. A row of brown spots at base of anal. Soft dorsal and anal with a black band at margin ; another black band composed of longitudinal blotches occupies the middle portion of each fin. Spinous dorsal membrane edged with black. Two ob- lique black cross bands on caudal, the posterior, marginal one dis-. tinct, the inner, anterior one, broader and ill-defined. In general appearance and color the specimen strongly resem- bles Kuhlia riipestris (Lacepede), but differs in some minor char- acters. Examination of a number of specimens of riipestris in the L. S. Jr. University Museum .shows a constant difference in the number of anal rays, riipestris having 10, the Marcus Island speci- men having 12. Family SERRANID.f:.— The Sea Bass. 2418. Epinephelus spiniger (Giinth.). Previously described from a single specimen in the British Museum, from an unknown locality. D. XI-16; A. 111-8 ; lateral line 70. Total length 198 mm. Depth 3 in length without caudal, 3.50 in total length. Head 2.75 in length without caudal, 3.20 in total length. Eye 5 in head; snout 4.33 ; interorbital space 6.66. Lower jaw strongl}- project- ing ; maxillary extending beyond vertical from posterior margin of eye, its posterior end .66 of diameter of eye. Preopercle 130 Director's Ainiual Report. rounded, serratiou.s enlarged at angle ; opercular flap pointed ; opercle with three nearly equidistant spines, the middle one much the largest and strongest, the upper one inconspicuous and anterior to the others. Gill rakers short, 12. Teeth in bands, in two series on the sides of mandible, inner series much enlarged. Canines strong, those of lower jaw visible when mouth is closed. Anterior nostril round, covered by an elongate, membranous flap ; posterior nostril slightly larger, nearl)' circular. Scales small, ctenoid over body; head covered with cycloid scales ; a tine patch on maxillary. Breast and entire belly covered with cycloid scales; all cycloid scales with numerous accessory scales. Origin of dorsal above base of pectoral ; first spine less than .33 of second, which is .50 of head, far exceeding the others both in length and thickness ; the other dorsal spines sub-equal, a little more than half length of second spine. Soft dorsal shorter but higher than spinous dorsal, the longest ra)'s being about .75 of second dorsal spine. Caudal truncate; pectoral .66 of head; rounded; ventral .58 of head, not quite reaching anus; anal rounded ; first spine .43 of second; second aud third stout, sub-equal. Color in alcohol : Uniform pale brown over body, except upper part of head and along base of dorsal, where it is darker. Spinous dorsal with a black margin ; spinous and soft dorsals dark brown, the latter with a pale streak toward margin, outside of which is a blackish line, the free ends of the ra3'S being edged with white ; caudal similar to soft dorsal ; anal brown with traces of dark brown spots ; border of fin dusky ; pectoral pale brown. 2419. Bpinephelus merra Bloch. 2420. [^pinephelus hexagonatus (BL). Family LUTIANID.I^.— The Snappers. 2421. lyUtianus bohar (Forskal). 2422. lyUtianus quinquelineatus (Cuv. & Val.). 2423. lyutianus bengalensis (Bloch). 2424. Pentapus aurolineatus (Lacep.). A Moyiograph of Marcus Island. — Appendix. 131 Family vSPARID.'E.— The Porgies. 2425. lyethrinus rostratus (Kuhl & Van Hass). Family KYPHOSID.F:.— The Rudder-fishes. 2426. Kyphosus elegans (Peters). Family SCI.5:niD^.— The Croakers. 2427. Grammistes sexlineatus (Thuub.). Family CIRRHITID^.— The Cirrhioids. 2428. Paracirrhites forsteri (Schneider). 2429. Cirrhitus marmoratus (Ivacep.). (This is the original spelling ; not Cirrhitcs as generally written. ) ' Family POMACENTRID^.— The Demoiselles. 2430. Dascyllus trimaculatus (Riipp.). 2431. Pomacentrus lividus Bleeker. 2432. Abudefduf sexatilis (Linn.). Family I^ABRID.E.— The Labroid Fishes. 2433. Stethojulis albovittata (Kolreuter). 2434. Thalassoma dorsale (Quo}- & Gaim.). 2435. Thalassoma lunare (Linn.). 2436. Thalassoma genivittata (Cuv. & Val.). 2437. Novaculichthys vanicorensis (Quoy & Gaim.). Family SCARID^.— The Parrot-fishes. 2438. Scarus brighami.7 New species. The head and fins of a large Scaroid were sent by Mr. Br^-an. In several characters this fish differs from any other j-et described, and seems to be a valid species. 7 Named in honor of VVm. T. Brigham, Dire<5lor of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. 132 Director' s Annual Report. D. x-io; A. 11-9. Two large white canines present on upper jaw above angle of mouth. Lips covering but little more than bases of the jaws, which are green ; teeth white. Scales on cheeks in two series, the lower limb of the preoperculum being entirely naked. Scales of the lower series about .80 as large as those of upper series. Ej^e small, 10 in head. Distance between tip of jaw and eye a trifle less than 2 in head. Depth of head almost eqvial to length. Eye situated 2 of its diameters below upper pro- file of head. Profile of head boldly convex. Anterior nostril with a small membranaceous flap ; posterior nostril twice as large as anterior and without flap. Outer rays of caudal much elongated, about .66 longer than caudal proper ; the other rays of the caudal form a double curve or scallop, the central rays being slightly longer than the rest ; the free edge of the membrane is denticulate. Dorsal low, highest posteriorly; the eighth soft ray longest, 3 in head. Pectoral large, longest rays 1.50 in head. Length of anal 2.75 in length of dorsal. Anal highest posteriorly, long^est ray 2.66 in head. Ven- tral small, second rays longest, 1.88 in head. Color in alcohol : a faded yellowish green, becoming buff on throat. A broad, irregular, cream-colored band forms a re(5langu- lar figure on top of the head, the posterior part of the figure form- ing a broad band connedling the eyes ; in this band are three small patches of the general green color, while the space enclosed within the figure is of the general color of the head. From the figure a streak passes below and beyond the ej^e for a short distance. An- other short streak of the same color extends backward from the centre of the posterior margin of the eye. A broad cream-colored band starts below and anterior to the angle of the mouth, on either side, and passes to the edge of the lip; there it greatly narrows and follows the margin of the lip to the throat, but the two bands stop just before meeting. A cream-colored dot behind angle of mouth . Dorsal slaty blue, with olive green margin. Caudal yellowish green with slaty blue longitudinal streaks. Anal similar to dorsal. Ventral pale cream color. Pectoral slate color, fading into yellow- ish green inferiorly. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2438 is the type. A Monograph of Afarciis Islatid. — Appc7idix. 133 Family TEUTHIDID.F:.— The Surgeon-fishes. 2439. Teuthis atrimentatus Jordan & Evermauu. 2440. Tetithis bipunctatus (Giinth.). 2441. Teuthis striatus (Quoy & Gaim.). Twent3'-oue small specimens, ranging in length from 38 to 52 mm., and including colorless larvae in the Acronurus stage, showing every gradation in color up to the dark, fully marked adults. D. ix-26 ; A. 111-26 or 27 ; P. 15 ; V. 1-5. Head 3.50 to 4 in larvae ; 3.83 to 4.17 in adult, but usually 4 ; depth 2 in length with- out caudal ; 2.33 in total length ; eye 3 in head. Body deep, much compressed, oval; profile convex. Mouth small, with 8 incisors on each side of jaw. Nostrils small, close together ; the anterior one larger and with small fleshy flap. Spinous dorsal low, posterior soft rays highest, longest rays 2 in head. Anal low, highest posteriorly, longest rays about 1.75 in head; pectoral equals head* caudal forked; ventral about 2 in head. All fins very delicate, the tips breaking off in handling, so that it is difficult to give exact measurements. In none of the specimens was the caudal entire when received. Lateral line high, arched under third, fourth and fifth dorsal spines, then almost straight to middle of soft dorsal, where it descends abruptly to middle of caudal peduncle, a short distance anterior to caudal spine, then runs to tail along caudal peduncle by a sinuous course, curving above caudal spine. Caudal spine small, 4.25 in head. Scales minute, ctenoid. Color in alcohol : Larvae a pale brown, belly and opercles silvery. A dark bluish band connecfling the eyes, slightly pos- terior to them ; a broad band of same color across caudal peduncle at base of fin. A dark ring around the mouth. A lighter band at base of dorsal, beginning at posterior portion of spinous dorsal and extending posteriorly to band on caudal peduncle. Other fins colorless. Adult : color of body varies from dark brown to very dark blackish brown, with from 9 to 11 straight light brown, longi- tudinal lines along sides of body, and a silvery sheen on the abdo- men. Fins all black, except pectoral, which is bluish. Bands on larvae are also present on adults, but become obscured or lost in those specimens that are almost black, with the exception of the ring about the mouth, which is always prominent. 134 Director'' s Annual Report. 2442. Teuthis bishopi."^ New species. D. ix-26 ; A. 111-24. Depth 2. 11 in total length; head 4.33 in total length, 3.75 without caudal ; eye 5 in head, 3.90 in snout; snout 1.29 in head; interorbital 2.60 in head; caudal peduncle 2.40 in head. Pectoral slightly longer than head, 3.40 in length, without caudal. Body deep, compressed, ovoid, upper profile much steeper than lower. Profile from base of dorsal to eye very slightly convex ; from eye to tip of snout gently concave. Breast and belly, as far back as the anal fin, covered with cycloid scales, which also cover the entire head and extend over nape as far back as base of dorsal fin ; remainder of body covered with ctenoid scales. Anterior nostril the larger, with small fleshy ring about it. Nine lobate incisors on each side of both upper and lower jaws. Caudal spine 4.50 in head ; stout. Origin of dorsal above base of pectoral ; first dorsal spine im- bedded in skin; posterior spine longest, 1.62 in head. Dorsal rays shorter than longest spine, from which they gradually descend to posterior ray, which is .25 of head. Anal highest in middle, slightly and uniformly curved ; third anal spine .75 of longest anal rays. First anal spine very short, concealed in skin. Caudal broad, lunate, middle raj's .66 of outer rays. Ventrals reaching beyond anus, to base of third anal spine. • Color in life : "Body like fresh pig skin ; dorsal with blue and orange stripes." — Bryan. In alcohol : uniform brownish slate color ; lips chocolate color; breast gray ; distal half of soft dorsal and anal fins blackish ; ven- tral blackish ; pectoral body color ; caudal lighter than body and showing traces of a whitish marginal streak. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2442 is the type. "An abundant fish about the island and much used as food b}^ the Japanese there." — Bryan. 2443. Teuthis achilles (Shaw). 2444. Teuthis triostegus (Linn.). A common species ; much esteemed as food. 2445. :^ebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). 8 Named in honor of Hon. Cliarles Kecd Hi.shop, founder of the Beruice Pauahi Bishop Museum. A Monograph of Marcus Island. — Appendix. 135 Family SIGANID.F:. 2446. Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn). Family BAIJSTID.^.— The Trigger-fishes. 2447. Balistapus rectangulus ( B loch cSz: Schneider). 2448. Balistapus aculeatus (Linn.). 2449. Melichthys bispinosus Gilbert. Very abundant at the island. Family OSTRACIID.^.— The Trunk-fishes. 2450. Ostracion tuberculatus (Linn.). 2451. Ostracion cornutus (Linn.). Family GOBIID.f:.— The Gobies. 2452. Gobius albo-punctatus Cuv. & Val. Family ECHENKIDID^F:.— The Remoras. 2453. Remora albescens (Temm. & Schl.). Family BLENNIID.E.— The Blennies. 2454. Salarias gilberti.> New species. D. XI1-19; A. 21 ; C. 13; P. 14; depth 5 without, 6 with caudal ; head 4 without, 4.87 with caudal. Eye 4 to 4.50 in head. Head comparatively slender, breadth through cheeks .50 length. Mouth inferior, width of cleft .50 length of head. Teeth small, very numerous, finely pectinate. A triangular, simple tentacle above eye, its length greater than width of interorbital space ; ver}- small simple tentacle on nape ; small palmately cleft tentacle over anterior nostril. Interorbital space grooved, its width .50 to .66 of eye. Maxillary extending to posterior margin of eye. Dermal crest on head. Dorsal fin deeply notched, rather high, its longest rays nearl}^ equal to height of body. Posterior rays united to caudal. Anal membrane incised, rays with free tips, longest rays about .50 of 9 In honor of Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, Department of Zoologv, Leland Stanford Jr. I'niversitv. 136 Director^ s Anmial Report. length of head. Caudal convex ; pectoral somewhat rounded, about .90 of length of head. Ventrals 1.50 in head. Head and body naked ; lateral line arched to bejond tip of pectoral, where it descends to level of mouth and then extends backward to end of caudal peduncle. Color in alcohol : blackish, somewhat streaked or mottled with brown. Fins black, except pectoral, which varies from black to pale in different specimens. