PROCEEDINGS Academy of Natural Sciences PHILADELPHIA VOLUME LX 1908 philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences LOGAN SQUARE 1908-1 909 The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Mar( H 3, 1909. I hereby certify that printed copies of the Proceedings for 1908 have been mailed as follows : — Pages 1-32 mailed April 33-64 65-112, 129-144.. 113-128, 14o-l.=)6 157-364 365-412 413-444 445-492 493-508 509-540...! 541-588 589-624 led April 21, 1908 June 9, 1908. ' -Tuly 24, 1908 July 27. 1908 ' October 8, 1908 October 14, 1908 October 31, 1908 January 4, 19ti9 January 7, 1909 January 28, 1909 February 2, 1909 * March 3, 1909 EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D., Recording Secretary. PUBLICATION committee: Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., William J. Fox, Edward J. Nolan, M.D. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., ex-officio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan, M.D. 7/ to CONTENTS, For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index. BoYER, Charles S. A new species of Cymatopleiira (Plate XXVIII), " 554 Brown, Arthur Erwin, 8c.D. Generic types of Nearcfic Rep- tilia and Amphibia, 112 Calvert, Philip P., Ph.D. The composition and ecological relations of the Odonate Fauna of ^Mexico and Central America (Plate XXVI), 460 Chainiberlix, Ralph V. Animal names and anatomical terms of the Goshute Indians, 73 Revision of North American Spiders of the Family Lycosidse (Plates VIII-XXIII), 158 Colton, Harold Sellers. How Fulgur and Sycotypiis eat Oysters, Mussels and Clams (Plates I-V), .... 3 Some effects of environment on the growth of Limna^a colu- mella Say, ' 410 Fowler, Henry W. Notes on Sharks, 52 A synopsis of the Cyprinidai of Pennsylvania (Plate XX^' II), 517 Harshberger, John W., Ph.D. The directive influence of Fight on the growth of Forest I^lants (Plates XXIA', XX^') , . 449 IsHiKAWA, Chiyomatsu, Ph.D. Description of a new species of Scjualoid Shark from Japan, 71 Montgomery, Thomas H., Jr.,\ Ph.D. Remarks on Prof. Chamberlin's revision of North American Lycosidse, . 513 ^looRE, J. Percy. Some Polychsetous Annelids of the Northern Pacific Coast of North America. 321 Pilsbry, Henry A., Sc.D. Notes on Succinea ovalis Sa}- and S.obliqua Say (Plate VII), 45 On the classification of Scalpelliform Barnacles, .... 104 iii IV J CONTENT.S. A comparison of the Land-Snail Fauna of Korea with the Faunas of Japan and China, 452 On the teeth of Hawaiian species of Hehces, 560 Clausihidse of the Japanese Empire, XII (Plates XXX, XXXI, XXXII), 561 PiLSBRY, Henry A., Sc.D., and Y. Hirase. Xew Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Japanese Empire, ... 31 New Land Shells of the Chinese Empire — I, 37 New Land Mollusca of the Japanese Empire, 586 PiLSBRY, Henry A., and E. G. Yanatta. Notes on Polinices didyma, with description of a new Australian species (Plate XXIX), 555 Rehn, James A. G. Acrididae (Orthoptera) from Sao Paulo, Brazil, with descriptions of one new genus and three new species, 12 Rehn, James A. G., and IMorgan Hebard. An Orthoptero- logical Reconnoissance of the Southwestern United States. Part I : Arizona, 365 Snyder, John Otterbein. Description of TrachA^^terus sclen- iris, a new species of Ribbon-Fish from Monterey Bay, California, 319 Stone, Witmer. ^lethods of recording and utilizing Bird- Migration Data, 128 Recent additions to our knowledge of the Flora of Southern New Jersey, -157 A review of the Genus Piaya Lesson, 492 True, Frederick W. Remarks on the fossil Cetacean Rha1> dosteus latiradax Cope (Plate YI), 24 Wellman, F. Creighton, M.D. On the Meloida? of Angola, . . 600 Wellman, F. Creighton, M.D., and Walther Horn, M.D. On the Cicindehnpe of Angola, 505 Young, Robert T. Notes on the distribution of Colorado Mammals, with description of a new species of Bat (Eptesicus pallidus) from Boulder, ....... 403 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1908. January 7. The President, Samuel G. Dixox, M.D., in the Chair. One hundred and six persons present. The Hayden Memorial Geological ^ledaP was presented to Charles D. Walcott, LL.D. The presentation address was made by Dr. Persifor Frazer and responded to by the recipient of the award. A reception was tendered Dr. Walcott at the close of the formal pro- ceedings. The following Standing Committees were appointed by the Council to serve during the ensuing year : Finance. — John Cadwalader, Edwin S. Dixon, Effingham B. !\Iorris, Horatio C. Wood, M.D., and George Vaux, Jr., Treasurer. Publications. — Henry Skinner, M.D., Hemy A, Pilsbry, Sc.D,, Witmer Stone, Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., and Edward J. Nolan, M.D., Editor and Treasurer. Library.— Dr. C. Newlin Peirce, Hemy Tucker, M.D., Thomas Biddle, M.D., Benjamin Sharp, M.D., and George Vaux, Jr. ' For an illvistration of the remodelled Hayden Medal see Report of Recording Secretary, Proceedings, 1907, p. 564. I 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Instruction.— Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Phihp P. Calvert, Ph.D., and Dr. C. Newlin Peirce. Committee of Council on By-Laws. — Arthur E. Brown, Sc.D., Thos. H. Fenton, M.D., John Cadwalader and Chas. B. Penrose, M.D. The President is, ex officio, a member of all Standing Committees. January 21, The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., in the Chair. Ninety-seven persons present. The deaths of Jacob Reese, ]\Iarch 25, 1907, and of ]\Iiss Adeline Try on, January 20, 1908, members, were reported. Dr. Casey A. Wood made an illustrated communication on the eyes and eyesight of birds. (No abstract.) Dr. William J. Sinclair was elected a member. The following was ordered to be printed : 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3 HOW FTJLGUR AND 8YC0TYPUS EAT OYSTERS, MUSSELS AND CLAMS. BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON. Since observations on the habits of Prosobranch moUusks are fragmentary and few, I embraced an opportunity of studying Fulgur carica, Fulgur perversa and Sycotypus canaliculatus under conditions as nearly natural as one can hope to have in a laboratorj^ located far from the sea. j\Iost of the observations were carried out in the Vivarium of the University of Pennsylvania; these were supplemented by studies on fresh material under more natural conditions at the Fisheries Laboratory at Woods Hole.^ The individuals studied in Philadelphia had been in captivity a long time. All had been there a year and many several 3^ears. The Fulgur carica had come from Woods Hole and the Jersey coast. F. perversa I had brought up from Clearwater, Florida, two years and a half before. Of these latter none had died a natural death during that time. The salt water aquarium in which they were confined was about five feet wide and eleven feet long. There was three feet of water over the greater part, but a shallow beach at one end. On the beach I was accustomed to place oysters that I kept as a stock to feed the animals in this tank. Every week I chopped up an oyster or two and distributed the juice and fragments all over the tank. This stimulated the Fulgurs and Sycotypi to activity and to make frequent raids on the Hving oysters on the beach. This led me to inquire into the kind of food, the amount of food, and method of feeding of these gasteropods. There is but one actual observation on the manner of feeding of these mollusks that I have been able to discover. Stimpson (1860), in speaking of Sycotypus, said: "In eating (it) applies end of proboscis to the clam's foot, and with a sudden jerk of the lingual ribbon inward and sidelong takes a strip of flesh." The "impression" that most persons hold with reference to the manner of eating and the habits of the Sycotypus and Fulgur is expressed by Herrick (1906) : " Since this animal is a great pest to the oystermen and clam-diggers, .... it is of some interest .... to know .... ' I am deeply indebted to the ITnited States Commissioner of Fisheries for the use of a table at the Woods Hole Laboratory, to Dr. F. B. Sumner, the Director, for many favors, and particularly Dr. E. G. Conklin for reading the manuscript of this paper and for many helpful suggestions. 4 raOCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., how this gasteropod accomplishes its destructive work of boring through the shells of oysters and clams and rasping out their soft contents by means of the file-like tongue." Although this is in the introduction, he does not mention again how Sycotypus bores through shells and had only the "impression" that they did bore. Ingersoll (1884) has given the most detailed description of the food and the manner of taking it that I have been able to discover. "The food of the conch {Fulgur or Sycotypus)," says he, "being mainly the flesh of other mollusks, its method of killing them is one of brute strength, since it is unprovided with the silicious, file-like tongue by means of which the small drills set at naught the shelly armor of their victims. The conch is a greater savage than that. Seizing upon the unfortunate oyster, unable to run away, he envelops its shell in the concave under surface of his foot, and by just such muscular action as you would employ in grasping an object in the palm of your fist, crushes the shell into fragments and feasts at leisure on the flesh thvis exposed. One planter thought one Winkle {Fulgur and Sycotypus) was capable of killing a bushel of oysters in a single hour. They do not confine themselves to oysters altogether, of course; any mollusk or other animal sluggish or weak enough to be broken up suffers from their predacity. I was told in New Jersey by an intelligent man that a conch would even pull a razor clam out of its burrow and devour it. If this be true the soft shell clam also falls a victim to the same marauder. The Quahog is generally safe." I quote this because my observations and experiments unfortu- nately contradict so many