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2454 is the type. 2455. Salarias paulus. New species. D. xiii-20; A. 21 ; C. 15 ; P. 14. Depth 6.50 in total length; head 6 in total length, measuring from upper lip to tip of opercu- lar flap; forehead protuberant; greatest length of head 5.66 in total length ; eyes placed very high and far forward, 3.50 in head; cleft of mouth equals height of head, or .63 of length of head; cheeks bulging, breadth of head .81 of its length. lyateral line high, commencing just above angle of opercular flap and describing an upward curve which extends to a point between the eighth and ninth dorsal spines, where it descends abruptly and ends below the twelfth spine, above the median line of the body. No scales. Teeth small, pectinate, very numerous. Mouth inferior. An- terior profile strongly retreating. No dermal crest on head. Posterior nostril inconspicuous; anterior nostril with dermal, fleshy flap prolonged into a four-cleft tentacle. Simple tentacle over eye, its length much less than width of interorbital space; very minute simple tentacle on nape, its length about- .33 that of tentacle over eye. Maxillary extending slightly beyond posterior margin of eye. Dorsal fin beginning above gill opening, notched, tips of soft rays free. Spinous dorsal of uniform height, lower than soft por- tion which is highest posteriorly ; longest spine about .75 of long- est ray, which is equal to greatest breadth of head. Anal incised, slightly lower than soft dorsal. Uppermost rays of pectoral very short ; tenth and eleventh rays longest, equal to length of head. Color in alcohol : light brown ; bluish on belly and under pectorals ; body with seven faint transverse bands of darker brown, fading out below and posteriorly on caudal peduncle, so that in life A Monograph of Marcus Island. — Appendix. 137 there may have been eight bauds ; each band has two conspicuous darker brown spots in it. Fins all pale brown ; soft dorsal with a row of dark dots on each membrane between rays. A small dark brown line slightly below and back of eye. This must have been a very beautiful fish in life. One speci- men, 99 mm. long. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2455 is the type. 2456. Salarias marcusi. New species. D. XI1-21 ; A. 22 ; C. 13; P. 14. Depth equals length of head, 4.33 in length without caudal, 5.50 in total length. Eye 3.75 in head. Breadth of head 1.63 in its own length. Width of inter- orbital space 2 in eye. Mouth inferior, width of cleft .50 of length of head. Teeth very numerous, small, finely pectinate. Anterior profile of head convex. A small dermal crest on head ; in one specimen its height is .50 width of interorbital space ; in the other specimen it is merely a heavy keel; a small, simple tentacle over eye, its length equal to width of interorbital space ; a much smaller simple tentacle on nape, its length somewhat more than .50 that of tentacle over eye ; anterior nostril with a flesh}^ tube, the upper border of which is prolonged into a stout, but not lengthy, fringed tentacle. Lateral line commences just above upper angle of opercular flap ; curving upward it follows the dorsal outline from the fourth to the tenth dorsal spines, then curving obliqueh' to a point beyond tip of pectoral, it follows the median line of the body to the base of the caudal ; tubes of lateral line disappear at about middle of soft dorsal, the remainder of the lateral line being marked by pores and depressions. Origin of dorsal anterior to gill opening, the tip of opercle being under base of third dorsal spine. Dorsal deeply notched, spinous portion highest anteriorly ; third and fourth spines long- est, .So of length of head and equal to highest soft rays ; dorsal membrane incised, spines and rays with free tips, dorsal connedled with caudal by a membrane. Anal membrane deeply incised, rays with free tips; fin much lower than dorsal, longest ra5'S .50 length of head. Caudal convex; rays divided in posterior .66 of their length, the tips free. Pectoral somewhat rounded, tips of rays free, its length equal to that of head. Conspicuous mucus pores below and posterior to e5^e. 138 Director's Annual Report. Color ill alcohol : body brown, lighter on caudal peduncle, darker, almost black, on head, bluish white on belly. Color and markings greatly obscured by a blue film, which is probably coagulated mucus. Posterior third of body with three rows of very dark brown spots below the lateral line, and two rows above it. Each membrane of spinous dorsal with two vertical rows of dark brown spots. Soft dorsal with rows of dark brown dashes and dots running diagonally backwards on the membranes. Anal with three longitudinal rows of dark brown spots ; free tips of rays whitish. Caudal and pectoral colorless. Here described from two specimens, one 116 mm. long, the other 144 mm. long. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2456 is the type, 2457. Kntomacrodus gibbifrons (Quoy & Gaim.). 2458. Entomacrodus sealei."' New species. D. XII-16 or 17 ; A. 17 : P. 13 ; C. 12 ; head 5 in total length; depth 6.75 ; eye equals caudal peduncle, 3.40 in head. Eye situa- ted very high up ; interorbital space narrow^ .50 in eye. Mouth inferior, width of cleft .50 length of head. Teeth very minute, forming a comb-like band in each jaw ; lower jaw with two small posterior canines. No crest on head; tentacles on nape ver}^ small and very close together, hardly as long as width of inter- orbital space ; tentacle Over eye comparatively stout, triangular, with two hair-like filaments on inner side of tentacle ; length .66 diameter of eye ; anterior nostril with fleshy tube, from upper side of which extends a stout tentacle, the upper half divided into five filaments. Lateral line straight in anterior portion, curving downward be^'ond pectoral, and ending on median line, between spinous and soft dorsals. Dorsals separate ; spines of first dorsal almost uniform in height, last two or three somewhat lower than the others ; spines about 2.50 in head; membrane incised about .66 of length of spines ; base of soft dorsal shorter than that of spinous dorsal, fin ending at beginning of caudal peduncle ; highest anteriorly, where rays are about .50 length of head ; membrane incised deeply, leav- ing tips of rays free. Length of anal .33 of total length ; rays of anal of uniform length, their height same as soft dorsal ; niem- '•^Iii honor of Mr. Alvin Scale, of the Hishop Museum staff. A Monograph of Marcus Island. — Appendix . 139 brane incised, tips of rays free. Caudal truncate. Longest rays of pectoral equal to head. Color in alcohol : pale brown, fading away to dull white on belly and under side of head ; seven cross bands on sides of body; above the median line they are distinct, and appear as heav}- dark spots; below the lateral line they are very faint and divide, form- ing two diverging bands. Two longitudinal rows of white dots above median line. Caudal with three irregular dark transverse bands. Head and upper half of body thickly sprinkled with fine black dots ; upper part of membrane of spinous dorsal dark ; soft dorsal with six dark diagonal bands, running backward. A wide dark band on margin of anal ; free tips of anal rays white. Pectoral pale and colorless to naked eye ; under lens the membrane appears thickly sprinkled with minute dark dots. One specimen, 38 mm. long. B. P. B. Mus. No. 2458 is the type. Family PSEUDOCHROMID.^. 2459. Pseudogramma polyacanthus Bleeker. D. VII-18; A. 111-16 ; lateral line tubes 29; scales in lateral series 50. Head 2.80 in total length without caudal, 3.33 including caudal. Depth of head at occiput .25 of length without caudal, .20 including caudal. Maxillary produced to posterior edge of eye. Eye 4 in head, distant .66 of its own diameter from tip of snout. Length of base of spinous dorsal 1.33 in base of soft dorsal. A specimen in poor condition, 50 mm. in length, the caudal broken and most of the scales gone. It agrees very well in the main with Kner's description of Psendochromis poIyacantJnis Bleeker (Neue Fische Mus. Godeffro}', October, 1867, 717), based on a specimen secured in the Viti Islands. But it is hardly the same fish that Bleeker described under the name Pseiidogramma poly- acanthus in "Sur la Famille des P-seudochromidoides et Revision de ses Especes Insulindiennes", Verh. Ak., Amsterdam, 1875, p. 25, while Bleeker's text does not agree with his figure. Bleeker's description was based on a specimen from Ternate, in the East Indies, while Kner's specimen was from the South Pacific, and this specimen from Marcus Island would be more likely to agree with the latter than the former ; it is possible that the Polynesian form is a different species from that of the East Indies, but they may be placed together until an abundance of good material is available. SEP la ii(04 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. — No. 2. Director's Report for 1903* HONOIvUIvU, H, I. Bishop Museum Press. 1904. BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sanford B. Dole, L,Iv.D. W11.LIAM O. Smith .... Alfred W. Carter , . . . Joseph O. Carter .... Henry Holmes Samuel M. Damon President Vice-President Secretary- Treasurer William F. Allen MUSEUM STAFF. William T. Brigham William H. Dall William A. Bryan John F. G. Stokes lyEOPOLD G. BlACKMAN C. Montague Cooke, Jr. John W. Thompson Alvin Seale John J. Greene Diredlor Honorary Curator of Mollusca Curator of Ornithology Curator of Pacific Ethnology Assistant and Adling Librarian Assistant Artist and Modeler Colledlor Printer StP 19 1904 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. — No. 2. Director's Report for 1903. honolulu, h. i. Bishop Museum Press. 1904. TO THE PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES OF THE BERN ICE PA U A HI BISHOP MUSEUM. SIRS : — / herewith present for yojir consideration viy i'eport oj the groivth and present condition of the Mnsetun in my charge, and of the %vork done by the Mnseuni staff, during the calendar year igoj. WILLIAM T BRIGHAM, Director of the Museum. Honolulu, March ii, igo^. REPORT. A FTER a number of years, iu which the colledlions in the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum liave been subject to the utility of the whole rather than the convenience of any part, the plans of the Dire(ftor have progressed to the extent of a complete separation and rearrangement of the Hawaiian portion of the col- lecftions by the opening and dedication of Hawaiian Hall. The foundations of this largest portion of the entire Museum building were laid five years ago, but the builders have at last completed their work and on the twenty-fourth of November, 1903, the Hall was publicly dedicated. It is the first distincftively Hawaiian museum in the world, and its opening certainl)^ marks an epoch in the history of the.se Islands. To facilitate the transfer of the Hawaiian specimens to their new cases the Trustees closed the Museum to the public from May I until the day of reopening, a little more than six months, and even with this help the last cases were not ready for their assigned exhibits until two days before the results were to be given to the public. The removal of so large a portion of our collec5lion of course involved a very extensive rearrangement of the entire Mu.seum, and nearly all exhibits were removed from their cases and after careful examination rearranged. In the Pidlure Gallery all the pidlures were taken from the walls and the room was repainted to the great advantage of the general effect. In Polynesian Hall two large cases were built to occupy the centre of the Hall, but even with this relief the cases are often too crowded to show their contents to the best advantage. [143] (3) 4 Director' s Annual Report. The entire colle(5lion of shells, numbering some 10,000 species and more than 40,000 specimens, was rearranged by Mr. J. F. G. Stokes in accordance with the best accepted views of modern concholo- gists, and the nomenclature brought up to date. This required a large number of new labels. We were also able to place our colledlion of models of Pacific region canoes, which now numbers forty-five, in a case by itself. Even with all the Hawaiian specimens eliminated the cases of Polynesian Hall are too crowded, and this is especially the case with the New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Micronesian secflions. The gallery of this Hall has long been insufficient to properly exhibit the Natural History of the non-Hawaiian Pacific. With our nat- ural rate of increase the provision of additional accommodation in this department will soon be imperative. As no part of this Museum had ever been dedicated it was thought best to have some simple recognition of the dedication to public instru(ftion and amusement of so complete a colle(ftion of Hawaiian matters. Invitations were sent to those who were likely to be interested in the occasion, and on the afternoon of November 24th a large company assembled in Hawaiian Hall in response to these invitations. The Supreme Court of the Territory, the United States Court, most of the Protestant clergy, the faculties of Oahu and St. Louis Colleges and the Kamehameha Schools, and many other citizens were present and examined the new arrangements, which seemed to meet with general approval. At the request of the President of the Trustees, Ex-Governor vSanford B. Dole, the company came to order at four o'clock and listened to the following address from the Direcftor : — In welcoming you here this afternoon it has seemed good to Judge Dole, the President of the Board of Trustees, that I should take the opportunity afforded by this the onh^ dedication this Museum has ever had, to explain so far as I may in a few minutes, how the institution is arranged and what it stands for. And first it stands as a monument of the generosity of that public spirited [144] Director's Animal Report. 5 citizen of Honolulu, Charles Reed Bishop, while designed as a memorial of his excellent and accomplished wife, Bernice Pauahi. The original building was intended to contain and preserve simply the Hawaiian kahili, feather robes, pi(5lures and various keepsakes belonging to his wife, who was heir to the Kameha- mehas. With the exception of the feather work and kapa the the entire collecflion was contained in the room which now serves as a vestibule to the new Hawaiian Hall this day opened to the public. Scientific arrangement was impossible : scientific study had to be conducted elsewhere than in the small building. But the generosity of Mr. Bishop and the wisdom of the Trustees re- moved one by one all obstacles until today we have this grand instrumentalit}^ for the stud}- of the ethnology and natural histor}-, not oul}' of these Islands but of the whole Pacific. This Museum is no longer merely an exhibition to amuse an idle hour, but it is, or should be when perfedled, a means of col- ledling, preserving and studying the history of life in the Pacific, a region where the original native life is fast disappearing as you see it is on this group. In a ver}- few years it will be impossible to gather the necessary material for an^^ such study : indeed, if the portion of this colledlion which was gathered half a century ago had not then been saved we should have little valuable knowledge of the ways and work of the Hawaiian people, and the same is true of ever}' other group in this great ocean. The amusement of the people, or even their instrucftion, is not the chief object of a museum such as this, but we have carefully colledled all these things and clustered about them all the facts we can obtain and then we cor- relate these facts with others colle(5led b}- workers in the same field until at last we may wrest from the unknown the secrets which today puzzle the wisest scientists, such as whence and when did the Polynesians come into the waters of the great ocean ? Was the relation of land to water always the same as now ? Were the Hawaiians the first inhabitants of this group ? Who carved the huge images of Easter Island ? And many other problems of no light importance. It is waste of time to speculate on most of these questions until we have colle(5led all the witnesses, both living and dead that may be within our reach. That is why a museum like this is never completed, indeed is never finally arranged. If it ceases to grow [145] 6 Director' s Annual Report. it dies, and its remains should be scattered to the four winds, that is, to enrich other living museums. That is why we are continu- all}^ calling upon our Trustees for funds to purchase this or that, and to organize expeditions to collect objecfts and information. If in doing this our legitimate work we can also afford amusement and instrudlion to the public so much the better, but it should not be a one-side arrangement as it has been in the past. Ko museum in the world is sufficiently endowed to permit all the work that its staff would like to do, or have done ; and in return for the amuse- ment or instruction afforded it seems right that the public should do more than criticise. Manj^ of you have specimens that should be in this Museum : they are of little value or use to you. Why not send them here where their intrinsic value is greatly increased by comparison with others of the same class ? Many of you who have none of these things can easily aid the work of the Museum by subscribing for its publications, which may not be of especial interest to you,. but the subscription helps to make them better, and the smallness of the edition will, in no distant time, make a set of considerable mone}^ value. Five dollars a year would secure all our publications as issued. [Here the Direcftor referred to wants of the Museum which are mainly of local interest and may be omitted here.] Now let me briefly tell yow what we have done. We have separated the Hawaiian exhibit as the most extensive and import- ant in our possession and placed the greater part of it in a hall where it is classified and arranged so that anyone can at once find what most interests him. The non-Hawaiian things are also placed by themselves, each group in a separate alcove. Then all these things that to the general visitor are simply "curios" become the objects of careful and patient study : they are photographed for publication in the printed results of such study and they are com- pared with similar objects in other museums or made by other peoples. For some eight years I did this work alone ; now I have a staff of young men trained, hard-working, skilled and learned as you all may see by looking round at the results of their labors. The groups of Hawaiians presenting the work of former days : the model of the heiau, and of Kilauea : the fruits that are so true to nature, and the fish that have never been better exhibited in any museum all prove my statement. Are thev not worthy of your [146] Director's Ainiual Report. 7 approbation and your help ? In many countries common carriers take free all specimens coming to a large museum because they recognize the value in mere dollars and cents that such an institu- tion is to a country, and the workers are freely carried over railroads and waterways. As we are so remote from other museums our publications become a ver}' necessar}- means of communication, and today our exchanges go to most parts of the civilized world, and this Museum that has grown up in your midst for thirteen years almost unnoticed is today willingly accorded the first place in the class of local museums by all the museum authorities. We are insatiable in our wants. We must have every plant, every coral, every fish, every bird, indeed, every natural or manu- facflured thing that will help in the study of this Pacific region. We are few in numbers and j-ou must help us as some of the 5'ounger men in the schools are now doing, and in return we will show you beauties of nature you never noticed before. In the gallery of Hawaiian Hall will gradually grow an aviary where you can see at a glance the life history of our Hawaiian birds, and in that same wa}' we hope to treat other classes of the children of Nature. The handbook will help in finding things wanted, but I should feel obliged to apologise for the absence of many needed labels did I not know that there are already labels enough to occup}- your attention in many visits, at least until our printer can complete the work. But I will spare your ears and leave you to the more pleas- ing exercise of your eyes. This closed the formal proceedings, and the remainder of the afternoon was spent in inspe(5ting the halls. On the following Friday public open days were resumed. On the 25th November the Direcflor left on the Sonoma for a vacation in the Colonies, and as a result of that journey many choice ethnological and zcfological specimens were brought to the Museum. Of the special results of the year's work may be mentioned several fine groups of birds by Mr. W, A. Bryan, who also com- pleted a model of Kilauea crater on a scale of 130 feet to the inch. Mr. Stokes has completed his elaborate and accurate model of an ancient Hawaiian temple. [147] 8 Director' s Annual Report. During the year Mr. Seale, who had been collecfling for two years in the southeast and western Pacific was recalled by the Trustees, and the results of his work will be described later. Since his return he has been occupied with the determination of the fishes of his colledling. As Mr. Stokes was appointed Curator of Polynesian Ethnology, Mr. Blackman has taken the considerable responsibility of caring for the Library which has grown during the year (as will be seen by the list appended of accessions) and been transferred to the new cases in the upper gallery of Hawaiian Hall. Mr. C. M. Cooke, Jr., has been busily studying and colle(5ling Hawaiian land shells until his specimens number many thousands. We hope soon to resume experiments (interrupted by the installation of the new hall) as to the best method of illustrating the minute shells of To7'natellma and similar genera. We hope to publish more of Mr. Cooke's results before the end of another year, Mr. John J. Greene has continued with the Printing Depart- ment and, beside very many labels, has printed the last report (1902) and a handbook to the Museum which is intended not only to re- place the former catalogue, now long out of print, but also to serve as guide through the halls and as an illustrated remembrancer of a visit to the Bishop Museum. The high standard of the Museum Press has been fully maintained. At the request of many students the Trustees authorized the publication of the original descriptions of Hawaiian land shells, especially of the genus Achatinella so far as they could be colledted, and Mr. E. W. Thwing has edited these with notes and the printing has begun. At the first of the year Mr. Ralph C. Geer, our cabinet maker and "generally handy man" resigned and his place has not been filled, nor will it be easy to fill it. Every museum diredlor knows how valuable in museum work a thoroughly competent carpenter is, and the hundreds of stands and supports for specimens always - [148] Director's Anmial Report. 9 needed can be much better made by one who is in touch with the museum work than by outside assistance. Mr. J. W. Thompson has continued his casts of fishes, but his work was unfortunately interrupted to make similar fish casts for the Hawaiian exhibit at St. Louis. Since this exhibit has been given up from lack of funds, the three months work of Mr. Thomp- son is a loss so far as the Museum is concerned. To our staff has been added a lady assistant to preside on public days in Hawaiian Hall and take charge of the sales of the handbook and other publications of the Museum. Another of the quarto memoirs of the Museum series, "The Mat and Basketry of the Old Hawaiians," is ready and will soon be put to press. TABLE OF ATTENDANCE. 1 3 c 'S i b£ 3 5* t a) c Open on > Average Attendance. £ A m I90:i. Oh > "3 January February March April 277 266 356 338 46 25 70 11 IS 85 415 446 142 79 91 152 28 26 36 41 225 45 129 137 89 86 132 127 1 1 10 8 8 8 3 . 5 7 7 4 4 14 3 6 12 6 4 18 45 56 87 46 25 70 11 18 85 30 25 74 57 86 88.3 268 225 6 9 8 12.4 11 6 5 4 3 7 5 6 761 503 745 797 46 25 July 70 August September 11 18 85 November December 261 742 21 66 114 234 23 111 3 7 834 1599 Totals 2353 1467 21s 884 568 4 44 75 516 125 6.9 .5494 [149] lo Director's Annual Report. List of Accessions. DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. Gifts. 6225 Runners of Hawaiian sled, from Col. W. H. Cornwell, Maui. 6256 Grindstone. Hawaii. From Mr. David Rice. 6259 Stone idol, unfinished. Oahu. From Mr. A. F. Judd. 6263 Rope of twisted human hair. H. I. From Mr. G. P. Wilder. 6264 Braided human hair. H. I. Ibid. 6265 Coir for binding canoe outriggers. H.I. Ibid. 6266 Fish hook of shell. H.I. Ibid. 6267-8 Poi pounders. H.I. Ibid. 6269 Stone lamp. H.I. Ibid. 6270 Stone hammer. H. I. Ibid. 6271 Stone adze. H. I. Ibid. 6272-8 Squid hook sinkers. H. I. Ibid. 6279-80 Ulumaika. H. I. Ibid. 6285 Stone god. H.I. Ibid. 6299-6300 Tapa. Rarotonga. From Col. and Mrs. Gedgeon. 6304 Tapa. Nine. From Mr. and Mrs. Kahu. 6305 Tapa jacket. Mangaia. Ibid. 6306-7 Garment, parts of. Mangaia. Ibid. 6308 Tapa mask. Mangaia. Ibid. 6368 FivShing rod and line. Oahu. From Mr. A. K. Williams. 6369 Fish broom. Oahu. Ibid. 6379 Spherical stone mortar. Hawaii. From Mr. C. M. Walton. 6380 Konane stone. Hawaii. Ibid. 6381 Tobacco pipe. Hawaii. From Mr. S. Andrews. 8243 Clay pot. Bougainville, Solomon Ids. From Mrs. Tindall. 8275-80 Hats. Bougainville, S. I. Ibid. 8282 Basket. Bougainville, S. I. Ibid. 8284-6 Armlets. Bougainville, S. I. Ibid. 8288 Armlets. Choiseul, S. I. Ibid. 8293 Fishing net. Choiseul, S. I. Ibid. 8298 Netted bag. Choiseul, S. I. Ibid. 8312-4 Baskets. Rubiana, S. I. Ibid. [kSo] List of Accessions. ii 8348-50 Bands of Tridacna shell. Choiseul, S. I. Ibid. 8352 Neck ornament. Choiseul, S. I. Ibid. 8367 Canoe god. Choiseul, S. I. Ibid. 8397 Stone headed club. New Guinea. Ibid. 8499 Spear. Shortland, S. I. Ibid. 8597-8 Spear. Bougainville, S. I. Ibid. 9599 Sheaf of arrovvs. Bougainville, S. I. Ibid. 9600 Bow. Bougainville, S. I. Ibid. 8255-6 Clay pots. Espiritu Santo, N. H. From Mr. W. Iv. Bell. 8267 Tapa. Solomon Ids. From Mr. W. H. Whiteman. 8317 Dancing dress. Shortland, S. I. From King Weri. 8497 Bow. Shortland, S. I. Ibid. 8498 Spear. Shortland, S. I. Ibid. 8318 Dancing dress. Shortland, S. I. From Chief Muli. 8356 Human hair. Florida, S. I. From Mr. Woodford. 8397 Dress. Gilbert Ids. From Mrs. Tanner. 8429 Dancing cloak. Admiralty Ids. From Mr. Smith. 8430 Necklace of Cyprsea. Admiralty Ids. Ibid. 8431 Small bag. Admiralty Ids. Ibid. 8432-3 Pair bead ornaments. Admiralty Ids. Ibid. • 8434-5 Pair arm rings. Admiralty Ids. Ibid. 8436-S Lime spoons. Admiralty Ids. Ibid. 8449-50 Dresses. New Hebrides. From Miss Robinson, 8508 Spear. Bougainville, S. I. From Dominica. Colle^led. 6287-92 Skulls. ? 6293 Piece of tapa. ? 6294-95 Adze heads. Rarotonga. 6296-7 Adze heads. Bolabola. 6298-6300 Tapa. Rarotonga. 6301 Tapa. Aitutaki. 6302 Bag, of pandauus. Rarotonga. 6303 Colored fibre for mat borders. Tongareva. 6309 Tapa. ? 6310 Mat, pandanus. Tongareva. 631 1 Mat, pandanus. Tahiti. 6312-13 Hatbands of split bambu. ? 6314-17 Necklaces of Partula shells. [151] 12 Director'' s Annual Report. 8201 Canoe. Shortland, S. I. 8202-14 Paddles, with No. 8201. vShortland, S. I. 8215-16 Paddles. Bouka, S. I. 8217-18 Canoe and paddle. Guadalcanar, S. I. 8219-20 Paddles. Florida, S. I. 8221-41 Water bottles. Shortland, S. I. 8242 Coconut. Ibid. 8244-45 Clay pot. Ibid. 8246 Clay pot. Bougainville, S. I. 8247-54 Clay pot. Shortland, S. I. 8255-56 Clay pot. Espiritu Santo, N. H. 8257-66 Tapa. Malaita. 8267 Tapa. Solomon Ids. 8268 Tapa. Mangaia, Hervey Ids. 8269-70 Tapa. Rarotonga. 