of these interesting statements. My experiments as to the kind of food were restricted to live Lamelli- branchs, because I never was able to observe them eat chopped oyster or chopped meat. Chopped oyster certainly stimulates them and perhaps they will eat it. I cannot tell. Table I gives the results of my studies at Woods Hole and Philadelphia, (x) indicates that the particular bivalve was fed to the conch and eaten; (o) indicates that it was fed to the conch and not eaten ; and (-) means that the particular form was not supplied with the indicated food. Table I. Sycotypus. F. carica. F. perversa. Mya X X - Venus x x Unsis - X - Modiola x - Mytilus X X - Ostrea.. .. x x x 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 5 At Woods Hole Sycotypus and F. carica were found only at places where Ensis (razor clams) were abundant. I could not find them on any other beach. Although I did not observe Sycotypus eating Ensis, I think there is every reason to suppose that they do. The experiments on the amount of food are too few to be definite. The results, such as they are, are expressed in Table II. (x) indicates present but not eaten, (o) indicates not present. Table II. No. Conch. Days. Ostrea. Mya. Venus. Mytilus. Modiola. 4 Sycotypus 10 x 13 x 7 x 4 F. carica 10 x x 2 3 1 3 F. perversa 42 7 4 F. carica 42 2 Sycotypus 42 4 1 Sycotypus 2 4 Very often one individual would eat a couple of clams or 03"sters in a day, but as a rule the meals were far apart. Notwithstanding most persons' "impressions," it is highly improbable that these mollusks ever bore through Lamellibranch shells. I have never seen a hole that would fit their proboscis, nor does the wearing of the teeth on the odontophore indicate that they were worn down against a hard substance. Plate I, figs. 3-4 show the median tooth of Urosalphinx which bores rapidly through the shells of mussels. The former shows a tooth before being worn and the latter a tooth worn down. These teeth compared with a similar series, Plate I, figs. 1 and 2, showing F. carica, suggest that there are two methods of wear. In Urosalphinx the teeth are worn evenly off so that a straight line will join the tops. The large teeth are worn level with the short ones. In Fidgiir, however, the teeth are broken off in almost any way. Exami- nations of the radulse of Nassa ohsoleta, Nassa trivittata, Lunatia and Purpura lapillus seem to substantiate the view. But with the excep- tion of Purpura and perhaps Nassa ohsoleta, too little is known how they take their food to render any general conclusions tenable. In the case of these last two, Purpura, which has a radula worn like Urosal- phinx, has been observed to bore (Wilcox, 1905) ; and A^assa, with wear such as I have described for Fulgur, has never been seen to bore, but will crawl between the valves of Mya, wedging the valves apart, and devour the flesh (Dimon, 1905). The other method of attack (I.ngersoll, 1884) is by breaking the shell. As described by Ingersoll this is utterly impossible. However, 6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., both F. perversa and F. carica do injure the shell of Venus mercenaria (Quahog); and, although they leave marks on the shell of Mytilus (mussel) and perhaps Ostrea, the shell of Mya (soft shell clam) is left without a scratch. In the case of Sycotypus eating oysters, I have been able to watch the whole process from the beginning to the end without interruption, so I will take this as my first example. It will be an account of the behavior of a single individual. The Sycotypus had not been fed for a month or so and was buried in the gravel. To stimulate, I added some very finely chopped-up oyster to the aquarium. When it started to crawl out of the gravel, a few minutes after I added the oyster juice, I placed some live oysters in the aquarium with it. It attacked one of the oysters five minutes after I placed them with it. Fifty minutes afterward it left the empty shell. Going a foot to another oyster, it began to attack it twenty minutes after it left the first one. The Sycotypus crawled on top of the oyster, which closed its valves. The conch waited two minutes when the oyster opened its valves (Plate II, fig. 7). Rotating its shell on the axis of the columella through an angle of 70°, it thrust its own shell between the valves of the oyster and introduced its proboscis between the shells (Plate II, fig. 8). Forty minutes later it left the empty shell. Sycotypus does not wedge the shells of Mya apart, because it can get at the soft parts without doing so, since the valves gap slightly (Plates II and III, figs. 11, 12). To test this I introduced an oyster that had had three-quarters of an inch broken from the margins of both valves on the end away from the hinge so that the valves appeared to gap. I found that Sycotypus attacked this one in the same manner as it attacked Mya and did not wedge the .shells apart (Plate I, fig. 6). Fulgur eating Venus is a much more complicated case. The conch {Fulgur perversa or F. carica) grasps the Venus in the hollow of its foot (Plate IV, fig. 13), bringing the margin of the Veiius shell against its own shell margin. B}^ contracting the columellar muscle it forces the margins of the shells together, which results in a small fragment being chipped from the shell of Venus. This is repeated many times and, finally, the crack between the valves is enlarged to a width of 3 mm. or more (text fig.). The proboscis is normally about 5 mm. to 8 mm. in diameter There are three ways in which it may get at the animal. First, it may flatten out its proboscis so that it will go through the crack; secondly, it may pour in a secretion between the valves which kills the clam. 