8271-4 Mats. Shortland, S. I. 8281 Basket. Bougainville, S. I. 8283 Armlet. Bougainville, S. I. 8287 Dyed grass, for armlets. Solomon Ids. 8289-92 Mourning belts. Shortland, S. I. 8294 Shuttle and unfinished net. Ibid. 8295 Fibre. Ibid. 8296-97 Netted bag. Bougainville, S. I. 8298-99 Netted bag. Choiseul, S. I. 8300 Rattan worn round the body. ? Bougainville, S. I. 8301 Netted bag. Bougainville, S. I. 8302-3 Basket of plaited coconut leaves. Shortland, S. I. 8304-5 Fans. Ibid. 8306-11 "Devil" sticks. Ibid. 8315 Shield. Rubiana, S. I. 8316 Pubic ornament of women. Shortland, S.I. 8319 Pair bead armlets. Shortland, S. I. 8320 Eye shade. Florida, S. I. 8321-2 Woman's dress. Guadalcanar, S. I. 8323 Bag of hibiscus fibre. Ibid. 8324 Dancing rattle. Ibid. 8325 Plume of colored grass. Ibid. 8326 Roll of ornamented split rattan. Ibid. 8327 Plaited armlets, pair. Ibid. [152] List of Accessio7is. ■ 13 8328 Bambu comb. Ibid. 8329 Comb. Ibid. 8330 Small fish net. Ibid. 8331 Food bowl. Ibid. 8332 Lime box. Shortlaud, S. I. 8333 lyime box. Simbo, S. I. 8334-8 Lrime box. Bougainville, S. I. 8339-41 lyime box. Guadalcauar, S. I. 8342 Medicine box. Shortland, S.I. 8343-5 Arm rings, from Tridacna shell. Ibid. 8346-7 Cores of shell from which rings have been cut. Ibid. 8348-50 Bands of Tridacna shell. Choiseul, vS. I. 8351 Neck ornament of shell. Ibid. 8353 Shell (Cardium) for scraping. Ibid. 8354 Flints, for drill tips. Florida, S. I. 8355 Hammer for cracking nuts. Choiseul, S. I. 8357 Seed. Shortlaud, S. I. 8358-9 Fish hooks. Guadalcauar, vS. I. 8360 Stone hammer. Choiseul, S. I. 8361-4 Canoe gods. Shortland, S. I. 8365-6 Canoe gods. Choiseul, S. I. 8368 Personal god. Guadalcauar, S. I. 8369 God of canoe house. Shortland, S. I. 8370-1 Wooden mortars. Ibid. 8372-3 Combs. Ibid. 8374-5 Scrapers for copra. Ibid. 8376 Sago breaker. Ibid. 8377-8 Markers of pottery. Ibid. 8379 Round stone, for pot making. Ibid. 8380-2 Strings of shell money. Ibid. 8383-4 Strings of shell money. Guadalcauar, S. I. 8385 Pandean pipe. Solomon Ids. S386-90 Pandean pipes. Shortlaud, S. I. 8391-2 Rasps. Ibid. 8393 Neck ornament. Ibid. S394-5 Strings of seed beads. Bougainville, S. I. 8396 Poi pounder. Mangaia. 8399-8400 Fighting spears. Choiseul, S. I. 8401-10 Adze heads. Shortland, S. I. [153] 14 Director'' s Anmial Report. 8411-19 Adze heads. Choiseul, S. I. 8420 Adze heads. Guadalcanar, S. I. 8421 Adze heads. Samoa. 8422-6 War clubs. Choiseul, S. I. 8427-8 Baskets. Bougainville, S. I. 8429 Dancing cloak. Admiralty Ids. 8481 Fish arrows (10 and sheath). Shortland, S. I. 8482 Arrows (6). vShortland, S. I. 8483 Arrow. Bougainville, S. I. 8484-94 Bows. Bougainville, S. I. 8495-7 Bows. Shortland, S. I. 8500 Spear. Shortland, S. I. 8501 Spear. Guadalcanar, S. I. 8502-7 Spears. Choiseul, S. I. 8508-39 Spears. Bougainville, S. I. 9540-92 Spears. Bougainville, S. I. 9593 Chief's club. Shortland, S. I. 9594 Ear ring. Guadalcanar, S. I. 9595 Mat. Shortland, S. I. Purchased, except zvhere othertvise viciitioned. 6206 Female figure, wood. Rapanui. 6207-8 Wooden paddles. Solomon Ids. 6209-10 Spears. ? 62 1 r Idol. New Guinea. 6226 Cast of Hawaiian stone idol. Loaned by W. T. Brigham. 6243-6 Seed necklaces. Hawaiian Ids. 6249-55 Seed necklaces. Hawaiian Ids. 6260 Stone mirror. Kauai. 6261 Stone cup. Hawaiian Ids. Exchanged. 6221-2 Casts of inscribed tablets. Rapanui. 6223 Samples of tapa and photos. 6370 Heitiki of human bone. New Zealand. 6371 Heitiki made from sperm whale jaw bone. New Zealand. 6378 Dilly basket. Queensland. [154] [Jst of Accessions. 15 RELICS AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. 6212 Section of Vaucouver-Fauniug cable. Giveu by Mrs. A. L. Ahlo. 6224 Secflion of Oahu-Molokai cable. Given by Mr. S. M. Damon. 6257 Se(5lion of San Francisco-Honolulu cable, shore end. Given. 625S Section of San Francisco-Honolulu cable, deep sea. Given. 6321 Cocoons of silk worm grown in Kona, Hawaii. Given by the Kona Echo. 6357 Royal standard of Kalakaua. Giveu by the Republic of Hawaii. 6358 Embroidered coat of arms of Hawaii. Ibid. 6359 Helmet. Ibid. 6360 Flag of Hale Nana. Loaned by the Territory of Hawaii. 6362-3 Wooden bowls turned from Hawaiian wood. Given by Mrs. W. F. Allen. 6364 Star-shaped brooch. Ibid. Section of trunk of tamarind tree planted in Mrs. Bishop's garden on the day of her birth. ORNITHOLOGY, Collefied, except where otherzvise mentioned . 2208-11 Group of Anas wyvilliana Scl., 2 ad., 2 juv. Oahu. Given by Mr. G. P. Wilder. 2212-13 Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.), i J' , i ?. Oahu. Ibid. 2214 Phaethon lepturus Eacep. & Daun. Hawaiian Ids. Ibid. 2215 Gallinula sandvicensis Streets. H. I. Ibid. 2216 Fulica alai Peale. H. I. Ibid. 2217 Dafila acuta Linn. H. I. Ibid. 2218 Plegadis guarauna (Einn.). H.I. Ibid. 2219 Arenaria interpres (Einn.). " H. I. Ibid. 2220 Heteractitis incanus (Gmel.). H. I. Ibid. 2221 Nettion carolinensis (Gmel.), $. Maui. Ibid. 2222 Spatula clypeata (Einn.), ^ • Maui. Ibid. 2223 Charitonetta albeola (Einn.) 9 . Maui. Ibid. 2224 Actodromas maculata (Vieill.). Oahu. Ibid. 2225 Oxyechus vocifera Einn. Oahu. Ibid. [155] 1 6 Director's Annual Report. 2226 Charadrius domiuicus fulvus (Gmel.). H.I. Ibid. 2227 Gallinago delicata (Ord.). H.I. Ibid. 2228 Calidris arenaria (lyinn.). Maui. Ibid. 2229 Numenius tahitiensis (Gmel.). H. I. Ibid. 2230 Microanous hawaiiensis Roths. H.I. Ibid. 2231-2 * Diomedea immutabilis Roths., eggs. H. I. Ibid. 2400 Globicera aurorae (Peale), 9 . Tahiti, vSociety Ids. 2401-7 Ptilopus purpuratus (Gmel.), J* & 9 . Tahiti. 2408-11 Todirhamphus veneratus (Gmel.), (? & 9 . Tahiti. 2412 Demiegretta sacra (Gmel.), ^ . Huahiue. 2413-15 Butorides stagnatilis (Gould), ^ & 9 . Tahiti. 2416-18 Anas superciliosa Gmel., ^ & 9 . Ibid. 2419 Urodyuamis taitensis (Sparrm. ). Ibid. 2420 Acrocephalus sp., ^ . Ibid. 2421 Hirundo tahitica Gmel., ed upon the mauufadlure of the OccASiON.AL Papers B. P. B. M.. Vol. II., No. 2.— s. ( 33 ) [173] 34 Diirc/or's Ainiual Report. specimens, as compared with the achievements of other primitive people. The peculiar bent of the Australian chara(5ter and also its undeveloped condition are alike illustrated by these two features. A remarkable similarity of design is found in the weapons of this vast region, due, in great measure, to an extensive sy.stem of barter which was established throughout the country in early times. As a rule the manufa(5lure of a specific form of implement was the produdlion of a special tribe or locality, which in some cases was celebrated to great distances for the skill and perfe(5lion of its work. Articles displaying the highest finish and best taste in decoration were principally derived from the north and west. No particular class of men was engaged solely in barter, but each man set out as necessity or inclination led, accompanied or alone, and bearing the produdls of his own industry. Well defined trade routes, upon which the traveller was free from molestation, con- verged in recognized bartering grounds, where large numbers of natives were often congregated. The usual time for these barter- ing expeditions was the winter, as dependenc}' on water compelled the journey to be undertaken when this could be obtained. For this reason the routes followed the water holes and river beds, and in some cases they may represent the course of the original distri- bution of the race, and may have been in use since that early time. The less frequented bartering tracks were often marked by stones or other objecfts placed at intervals to direct the stranger. A trader would sometimes make his presence known by smoke and fire signals, upon recognizing which others would assemble. One frequent artifice to attract attention was to cover a smoking fire at regular intervals, by means of which an intermittent column of smoke was produced. The hovering of birds over the wayfarer also served as an index to the presence of the trader. The rare occurrence of the valued quartz quarries, so frequent- ly resorted to by makers of spear heads and cutting instruments, and their jealous possession by local tribes, also tended to confine the produ6lion of special articles in individual centres and to stim- ulate the custom of exchange. The introduction of metal tools and of glass has of recent years depreciated the value of quartz and has also had a detrimental influence on a s\'stem once so prev- alent. To this must be added the frequent hostility of the white [174] Aboriginal Woodoi \Vcapo)n of Australia. 35 man which has curtailed and even caused the relinquishment of many old routes. The articles of most general barter included weapons and tools of all kinds, and the materials for their manufacfture and repair. These latter consisted of chips of quartz and other hard rocks, and gum-cement, the best quality of which was obtained from a tree confined to favored districts. Colored pigments for decorating weapons and for mixing with fat to anoint the body at ceremonies, feathers, nets, and occasionally wives were also bartered. The decoration employed by the Australian upon his imple- ments is elementary in design and often crude, awkward and un- finished in expression. The highest standard of decoration is found in the north and west, where probably Malay and Papuan influence is felt. The ornamentation of the produdls of these re- gions is often simple and effe(5live. The general low standard of artistic taste of the whole race is well exemplified by the brutal method of tatuing employed, which consists of ugly parallel cica- trices scored upon the chest and back. The most simple decora- tion of the weapons consists of a colored design, often not more than parallel bars, painted upon a uniform ground of red or black. Occasionally the ground is omitted, or the ornamentation may merely consist of this alone. Upon shields, and some boomerangs and clubs, the design is often incised and the interstices filled with ochreous pigments. A common form of such cutting is found chiefly upon certain boomerangs which are completely covered on both sides with roughly parallel grooving, produced by scoring deeply with a bone or quartz chisel. Weapons bearing such decoration are invariably colored entireh' red or black, and have a not unpleasing effect. A much narrower instrument is employed to groove the scrolls and other de.signs upon boomerangs and shields. Another and deeper form of incision, found chiefly upon shields, is produced with a narrow chisel held at righ\ angles to the surface to be cut, and not in the manner as in grooving, ^y this means an irregular line is produced which gives an effecflive waving appearance to the design. These three methods of incision will be seen by reference to the shields illustrated in Plate I. The designs most commonly met with include parallel lines arranged in rectilineals. convergent lines, triangles, squares, the [175] 36 Director s .Innual Report. herring boiic and the chevron. Curves and scrolls are more rare, though used with taste on some boomerangs and shields. Crude attempts to represent animals are occasionally suggested, but with little success. Inter-tribal warfare among the aboriginals was probably always of rare occurrence. Possessing little or no social organization every individual had equal rights, and the carr>ing of arms was general. When undertaking war the campaign was decided by a council. The plans were deliberated upon with ceremony and secrecy, and on setting out the warriors decorated the head with cockatoo feathers and covered their features with paint. Besides weapons, a wallet was often carried, containing articles for repairs and ochres and tufts of yellow feathers for personal use. Open engagements were rare and attack was delivered if possible from ambush. Early dawn was frequently chosen for assault. As no prisoners were taken the successful party indiscriminately slaugh- tered all who opposed them. When tracking a single enemy the Australian endeavored to take his man by stealth, and, if oppor- tunity offered, would kill him while he slept. Single combat, the usual resort in civil quarrel, was frequent. The proceedure at such legal conflic?ts was regulated by the tribal council. The encounters took place, as a rule, between individ- uals, though at times tribal disputes w^ere settled b}- this arbitra- ment between picked men. The chief causes of dispute were those relating to ownership, more particularly to that of women. A par- ticular time was appointed for the contests, generally in summer, and several days were spent by the participants in preparation for the encounter. This was begun in various ways, sometimes at a distance with boomerang and spear, and sometimes at close quar- ters. A usual form of duel was with the unwieldy wooden sword, when blows were deliberately given atid received in turn. A form of shield, to be described later, was especially made for these occasions. The object was not to kill the opponent, but only to effedlually disable him, and the inflicflion of mortal wounds was forbidden and punished by the tribe. During the contest the women, who were often no uninterested spe(5lators, stood near gesticulating and screaming wildly. ITpon their champion being worsted they frequently threw themselves forward with great energy and fiercely endeavored to beat off the attacking foe. The most [176] Abon'o i)ia/ W'oodtii IWapoiis oj Aushalia . 37 popular combatant was more irequeutl}' successful than the best fighter, as his friends and relatives stood ready to assist, and at times precipitated a general conflict. DEFENSIVE WEAPONS. 01 exclusively defensive weapons, the shield alone was used by the Australians. Specimens of irregular and eccentric shape are met with, but these are to be regarded as isolated examples of individual w^orkmanship, and as a rule the shape conforms more or less stri(5lly to an established pattern. These vary materially, not only on account of their source, but also according to whether their use was in single combat or general fight. The following groups are charadteristic : The Mulga Group. — The Mulga shield is made of the hard heavy wood of a species of Eucalyptus and is widely distributed. Its general length is a little less than three feet, and its breadth and depth are each from four to five inches. It was grasped at the middle, where an aperture for the hand was cut. The slender form of the Australian hand is evidenced by the small opening provided for it. As a rule this is little more than three inches broad — a feature which renders the white man unable to hold these weapons properly. The long and tapering form of the mulga was effe(5live for defledling missiles and for warding the blows of a single adver- sary. It was used almost exclusively in single encounters, and could afford little protedlion in the confusion of a general fight. In rare cases a narrow band of opossum or other skin is found wrapped over the face of the weapon and through the handle, to prevent the knuckles from being chafed. A transverse section of the simpler form in which this shield is made shows a trilateral figure con- tained by one curved and two straight lines, all of approximately equal length. The former being the concave face of the weapon, and the angle of the two straight lines' forming the reverse. The aperture for the hand was cut through the angle formed by the latter lines. A better shape of the mulga has the curved face acutely convex and developing into an angle, thus making the secftion of the shield quadrilateral, and rendering the apical margin better adapted for deflec5t:ing missiles. The decoration of the mulga is found only on the obverse surface. It generally consists of incised lines arranged in rectangles and often filled with colored [177] 38 Director' s Annual Report. earths. The specimen seen in the centre of Plate I is representa- tive of the better made miilga shields. It is .shaped from the close grained wood of probably a species of acacia, and the incisions were made with a narrow implement held at right angles to the face in the manner already described. The interstices are accentu- ated with white filling. The Goolmarry Group. — The shields of this group are elongate-oval in .shape and differ in many respects from the mulga form already described. They are constru(5led of very light wood — Erythrina vcspertilio the ' 'bastard cork" , or Acacia moUissima being preferred — and although these weapons are small and well propor- tioned they have a bulky and unwield}- appearance. The gool- marry is decorated with curv^ed linear designs, often on both sides, though as a rule the obverse is the more elaborately treated. Crude representations of what has been described as a reptile, though bearing more similarity to a clumsily drawn "herring bone," are also sometimes found on the reverse of the goolmarry .shield. A .sec- tion, taken either longitudinally or transversely, is a bilateral figure contained by a straight line and one convex line — the latter to re- ceive the impact of other weapons. The handle is shaped b}^ cutting into the reverse of the shield. Some specimens of the gool- marry exhibit across the curved face irregular charred incisions which have been produced by the friction of another implement in the process of fire making. In rare ca.ses a central longitudinal groove is cut, into which the dust set free by fridlion accumulates preparatory to combu.stion. The use of this kind of shield for such a purpo.se is due to the softness of its wood, and also to the fact that the goolmarry is not .so elaborate and consequently of less value than other forms. The ornamentation of the specimen shown in Plate I, No. 8743, is effe(5led by a pattern of interlaced grooved scrolls. The rever.se of the shield bears a vague repre- sentation of an animal — probably a reptile — and is also charred, particularly at the extremities and hand aperture. The Western Group. — The manufa(5lure of these shields is confined to the west, though they are extensively bartered. In general form they con.sist of an extremely thin .sheet of wood, elongate-oblong in shape, rounded at the corners, with a projecting handle shaped from the same piece of wood as the body of the Aboriginal Woodoi \\'capo)is of Australia. 39 shield. The tree seledled for their coustructiou is the bastard cork or Stuart's bean tree, a species of Eryt/irina. The most usual oruamentation takes the form of parallel longitudinal g■roo^'es, as a rule showing a pronounced "fault" across the centre. The ground color of the weapon is often dull red. Other patterns of ornamenta- tion are employed, but the one already described is probably the most chara(5leristic. The whole appearance of the western shield is arti.stic, and much taste is shown in its symmetrical design and simple decoration. The extreme lightness of the weapon, how- ever, renders it liable to split. In such cases, the crack is neatly mended with kangaroo or emu tendon, which is applied wet, in order to bring the edges closely together whilst drying. Such a device is seen in No. 8749, Plate I. The decoration of the obverse is of the kind described, and the scoring on the reverse is similar to that on many boomerangs. Each alternate groove on the front of this specimen is colored dull red. The Geeam Group. — The Geeam in general contour more nearly recalls the usual pattern of the South African weapons. It is constru<5led of bark, and in .shape is oval, tapering consider- ably at each extremity of its longest diameter. The manufacture of this shield is somewhat complicated, requiring considerable skill and manipulative dexterity. Its outline is first cut upon the trunk of a living gum tree, and the contained bark is then care- fully removed. The best shields are construdled of one piece with the handle, and in this case it is necessary to leave a part of the wood adhering to the centre of the sheet of bark from which to fashion it. Shields of this kind are of ancient work and are diffi- cult to procure. After removing the bark a mound of compressed earth, of the form the weapon is to take, is constructed. This is covered with hot ashes upon which the bark is firmly held until it has taken the permanent shape required. The shield is completed by shaping the handle and decorating. The usual dimensions of the geeam are approximately 40 in. long, 10 in. wide, and some- what less than ^2 in. in thickness. OFF:eNSIVE WEAPONS. The wooden weapons of offense found among the Australians ma}' be broadly divided into two great divisions represented b>- the spears and clubs. Centring around the.se are the weapons either associated with their use, or developed from them. 40 ni7'cctor' s Avjival Report. SPEARS. Australia exhibits a great variety of form in its spears, render- ing a simple and satisfadtor}^ classification difficult. This is in- creased b}^ the fact that the same form of weapon may not only, among different tribes, be thrown either with or without the wum- mera — an instrument to be described later — but also that in various distri(fts it ma}- be used for such distinct purposes as that of warfare or the chase. Before the advent of the white man the Australian possessed no fish hooks, and condu(5ted his fishing operations entirel}' with the use of the spear. This custom has given many forms of this weapon, some of which are at times used in warfare, but find no place in this paper. Although the method of propulsion of a spear may at first seem unimportant, it necessi- tates a slight modification in the form of those thrown with the wummera, and in fact constitutes the difference between a true spear and an arrow. A classification of the Australian spears founded upon the different uses, or on the variety of form, is for the above reasons not satisfacftory unless confined to the weapons of a particular tribe. Speaking generally, these weapons fall into two well marked divisions, the hand spears and those propelled by the aid of the wummera. A spear intended for one or other of these two uses is readily distinguished ; but the division, though true of individual specimens, is often arbitrar}' when applied to the various forms. HAND SPEARS, TAPERING BUTT. The hand spears are charactered by their tapering butt, which renders them unsuited for use with the wummera. They are also generally made of only one piece of wood. Unbarbed Hand Spears. — lu its simplest form the hand spear consists of a long cylindrical shaft of a single piece of wood, from 8 ft. to I o ft. in length, and sharpened to a point at the distal extremity. Occasionally a ring of gum-cement is placed towards the point in which to imbed jagged flakes of quartz or similar cutting material. A close inspe(5tion of a specimen may reveal where such a ring has once been. In order to throw the hand spear it is held over the shoulder resting upon the palm of the hand and the thumb, which latter is extended below the shaft of [i8o] Aboi'i'oiua/ J]^oo(i^r7i Weapons of Australia . 41 the weapon pointing towards the butt. A common variety of the unbarbed hand spear exhibits a broadened spatulate-shaped point. Barbed Hand Spears. — Another well distributed form of the hand spear possesses barbs. The "Nandum," from 8 to 1 1 ft. long, is the simplest variety. It is shaped from a single piece of hard wood, into which the barbs are cut. These consist of a single row of deep serrations, situated on one side of the weapon, and requiring both skill and patience in cutting. A variety of the\ barbed hand spears has a double row of serrations arranged oppo- sitely. Several short specimens of the barbed hand spear are in this Museum. They were probably not intended for throwing, but were gripped in the hand for thrusting at close quarters. WUMMERA SPEARS, CONCAVE BUTT. The distinguishing feature of these spears lies in the small concave depression found at the proximal end of the weapon into which the peg of the wummera is inserted. These weapons ma}- be constru(5ted of one, two. or three pieces of wood. Spears Constructed of One Piece. — Quartz-tipped spears are made of a single slender shaft, bearing the charadteristic hol- low at the butt end, and grooved at the other extremity for the in- sertion of a row of flakes of quartz, or black or white basalt. The chips and gum into which the former are imbedded are frequent- objects of barter. The quartz spear is capable of infli(5ling terrible lacerated wounds. Two opposite rows of flakes are probably more frequent than only one. Spears Constructed of Two Pieces of Wood.— The Tirrer or reed spear generally consists of two pieces. The shaft is made of a slender reed, Typha ajigustifolia, into which is fitted a tip of poisonous mulga wood. Towards the point, bound with kangaroo or other tendon, is placed a barb of wood or bone. The extreme length of the tirrer, which may be as much as 12 ft., re- quires the use of both hands in traje(5ting it, one being employed with the wummera, and the other stretched forward to direct the spear. Spears Constructed of Three Pieces of Wood.— The "Koanie" form of spear is formed of three separate pieces repre- senting respedtiveh' the butt, shaft and tip. Of these, the shaft is firmlv fixed to the Initt, l)Ut more loosely to the tip which is spatu- [181] 42 Director'' s A7inual Report. late in shape, broader at the free end, and often provided with a barb of wood, bone, glass or wire bound firmly to its face. The object of the loose tip is to allow the shaft to break away from the head when the enemy is transfixed, thus rendering the weapon more difficult to extract. The shaft of the koanie is often well ornamented with grooving, and proved weapons are elaborately finished, highly valued, and difficult to obtain. Many other forms of spear are found, but are not so well known and general as the ones already described. Stone-headed spears, the product of the north, are much prized. The trigonal flaked head is fastened with resin covered with kaolin and the haft is generally freel}' ornamented. Fishing spears, bident or trident in form, are sometimes carried for use in war and the chase, but should not be classified among the weapons of this paper. Various specimens of the above forms of spears will be found in or near cases i6 and 17. " WUMMERAS. Closely associated with the use of the concave-butted spears is the Wummera, a device for increasing the velocity and range of the latter weapons by lengthening the arm leverage, on the same principle as that employed with the better known sling. The wummera consists in general of a wooden haft of varying length, upon which the spear lies before trajedtion. At the di.stal end of the weapon a small projecfling peg is situated to engage the hollow depression at the extremity of the missile. To throw the spear, the native stands sidewaj^s, holding the handle of the wummera firmly with the three smallest fingers of the right hand — the arm being directed backwards over the shoulder. Upon this support the spear rests, adjusted to the peg, and retained in position with the finger and thumb of the same hand. One hand only is em- ployed with most spears, but the length of the tirrer or reed spear renders the use of the left hand also necessary to support this form of weapon. Great dexterity is shown in fitting the spear to the wummera, a feat which the native readily accomplishes without removing his gaze from the object of attack. The velocit)- im- parted to the missile by the wummera is great, and an effecftive range of 100 yds. is obtained. The possession of this weapon by the Australians is sometimes regarded as rendering the use of any other device of trajeclion [182] • Ahorio/iial W'oodoi Weapons of Australia . 