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. and, thirdly, it may wedge its shell between the valves of the Venus. By contracting its coliimellar muscle it may actually wedge the valves apart. Venus is much more sensitive to mechanical stimuli than is Ostrea. Venus never opens its valves of itseK when it is in the grasp of a Fulgur, while Ostrea, after the first shock, opens wide its valves as if no danger were near. Fulgur and Sycotypus often break their own shell when opening oysters and clams, and this accounts no doubt for the irregular growth lines seen on their shells. This method of inserting the margin of a gasteropod between the valves, of a Lamellibranch has been noticed before. Francois (1890) Quahog shell clipped by Fulgur. briefly reports that Murex fortispinna has a special tooth on the margin of its aperture for the purpose of inserting between the valves of Area, It may be that this manner of attacking the soft parts of bivalves is a very common habit of Prosobranch mollusks. All writers recognize Fulgur and Sycotypus as pests to the oyster men. How many oysters will be destroyed will depend on the average num- ber eaten in a given time. Although I have found them to eat two oysters one day and two the next, there follows a long rest period where the individual remains buried in the sand — sometimes for days, sometimes for months. Notwithstanding that Ingersoll (1884) says, "It is needless to say that they do not burrow at all,"- 1 find that they are buried about 65 8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jail., per cent, of the time, the tip end of the black siphon alone projecting above the sand — 5 mm. — a most inconspicuous object. The following table gives the records of the activity of nine individuals for a period of six weeks. It indicates the periods of rest and activity expressed in days. Plate V shows these periods of rest and activity distributed in space. Table III. Gasteropod. Days active. Days buried. Days quiet. Days of food. Sycotypus No. 2 21 16 3 2 No. 10 2 38 1 F, carica No. 3 9 25 6 No. 4 5 34 1 No. 5 11 14 No. 6 10 4 26 F. perversa No. 1 7 29 4 1 No. 7 10 30 2 No. 8 7 33 1 These experiments were carried on in Philadelphia and so w^ere not under perfectly natural conditions. They show how far apart the meal times are. During these experiments F. carica never ate. If these observations reflect at all the normal habits of the individual, they can- not, I think, be a very serious oyster pest. Sycotypus and Fulgur do not always react to their food in the same manner, but they react to different Lamellibranchs in a way best suited to getting at the soft parts of the animals. Therefore the behavior is adaptive (Jennings, 1906, 1907). Another question is, are these organisms intelligent? Jennings (1906) defines intelligence as a modification of behavior in accordance with experience. The usual way to test this is by habit formation (Jennings, 1907). "(1) The organism must be presented with a problem to be solved. (2) The organism must 'try' to solve the problem in several different ways. (3) It must be able to solve the problem in but one or a few ways." In accordance with these criteria I presented the mollusks with a simple maze problem with oysters as "bait." Although without food for a week, they buried themselves in the sand and did not move again. At the end of two weeks I discontinued the experiment. To show the normal behavior of these animals I plotted their movements for a period of six Aveeks. This gave no results except those embodied in the earlier part of this paper. The diagrams show, however, how very sluggish these mollusks are. It is probably impossible by any of 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9 the ordinary methods to determine the intelhgence of Sycotypiis and Fulgur. The solution of this problem awaits some ingenious future investigator. Summary. 1. Fulgur and Sycotypus are very hardy and hve well in caiotivity. 2. Fulgur probably attacks any Lamellibranch. 3. Sycotypus will attack any except Venus. 4. Oysters are eaten in less than an hour. Clams in from an hour to an hour and a half. Quahogs from seven hours to three days. 5. They do not bore shells with the radula. 