43 unnecessary, and thus sufficiently accounting for the ignorance of this people of the bow and arrow. The occurrence of imple- ments similar to the wummera in other regions, particularly among some American tribes at the time of the discover}^ and al.so among European palaeolithic remains, is well supported. In these in- stances the wummera antedated the bow and was supplemented by it. Modern investigation points to the antiquity of the Aus- tralian race and its isolation from the Asiatic continent in remote ages. The use of the wummera in this case may therefore be re- garded as the survival of a primitive weapon among a race which has progressed little or not at all since its separation from the rest of mankind, rather than affording evidence of high intelligence. The boomerang and wummera were unknown to the Tasmauian aboriginals, which suggests their emigration from the primitive stock before the discovery of these weapons. Many forms of the wummera are in use throughout the country, the shape varying greatly according to the district of mauufacfture. The origin of each individual specimen is of great interest and im- portance, and a systematic description of all the weapons of this region arranged with reference to their source would be of great value. The earliest form of the weapon under consideration con- sisted of an ordinary straight branch, with a projedling twig at one end shaped to furnish the necessary peg. The breaking of the. latter would render the primitive form of weapon useless, and an advance would be made by the substitution of a separate peg of wood or bone attached with tendon and gum. Roughly fashioned implements of thi^ description are common. A new feature in the wummera is seen in No. 1913, Plate II, consisting of a well defined broadening of the middle part of the haft. This was of use for carrying the colored pigments used at initiation and other rites. The peg of this weapon is a piece of shell, part of which has been broken away. The wummera, No. 1910, Plate II, is an extremely light and well made specimen in which the entire haft is adapted for carrying. It is coustrudled of hard red wood, and the peg is neatl)' shaped from a piece of light yellow w^ood. Weapons possessing the broadened haft are known by the name "Amera." They are made in the west and are ornamented on neither side. The handle, formed by a knob of gum, appears to be characfteristic of these 44 Director's Annual Report. weapons. The resistance of the wide surface of the amera to the air must impair the efficacy of these weapons as instruments of propulsion. In some cases the haft is even further developed by hollowing a somewhat thicker piece of wood to the shape of a .shal- low trough in order to contain blood and other fluids at the cere- monies alluded to. In fastening the peg to the amera holes were pierced at the distal end through which to pass the binding tendon. Instances of boring among the Au.stralians, who possessed no pierced stone weapons, are rare. The edge of the amera is some- times used in the process of fire-making by drawing it across the anterior face of the goolmarry shield in the manner already de- scribed. The wummera seen in Plate II, No. 191 1 , has the tray develop- ment entirely eliminated . This well balanced weapon is constructed of light wood, and its great leverage should render it very effecftive. The wooden peg is held in place by the usual gum-cement. The handle is shaped from and forms one piece with the haft. By re- ferring to the specimens in Plate II, three stages in the develop- ment of the handle are noticeable. Wummeras construdled of only one piece of wood and elaborately ornamented are also found, but this Museum is as yet unfortunately without a .specimen. Other weapons have the peg fitted to the edge of a lathe-shaped haft in- stead of to the face as in the weapons considered. A not unusual feature of some wummeras is a piece of shell fastened to the proxi- mal end of the haft for use as a scraper or chisel. Besides the materials already mentioned as furnishing the peg, the tooth of a kangaroo or .slain enemy was sometimes used. The tendon em- ployed for binding the peg was furnished either by kangaroo or emu leg, or by the neck of a snake. The natives of New Caledonia pos.sess a device for throwing spears consisting of a cord and loop. It is identical in principle with the ancient amentum. The kotaha, or sling-stick of the Maoris, formed of a wooden handle and a knotted dogskin thong, is also worthy of attention here. The arrow to be propelled with this implement was first loosely stuck in the ground, point upwards behind the thrower, towards whom it inclined at an angle of 30 or 40 degrees, and to this the thong was then looped in a manner to disengage readily dire(5llv the impetus of flight was imparted. [184] Aborighial Wooden Weapons oj AusLniUa. 45 CLUBS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT.S. The order of arrangement of the following weapons shows the line of development by which the more advanced may have been produced from those of primitive form. Straight Hand Clubs. — The simplest form of these weap- ons is the straight, heav>- pole of hard wood, uniform in girth through most of its length, but tapering abruptly at each end, and often grooved at one extremity to allow a good purchase to the hands. This somewhat cumbersome weapon could only be used at close quarters and was never thrown. A good specimen is shown in Plate III, No. 7443. These weapons are more or less cylindri- cal in form, and their weight and size rendered the use of two hands necessary to wield them. To deliver a blow the club was grasped by both hands at one end, and swung forward from over the head. In guarding, the adversary grasped his weapon with a hand at each end, holding it either horizontally above the head, or vertically to left or right to protect the part attacked. The two- handed club was also used by the "gins" who stood ready to assist or rescue in the civil combats already described. The Waddy is a common form of hand club for use with one hand only. It is much shorter than the above form and possesses a well developed head, more or less diamond-shaped, which is generally decorated with the usual incisions. The waddy was frequently chosen together with the mulga shield in the single en- counters, when the head was the only permissible object of attack. Although this club was often thrown, its true place was among the hand clubs. An endless variety of form is found among these weapons, often due to the natural shape of the wood from which they are made. Some of the lighter are pointed at the end in order to turn over in flight and pierce the bod}' of the eneni}' when thrown at close range. Specimens in this collecftion can be .seen in cases 16 and 17. A tendency to lighten the two-handed club by flattening it — a device which gave a more wieldy and at the same time a more effedtive weapon, is seen in No. 8761, Plate III. This formidable paddle-shaped weapon is a splendid example of Australian work- manship. It is fashioned from dark close-grained wood, probably Ejyihrophltinu laboiuheria , and bears a pattern in white painted [185] 46 Dircclofs Annual Report. at the distal end which has become indistinct through use. The thickening of the handle to prevent slipping is noteworth5% as is also the depression at the end. A cross secftion of this fine club reveals one face more convex than the other — a charadleristic feature, not only of all boomerangs but of many other Australian weapons. A splendid example of the so-called native sword is also shown in Plate III, No. - chiefly in its angle of curvature, which is more obtuse, and in the fact that it lies in one plane and is not twisted, to which latter de- vice the return boomerang owes its elliptical trajectory. All boome- rangs, however, have the surface, which in flight lies upper, more convex than the lower, and the convex or outer margin sharply edged. The war boomerang is an effedlive and dangerous weapon, having a range of 150 yds., and having been known to pass com- pletely throvigh an adversary wdien the body was first struck by the point of the weapon. Boomerangs were often manufactured and bartered in pairs, being cut together from one piece of suitabh- shaped wood. The possessor of a good pair would not readily dis- pose of them separately. [188] Aboriginal Wooden Weapons of Aiislralia . 49 The chief differences exhibited in the various forms of war boomerang are those of ornamentation, size and angle measure- ment. These characteristics are chiefly of local significance. As a rule the north and west produce the most interesting specimens, those of the best decoration being made by the former; and the Kylie, a keen, effe(5live little weapon weighing often only a few ounces, and possessing two angles, coming from the latter. The manufacture of boomerangs is, however, general and their barter extensive. The wood most generally used is a species of acacia. The following forms of war boomerangs, based upon their orna- mentation, are noteworthy: Fluted. — Boomerangs of this kind were invariably ornament- ed on both sides and uniformly colored red or black. The weapon shown in Plate IV, No. 8737, is representative, except in its extreme size, which reaches 49 in. It was used by the extinct Dieyeri tribe of Central Australia, and was obtained at Coolya water-hole. The color of this weapon is a dull red, and the irregularly parallel flutings have been scored with a flint chisel. Colored. — Boomerangs of this class are either colored red throughout or are marked with broad transverse red bands. The specimen No. 1369, Plate IV, is from the Albany tribe of West Australia. It is chieflj^ remarkable for its lightness and for its peculiar shape, which approximates to that of the sickle and furr nishes the weapon with two distinct angles. Carved. — These weapons are characteristic of the northeast. They are incised with neatly made curved lines upon their upper surface only. Two specimens are illustrated in Plate IV. Of these No. 7030 bears representations of what may be reptiles. No. 1367, from Queensland, is somewhat similar to the last specimen in de- sign ; the compound line running throughout its whole length is effedlive. Plain. — Weapons bearing no ornamentation, either of incision or coloring, are common. Specimens of these will be seen in the Australian cases. The feat of throwing the boomerang is difficult to any but a native. The peculiarities of each weapon have to be considered Occasional Papers B. P. R. M., Vol. II, Xo. 2. — 4. [189] 50 Director' :s Annual Report. aud the owner of a good boomerang, by frequent pracflice, can use it much more efficiently than a stranger. Before throwing his weapon the native carefully observes the condition of the atmosphere, and holding the boomerang much as a sickle is grasped essays two or three preliminary passes in the air and then discharges it in a position nearly vertical with the ground. The bias imparted to the weapon by the arm movement at the moment of release causes it to quickly assume a horizontal position which is retained during flight. The final step in the development of the war boomerang is reached in the specimen shown in Plate IV, No. 874S. The "swan-necked" or "hooked" boomerang resembles an ordinary one with a well developed horn borne upon the convex margin of the distal end. This remarkable form of weapon is rare. In some weapons the horn is itself curved, its concave edge lying nearest to the convex margin of the main shaft. The object of the horn is to swing the weapon round upon the guarding club of an enemy, the horn engaging with the latter and revolving upon impact. Some ordinar}^ boomerangs have a hook of this kind attached to them, and occasionally a weapon of ordinary form shows a mark where such a hook has been broken off. The hooked boomerang could also be used effecSlively in close combat in the same way as the leonile. The specimen figured is from North Australia. It is entirely covered with the fluting ornamentation, and is colored red throughout. A description of the returning boomerang, called by the natives "Come back", is not within the scope of this paper. The imple- ment was not of use in war and is merely referred to here as mark- ing the culminating point of Australian invention. The discovery of this weapon was undoubtedly accidental, and the flight of the first returning boomerang most probably resulted from the peculiar twist of a specimen of the ordinary form. That such an accident should have been inquired into, and the cause of its return not only appreciated but applied to similar weapons is significant of the acute observation of the people. The occurrence of the returning boomerang is confined to Australia, and evidences of its use else- where are unreliable. In the first weapons of this kind the return [190] Aboriginal Wooden Weap07is of Ajistralia. 51 motion was probably not much more than a distinct curve from the line of original impetus. A good thrower is said not only to be able to make a come-back complete three gyrations, but also to be able to throw any ordinary boomerang in such a way as to make it return to his vicinity. It is needless to say that the aim of a weapon thrown in order to return is erratic, and its range is far more limited than when propelled in a direct course. [191] OCCASIONAI, PAI-KKS I!. P. I). M., VOL. II. ^7-^3. S 7 Ifi ff 5 7 49 N7-4o. (jioDluKirr.v Shii'lil. LeiiRtli, L'4.7r) in.: wiilth, 7 in.: thiclvne.ss, ■_'.7ri in.: wi'if;lit. l.i'.'i lbs. Euualy])tUH woodC?). 8738. Mulga Shield from Victoriii. Ijeusth, :i1 in.: width, :l in.; tliiclvni'ss. 4 in.: wciKlil. 1.25 lbs. Acacia wood!?). 8749. West Australian Shield from Kimberl.v. Length, 2s in.: width. 7.2."i in.: thirk- ness, 0.25 in.; weight, 1.5 lbs. Er.vthrina woodC?). Occasional Pai'IvKS 11. 1'. I'.. M.. Voi.. II. 1 1913. Wummera from South Aiistralin. Lenstli. 21.7.". in.; wiillh of Tiny. ■_'..". in. Vi-ti of shell luiberlded in Rum. I'.tlO. W urn mera from West AiistniliM. r.eiiKth, •->:! in.: lirejiiHti, (l.l-r. in.: tliicls. 7444. Curved Sword Club. Length, 4!l.."i in.; width, ."i in.; thickness, 0.0 in.; weight. :).(i lbs. Queensland. OCCASIONAL TAI'ICKS 1). 1'. li. M-, VOL. II. Ic. \:',i,': woiKlil. -1.7.") uz. s7:!7. Fhitcil r.iioiiirnnifi. LimikI li. -!'•• iii.: widtli. i.'.."i in.: ;iiif;lc. l-'o* ; wi-inlil. i;:'. oz. Dic.vn-i trihr. Ceiitval Austr;ili:i . 70:!0. ('nrverl Hooiiiciiuifi. Li'iiKtli. -W in.: width, lMlT. in.; tiiifili', 14. V: wt'ijilit. !• oz. (2iifeii.sl(Hi(l( ?|. l:W7. Cjii-vrd I'.ooiiii-niMf;. LciiKl li .:(:!•■"> ill.: \vi in.: nnjilc, 1."il) : wi'i^lit. 10.5 oz. (Jwensland. N74N. Honied Booinei-ang-. Length of iiuiiu arm, 28 in.; width, 2 in.: an^ilc ir>ii ": aiisli'iif horn, "d"; outside length of horn, !» in.; weight, 15.6 oz. North Australia. PUSI^ICATIONS OF THE BBRNICB PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM. A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. Oblong octavo, 94 half-tone illus- trations. Price 50 cents; postage 9 cents. Occasional Papers, Vol. I. (Octavo.) No. I. Director's Report, 1898. Visits to Ethnological museums in a journey around the world. Price 50 cents-; postage 5 cents. No. a. Director's Annual Report, 1899. Mat Sails of the Pacific ( Stokes ) . Ray-ski n Rasps ( Walcott ). Notes on the Birds of Oahu ( Seale ). Price 50 cents ; postage 4 cents. No. 3. Director's Annual Report, 1900. Visit to the American museums (Stokes). Mission to Guam (Seale). Notes on the Birds of Kaudi (Bryan and vSeale). Price ^i ; postage 8 cents. No. 4. New Hawaiian Fishes. By Alvin Seale. Price 25 cents ; postage 2 cents. No. 5. Director's Annual Report, 1901, and Index to Vol. I. Illustrations of sperm whale and bird groups. Price 50 cents ; postage 4 cents. Occasional Papers, Vol. II. No. I. Director's Annual Report, 1902. Noteworthy Hawaiian Stone Implements (Brigham). Fibres of the Hawaiian Islands (Black- man). Distribution and Variation of Achatinella multizonata (Cooke). Monograph of Marcus Island (Bryan). Price f i ; postage 7 cents. No. 2. Director's Annual Report, 1903. Remarks on Phallic Stones from Rapanui (J. L. Young). Aboriginal Wooden Weapons of Australia (Blackman). Price 40 cents ; postage 5 cents. Memoirs, Vol. I. (Quarto.) No. I. Hawaiian Feather Work. By Wm. T. Brigham. Price $2.50; postage 14 cents. No. 2. Index to the Islands of the Pacific. By ' Vm. T. Brigham. Price fi.50; postage 20 cents. No. 3. Key to the Birds of the Hawaiian Group. By Wm. A. Bryan. Price f 1.50; postage 13 cents. No. 4. Ancient Hawaiian Stone Implements. By Wm. T. Brig- ham. Price $2.50; postage 20 cents. No. 5. Supplement to Hawaiian leather Work, with Index to Vol. I. By Wm. T. Brigham, Price ,^ cents; postage 8 cents. Memoirs, Vol. II. No. I. Hawaiian Basket and Mat Weaving. (In press.) OCT 3 ise!^ OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE HIiRNICE PAUAHl BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. — No. 3. Director s Report for 1904. honolulu, h. i. Bishop Museum Press. ,- 1905- BOARD OF TRUSTEES. Sanford B. Dole, Lly.D. William O. Smith .... Alfred W. Carter . . . . Joseph O. Carter .... Henry Holmes Samuel M. Damon President Vice-President Secretary'. Treasurer William F. Allen MUSEUM STAFF. William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) . . Diredlor William H. Dall . . Honorary Curator of Mollusca William A. Bryan .... Curator of Ornithology John F. G. Stokes . . Curator of Pacific Ethnology IvEOPOLD G. Blackman . . Assistant, and Adling Librarian C Montague Cooke, Jr., Ph.D. (Yale) . . Assistant John J. Greene Printer OCT 2 1905 OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY. Vol. II. — No. 3. Director's Report for 1904. honolulu, h. i. Bishop Museum Press. 1905. TO THE PRESIDENT AND TRUSTEES OF THE BERN ICE PA U A HI BISHOP MUSEUM. SIRS: — In accordance ivith the vote of the Trustees at the stated meeting held Janiiary zj, igoo, I herezvith preseyit my 7'eport of the condition of the Mnsezun in my charge, and of the zvork done by myself and staff during the calendar year igo^. WILLIAM T. BRIGHAM, Di7'e£lor of the Miiseum. Honoluhi, March ly, igo^. REPORT. "TOURING the past year the exhibition capacity of the Bishop ^-^ Museum has been doubled, and so far as the public exhibition of specimens is concerned it would be best to consider that the utmost extent has been reached ; certainly in the Hawaiian depart- ment the new Hawaiian Hall furnishes all the room that should be given up to the public. Only in one department there is need perhaps of more exhibition room to facilitate classification. At present both Papuan and Polynesian producfts are exhibited in Polynesian Hall, which is becoming crowded, although the case room was largely increased in 1903, and as our colledlions in this line are likely to increase to a considerable extent, it would be well to open another hall in which the Papuan and Melanesian groups could be kept distinct from the Polynesian and then the limit of exhibition space would be reached. This does not mean that the accumulation of specimens is to cease. The more of these for study the better, but the exhibition of long series of similar objedts is unwise, because it tires without instrudling the average museum vi.sitor, and all specimens beyond a few typical ones should be kept in the store rooms for preserva- tion and study. The belief is becoming almost universal in all large museums that the exhibition of specimens to the public should be limited, and in some museums only duplicates are ex- hibited, and this is generally the case on the Natural History side. No Curator would be willing to exhibit type specimens, and with this tropical and very a(5tinic light, choice birds, shells or other colored specimens should be kept in closed cases or lockers if they [195] (3) 4 Director' s Annual Report. are to be preserved and not to be sacrificed to the curiosity of idle speculators who, in this country at least, make use of the Museum simply as a means of passing the time. At present our bird colle(5lion numbers many thousand skins, but only a few hundred will be mounted and exhibited ; the bulk of such colledlion is for study and can be best used in the condi- tion of unmounted skins, and can best be preserved in boxes or trays. An ideal museum should have room for storage largely in excess of exhibition space, and should have ample provision for workrooms. Neither of these requirements do we possess at present. As a single illustration of this let me refer to the photograph room, which is several hundred feet away from the main building, conne(fted by a coral road whose dazzling whiteness is blinding to the eyes in fair weather. As there is no other suitable room this is used for the storage of book-paper, old furniture, corals, plaster casts and moulds, barrels of fish and man}' other things. It is used to unpack colledlions and to make large staff models of vol- canoes or groups of birds, and lastly to fumigate or disinfect .specimens with carbon disulphide. All of these uses are antago- nistic to the photographic work for which it was built. It becomes difiicult to use the room for its legitimate purpose, and yet on this use the illustration of our publications largely depends. Without multiplying illustrations which could be drawn from nearly every department, we come to the greatest need of this Museum, — a wing devoted to the scientific work of the Museum. The Direcftor long since formed plans for such a building, which should accommodate on the ground floor the printing work of the Museum, which is continuous and needs more room than it has at present, the paper stock and illustration blocks ; on the first and second floors the various storage and workrooms, and in the attic the photograph gallery with a northern skylight. To such a building the public would have no access, but scientific men could [196] Director' s An7iual Report. 5 stud)' and examine specimens undisturbed b}- the public. When funds are available this should be the first work undertaken. And now let us see what the exhibition side of this Museum amounts to. For some years careful statistics have been kept of the visitors and they have been classed, not by intelligence, but by nationalities, and these lists, which have been published in the annual reports, show increase in numbers from 3'ear to 3'ear until the past year, as ma)- be seen by the table given below, the visitors numbered more than 13,000 Whites, Hawaiians, Chinese, Japan- ese and Negroes. The Museum is at present open free two days in the week, and passengers on the through steamers are admitted on closed daj'S b}' special permit. It is instrudlive to compare this attendance, so far as numbers go, with that of some of the larger museums of which we have statistics. The Field Columbian Museum in Chicago is open ever}' day in the week ; five of them are pay days (25c) and two are free : on the latter the attendance averages sixteen times that on the pay days. The museum is a large one, covering four acres, and could contain the Bishop Museum in one of its large halls ; it includes in its exhibits articles from all over the world and in nearly every department of human knowledge, while the Bishop Museum is limited to the Ethnology and Natural History of the Pacific Ocean, and 3^et one in three of the population of Honolulu visits the Bishop Museum annually, while only one in six of the population of Chicago visits the Field Museum. The American Museum in New York, probably the best arranged museum of Natural History in the world, is visited by one in eight or nine of the city, population. I am aware that we seem to neglect the non-residents, but in New York, where the influx of travelers is greatest the attendance is least in proportion to the population : in Honolulu, where there are comparativeh' few tourists, the proportional attendance is greatest. It would seem then that we do more here for the public than either of these far greater museums, and we make no charge as in the case of the [197] 6 Director'' s Anmial Report. Chicago museum. Is it, then, likely that if the Bishop Museum was open to the public all the week it would get more visitors ? We must be aware that if the exhibition to the public of specimens, however choice or well arranged, were the sole thing which the Bishop Museum attempts, its reputation might have been established locally ; but, except in the tattle of tourists, it would have gone no farther. Its good work, if any, would have been confined to unscientific visitors, the greater part of them un- educated and belonging to what we are accustomed to consider the lower races. In this remote island we might pile up the scientific riches of both the great museums mentioned and science would not have been in any large degree benefitted ; few, very few visi- tors who could truly profit by such treasures could win hither. We must in some way get our wares to a suitable market. Hence I am justified in considering the other side of the museum work far more important than the exhibitionary side. A great part of the visitors for whom the Bishop Museum maintains its exhibition halls at great expense cannot read even the clearly printed labels, and many whose knowledge is greater will not take the trouble to read. Party after party of tourists will sweep through the halls in ten or fifteen minutes, while the patient Chinese will spend hours and even all day here with all his family. Only an observer who is present all the time can form a fair estimate of what intelligence a visitor shows, and it seems to me that two-thirds of the visitors to this Museum have wasted their car fares in coming from town to the Museum. This is especiall}- true of most of the younger school children, who seem to consider a visit to the Museum as only a partial relief from the closer confinement of the schoolroom. Even more so with the Japanese, mostly of the coolie class, who seem to consider it the correct thing to visit the Museum. So much for the exhibition side of the work, but it should be noted that in these large museums the scientific staff has no duties whatever in this regard after the specimens are in the cases ; an- [198] Director' s A?intial Report. 7 other set of men take charge of the people visiting the museum, while in this smaller establishment we have but one set of men for all the scientific work and police duty as well, and with the mixed and uneducated population of this town the latter is no sinecure. Every day given to public exhibition then in this Museum means so much less scientific work. Our publications reach a larger audience than could crowd into the exhibition halls. Let us look for a moment at the scientific work that is possible to this Museum even in the comparatively contradled area that is its chosen field. The problems to be solved are mau}' and curious: in the study of the development and distribution of land vShells there are many j^ears of indefatigable work for many enthusiastic naturalists, and this work cannot possibly be done away from these islands where alone the shells are found. The clue to the secrets of variation is perhaps the most promising yet suggested, and it seems our duty to follow it as far as we can. In the study of the life history of our fishes hardly an introdudlion has been written, and the same is true in all the pathways of our tropical marine life. The field is almost unbounded, the harvest is at hand, and shall the competent and enthusiastic young men who compose the staff of the Bishop Museum be compelled to sit at the border of the field and see others and strangers enter in and reap where they should gather ? If in the judgment of the Trustees this Museum is not suffi- ciently endowed to attempt these wider problems there are others nearer home that surely should be attempted if this Museum is really what it has been pronounced, the most complete Hawaiian museum in the world. To refer to a definite matter : — the ruins of the ancient heiau and puiihonua have not been studied, and although two types of heiau have been recognized, — the truncated pyramid and the walled enclosure, — we do not yet know in what proportion these existed, nor whether the difference in strudlure is due to a differing cult. All these ruins are fast disappearing; [199] 8 Dif-edor's Aiimial Report. one within the limits of Honolulu has been ground up to make roads, others more distant have been utilized for mill foundations, and the one ruin most intimately connedled with the earliest known intercourse of foreigners with natives is in danger of destru(5liou to make way for a railroad. Cook's heiau, if no other, should be preser\^ed. No plans or definite measurements exist. Who knows anything of the heiau so sadl}^ conne(5led with the massacre of Messrs. Gooch and Hergest of Vancouver's expedition ? It still exists buried in a dense growth of lantaua, and the work of several men for several days would be required to make it accessible for stud}'. This Museum should have plans and photographs of every existing ruined heiau or puuhonua in the group before the Direcflor can complete the account of ancient Hawaiian worship proposed for the Museum publications. Important as this is there are equally pressing matters awaiting our study, matters that cannot well be worked out by private enterprise, — as the ancient system of irrigation by tunnels and canals, — all traces of which are rapidly being obliterated by the more modern, but not more won- derful methods of plantation irrigation. The pi(5ture writing, not uncommon on all these islands, has not 3'et been critically examined as to date, origin or meaning. Near the heiau of Wahaula, on Hawaii, are the very distinct re- mains of a considerable village, better preserved than anj- others that I know, of which we should have careful plans. The few remains of old Hawaiian houses in the remote valleys of Kauai and Molokai should be photographed and their structure noted. It will be evident to the Trustees that none of these things can be done if the staff is bound to be in the Museum to protect it and the coUecftions it contains from even the unintentional damage of careless or ignorant visitors, and yet it seems undeniably more important that this real work should be done than that a few hun- dred pleasure seekers should be amused. Since the last report the Museum staff has been reduced b}- [200] G ° C rC)T3 r: tr^' ^- 2 2:: c ^°? lil-f-s C cd 3 s 5 u {3 3J rE) C O 5^ cd M .5 if) f> G b£"TJ Ji ^ S ^ C - -t; P OJ n! u ^- ■-^X , a ij 'J t3 Pi- ctf C c« at;.^ hex 3 " ' in w ^ W V. S JH ^ rt i* OJ.S to iling ab Hawaii single e cle of fc males, t ss grow fe _t3 5 ^ i; bC Oh see: sof itain lief ; thre nch « >.^ ^-r. ,3 c monl islan nd CO the c male theb Si3=!--^W) u ^.rr't^ G u IT; .i; ., , ross, low c dgra vSqu ing oi ig am +-■ c *-' ts ;r^ i ^ e tn tn ,^ n t^ Q P "^ • S P rt >,u tn Th a son nd, e the ; oup, bird U 03 '^^ "^ '*^ X in OiS Director'' s Annual Report. 9 the retirement of Messrs Thompson and Seale. This interruption of Mr. Thompson's admirable series of casts of Hawaiian fishes is greatly to be regretted, and it is the hope of all the staff that he may soon be enabled to resume his most valuable work. The other members remain as before and have been doing excellent work, but owing to the lack of funds this work has generally been con- fined to the preservation of what is already in the Museum rather than to increasing the colle(5tions. Even in the Printing Department we have little to show for a year of hard work ; only the Report for 1903 has been published. Owing to unexpedted delays, for which the printer was not respon- sible, the printing of the memoir on Mat and Basket work of the old Hawaiians has not been completed. The compendium of the origi- nal descriptions of the species of Achatinella has suffered from the general dela}-, and it seems doubtful if it can be issued before the end of the j^ear 1905. Several other works are read}- for the press, but the time of their publication cannot now be announced. During the year the large and valuable collecSlion of Hawaiian bird skins made by Professor H. W. Henshaw has been purchased, and thus many rare and exceeding valuable specimens have come to the Museum. Gould's Birds of New Guinea has been added to the Library. The Menage colledlion of Philippine birds has been deposited in this Museum where it is accessible to students, and Mr. W. A. Bryan has the description well in hand. Mr. Bryan has also prepared two fine groups of albatrosses, Dio^nedea nigripes and D. immutabiUs . A figure of the latter group is here presented. The Diredlor, during his vacation in New Zealand and Aus- tralia, coUecfted man}- rare and valuable implements, as will be seen in the list of accessions below. Among these is a bark canoe from northern Australia, which seems to differ from others figured and described, and seems worthy of illustration. The collecftion of corals from Oahu and Molokai made by Messrs. Stokes and Cooke is a notable one, containing new species [201] lO Director' s Anyiual Report. which will be described by Dr. T. Waylaud Vaiighan of the United States Geological Survey, and will serve as a basis for a popular handbook of Hawaiian corals which Dr. J. E. Duerden has promised to prepare. TABLE OF ATTENDANCE. E 3 a 6 0) be i B Xi O Open on - * ■a £g O > Average Attendance. .a P-i i S3 o G46 316 91 165 92 n 10 8 48 127 6 42fi 246 76 139 77 1 9 3 18 105 6 487 197 50 129 151 8 6 30 123 5 526 263 101 299 208 ii 10 3 7 140 2.3 374 192 74 294 166 5 9 7 31 119 4 490 93 72 187 206 3 8 .0 23 128 5 403 89 56 296 183 1 11 4 19 92 5 411 104 69 171 140 2 8 8 32 108 4 341 186 37 158 194 5 10 6 61 86 10 387 259 71 205 186 2 9 3 58 117 19 242 138 65 129 .372 8 5 36 114 7 344 133 14 212 203 10 5 9 90 2 5077 2216 776 2384 21 78 41 110 63 372 115 6 January . Fnbniary March . . . April May June July August . . . September October . November December Totals . 1321 965 1014 1408 1105 1051 1028 S97 921 1110 946 906 [202] List of Accessions. DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. Gifts. 63S6-97 Colledliou of twelve paleolithic implements from Poondi, India. Given by H. W. Seton-Karr Esq. 6565 Wooden disk. New Zealand. Given by S. Percy Smith Esq. 6584 Coir trousers, used for armor. Gilbert Ids. Given by Mr. Harry Stockdale. 65 85 Broom. Niue. Given by S. Perc}^ Smith Esq. 65S9 Basket of icie. Hawaii, H. I. Given by Mrs. S. N. Castle. 6602 Pandanus bag. Eromanga, New Hebrides. Given by Miss Robertson. 6603-5 Women's skirts of pandanus. Eromanga, N. H. Ibid. 6606-7 Women's skirts of hibiscus. Eromanga, N. H. Ibid. 6608 Women's skirt of banana. Eromanga, N. H. Ibid. 6609 Women's skirt of palm and banana. Aneiteum, N. H. Ibid. 6610 Women's skirt of pandanus. Ambry m, N. H. Ibid. 6611 Man's dress of matting. Oba, N. H. Ibid. 6637 Box containing fragments of ancient kapa. Kohala, Hawaii-. Given by J. S. Emerson Esq. 6638 Human bones wrapped in kapa. Kohala, Hawaii. Ibid. 6639 Colledlion of stone implements. South America. Ibid. 6641 Spear. Hawaiian Ids. Given b}- Gorham D. Gilman Esq., through Mrs. Haalelea. 6642-4 Slingstones of gypsum. Guam. Given by an officer of U. S. A. T. Solace. 6645-6 Slingstones of limestone. Guam. Ibid. 6647-9 Slingstone of basalt. Guam. Ibid. 6650 Plummet of basalt. Guam. Ibid. 6651 Plummet of gypsum. Guam. Ibid. 6652 Gouge of gypsum. Guam. Ibid. 6653 Wooden dish. Guam. Ibid. 6666 Stone lamp. Palolo, Oahu. Given by Mr. J. A. M. Johnson. [203] (") 12 Diredoj-' s A7intial Report. 6667 Stone phallus. Palolo, Oahu. Given bj- Mr. J. A. M. Johnson. 6668 Stone implement. Nuuanu, Oahu. Ibid. 6669 Wooden pipe. Puuloa, Oahu. Given hy K. K. Williams. Purchases. 6510-15 Boxes for human hair. New Guinea. 6516 Small wooden mask. Ibid. 6517 Fishing net. Ibid. 6518 Ivongeil. Solomon Ids. 6519 Wooden female figure. Ibid. 6520 Club. 6521 Wooden dish. Matty Id. 6522 Canoe model. Ibid. 6523-4 Wooden swords. Ibid. 6525 Paddle. 6526 Club. New Hebrides. 6527 Club, pineapple. Fiji. 6528-9 Club, knobbed. Fiji. . 6530 Dilly bag. North Australia. 6531-33 Pestle or pounder, stone. Hervej' Ids. 6534-5 Pestle for hinai berries. New Zealand. 6536-7 Pounders for flax. Ibid. 6538 Tatuing tool, jade. Ibid. 6539 Mere. Ibid. 6540-51 Fish hooks for trolling, wood shank. Ibid. 6552-3 Fish hooks for trolling, bone shank. Ibid. 6554 Adze head, basalt. Ibid. 6555-6 Adze head, dark greenstone, polished. Ibid. 6557 Heitike of bone. Ibid. 6558 Fetish. Ibid. 6559 Carved dish for human food. Ibid. 6560 Button of albatross bone. Ibid. 6562-3 Kits of hibiscus fibre. Ibid. 6564 Shark float. Bismarck Archipelago. 6567 Adze handle. New Zealand. 6568 Feather cloak. Ibid. 6569 Albatross hook. Ibid. 6570 Canoe model. Samoa. [204] List of Accessions. 13 6571 Fish trap. Samoa. 6578 Olona fishing net. Kauai, H. I. 6579-81 Pieces of kapa. Hawaiian Ids. 65 8 2 -3 Stone mortar and pestle. Hawaiian Ids. 6592-3 Baskets of coco leaf. Samoa. 6640 Fan. Samoa. 8737 Large boomerang, Dieyeri tribe. Central Australia. 873S Shield. Vidloria. 8739 Gouge for grooving shields. Vicftoria. 8740-1 Dilly baskets. Queensland. 8742 Carved nulla. Ibid. 8743-4 Engraved shields. Ibid. ' 8745 Wooden sword. Ibid. 8746 Bark canoe. Ibid. 8747 Stone knife with sheath. Ibid. 8748 Horned boomerang. North Australia. 8749 Shield. Northwest Australia. 8750 Dilly bag, with lip. North Australia. 8751 Club. Northwest Australia. 8752 Boomerang. Central Australia. 8753 Belt of human hair. North Australia. 8754 Necklace of native twine. Ibid. 8755-6 Dilly baskets. Ibid. 875 7"9 Fishing spears, two- and three-pronged. Ibid. 8760 Axe, hafted. Western Australia. 8761 Club, "Meyarroll". North Australia. 8762 Spear, wooden, barbed on one side only. Ibid. 8763-5 Bull roarer, "Churina." Central Australia. 8766-71 Glass spear heads. Northwest Australia. 8772-4 Glass circumcision knives. Western Australia. 8775 Axe, hafted. Central Australia. 8776-7 Stone spear heads. North Australia. 8778-9 Armlets. North Australia. 8780 Club. 8781 Carved stick. New Guinea. 87S2 Pillow. Ibid. 8783 Spatulate club. Ibid. 8784 Carved human figure in kneeling posture. Ibid. [205] 14 Director's Annual Report. Exchanged. 8721-5 Millstones. Vicfloria. 8726 Rasp for boomerang and spears. Ibid. 8727 Upper millstone, with finger marks. Ibid. 8728 Pounder and grinder. Ibid. 8729 Skin dresser. Ibid. 8730-6 Axes. Ibid. Loaned. 6573 Phallic stone. Rapanui. Loaned by J. L. Young Esq. 6579 Three stone implements. Hawaiian Ids. Loaned by Mr. Henry Brower. 6670 Two koko puupuu. Hawaiian Ids. Loaned by Mr. Edgar Henriques, RELICS. 6614-18 Daguerreotypes of Kamehameha III, Kalama and Mrs. Bishop. Given by Mrs. Henry Waterhouse. 6625 Kekuanaoa's buggy. Given by S. E. Damon Esq. ORNITHOLOGY. Given . 2598 Diomedea exulaus Linn. Cape Horn. Given by Capt. Josselyn. 2783 Gallinago delicata (Ord), 9 . Oahu. Given by Mr. G. P. Wilder. 2784 Chen hyperboreus (Pall.),^ r: S as u i^ o; ■- t*>- ^ O ^-' s: S O '^ o c ^ C ,3j 2; o ? ^ < ^ 1- 3 £^6' t^ bjo 5 M 3 u - u ^ ;3 S-, rr ^ "^ t/l .. J '^ :- '-C ?^ "^ P- ". 1^ W u- C -;; ^ g', O J O +^ A.« C O J ;s o y ;i U j5 b/. cS ^^ ^ It i> '"^ "T ^ i ^-^ 2 ^ 13 § = ;3 u List of Accessions. 17 4300 Njxticorax n. naevius (Bodd.), 9 . Hawaii. 4301-4306 Chasierapis ridgwayi Steju., nests and eggs. Ibid. 4307 Fulica alai Peale, ^^Z- Ibid. 4308-4309 Micranous hawaiiensis Roths., eggs. Ibid. 4310-4311 Nesochen saudviceusis (Vig.), eggs. Ibid. By Exchange. 2599 Antigone australasiaua (Gould). Australia. 2601 Cacatua triton (Temm.), ^ . Rubi, N. G. 2602 Aprosmictus dorsalis (Quoy & Gaim.) $ . Ibid. 2603 Eos reticulata (S. Miill.). Timor Laut. 2604 Electus pectoralis (S. Mull.), $ . Waru Ceram. 2605 " pectoralis (S. Mull.), 9 . Audei, New Guinea. 2606 Trichoglossus cyanogrammus (Wagl.), $ . Passim, N. G. 2607 " cyanogrammus (Wagl.), 9. Ansus, Jobi. 260S Hypocharmosyna placens (Temm.), 9 . Passim, N. G. 2609 Cyclopsittacus diopthalums (H. & J.), (? . Dutch N. G. 2610-11 " desmaresti (Garn.), \.s, if the eggs are anything to go by. I found a nest the other day with the H. wilsoni standing on the edge of it. Today I visited the same nest and found one ^Z'g. The egg is the same as those in the other nests. So the Palila that I saw fly out of the tree that I found one of the other nests in was probably feeding and did not have any connecflion with the nest whatever." [253] ^''^ 62 Director's Anmial Report. The two nests referred to were secured b}- Mr. Blacow on June 27, 1904, at about 7500 feet elevation among the Mamani {Sophora chrysophylla) trees growing on Horner's Ranch, Hamakua, Hawaii. The larger of the two, the one here shown, was much fresher than the smaller one, being partly composed of leaves of the Mamani that were still green. Both nests were about nine feet from the ground and placed on the outside of the tree. As the cut shows, the nest is a rather bulky affair, 5.00 inches in diameter by 2.50 inches deep ; the cup is 1.75 inches across by 1.50 inches deep. The stru(5lure is substantially made, the body being built of the green leaf stems and leaves of the Mamani ; to this is added a generous lining, an inch thick, of greenish-white lichens, such as are common in the Hawaiian forests at higher altitudes. The single ^%%, which unfortunately is slightly dam- aged, is a pointed oval in form, measuring .75 X .56 in.; the ground color is a rich cream ; about the larger end the shell is wreathed with confluent spots of pale lilac which forms the under color ; over the whole surface, but especially over the larger end, are sprinkled fine brownish freckles. The second nest was similar in structure to the one figured, but differed in being somewhat smaller. The eggs measured .76X.53 in. and .75X.54 in., and were marked similarly to the ones before me. All the colledlors who have worked on Hawaii have found the Akiapolaau frequenting the Mamani, and have remarked on its curious woodpecker-like habits. It was therefore to be expe(5ted that the nest when found would be placed in the Mamani thickets. Since both the bird and the ^"g^ of the Palila are much larger than the Akiapolaau, or its eggs here described, there seems ever}- reason to accept the foregoing as a correct description