6. They open shells of oysters by wedging their own shell between the valves, and tear out the flesh with their radula. They probably treat Quahogs in the same way. 7. Some shells are injured in the process, depending on the amount of gap and the sensitiveness of the organism to mechanical stimuli. 8. Their meals are far between. 9. They spend their time between meals buried in the sand. 10. They may not be as serious a pest to the oj^stermen as previously reported. 11. Their behavior is adaptive. As yet we have no proof that these animals are intelligent. Literature. 1S95. Cooke. Cambridge Xat Hist., Vol. Ill, p. 60. 1905. DiMON, A. C. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs, V, pp. 31-36. 1890. Francois. Arch. E.rp.G., (2), IX,p. 2-0). 1870. Gould. Invertebrata of Mass., 2d. ed., bj'^ W. G. Binney. 1906. Herrick, J. C. jMeclianism of the Odontophoral apparatus in Sycotypus canaliculatus, -tHK .Vo^, Vol. XL, p. 707. 1884. Ingersoll, E. Fisheries Industries of the U. S., Section I, p. 694. 1906. Jennings, H. S. Behavior of the Lower Organisms, p. 334. 1907. Jennings, H. S. Behavior of the Starfish Asterias forreri, U. of Cal. Pub. in Zool, Vol. IV, No. 2, p. 155. 1860. Stimpson. Check List, p. 6. 1882. Tryon, G. W. Structural and Systematic Conchology, p. 137. 1905. Wilcox, M. A. Biology of Acmsea testudinahs. Am. Nat., May, 1905, p. 325. r Description of Plates I-V. Figs. 1 and 2 were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida and magnified about 72 diameters. Figs. 3 and 4 were drawn with a camera lucida and magnified about 270 times. The succeeding figures were drawn free-hand from living animals with the exception of figs. 7 and 8, which are semi-diagrammatic. They are f natural size. 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan., Plate I. — Fig. 1. — Median tooth of Fulgur carica (unused). Fig. 2. — ^Aledian tooth of Fulgur carica (worn). Fig. 3. — Median tooth of Urosaiphinx (unworn). Fig. 4. — Median tooth of Urosaiphinx (worn). Fig. 5. Sycolypus eating an oyster viewed from above. Fig. 6. — Sycotypus eating an oyster viewed from side. Tlie oyster had had the end toward the conch broken for about f inch. Plate II. — Fig. 7. — Sycotypus on top of oyster (semi-diagrammatic). Fig. 8. — The same a few seconds afterward, showing the margin of the Sycoty- pus shell wedging apart the shells of the oyster. Fig. 9. — Sycotypus wedging apart the valves of an oyster. Plate III. — Fig. 10. — Sycotypus in search of food. Fig. 11. — Sycotypus eating Mya. Plate IV. — Fig. 12. — Sycotypus eating Mya. Fig. 13. — F. carica eating Venus, showing how it holds the shell. Plate V. — Diagrams illustrating the wanderings of F. perversa, F. carica and S. canaliculatus during a period of six weeks. Each square of the diagram represents one square foot. Each of the diagrams represent an aquarium of salt water five feet by eleven feet. The plottings w^ere made daily. The Roman numerals indicate the identification number of the in- dividual welks. Arabic numerals indicate days at one spot, (o) means an oyster eaten. (B) indicates that the indiAidual was buried. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 February 4. Dr. William P. Wilson in the Chair. Thirty persons present. The Pubhcation Committee reported the reception of a paper entitled "Acrididse (Orthoptera) from Sao Paulo, Brazil, with ■descriptions of one New Genus and three New Species," by James A, G. Rehn (January 27). WiTMER Stone made a communication on the geographical distri- bution of plants and animals in Southern New Jerse3^ (No abstract.) February 18. Arthur Erwin Brow^n, Sc.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. Ninety persons present. The reception of a paper entitled "Remarks on the Fossil Cetacean Rhabdosteus latiradix Cope," by Frederick W. True (February 18), was reported by the Publication Committee. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., made a communication on the general results of nine years' study of the dragon-flies of Mexico and Central America for the Biologia Centrali Americana. (No abstract.) Burton Chance, M.D., was elected a member. The following were ordered to be published : ^ 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb. ACRIDID^ (ORTHOPTERA) FROM SAO PAULO, BRAZIL, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ONE NEW GENUS AND THREE NEW SPECIES. BY JAMES A. G. REHN. The material treated in the following paper represents the Pyrgoinor- phinse and Locustinae of a collection of Orthoptera made at several localities in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, by Mr. Adolph Hempel, and presented to the Academy by the author. The Acridinse belonging to this collection has already been treated, in conjunction with other South American material of that subfamily,, in a paper in these Proceedings.^ PYRGOMORPHIN.E. OMMEXECHA Serville. Ommexecha servillei Blanchard. 18.37. Ommexecha Servillei Blanchard, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, V, p. 613, PI. XXII, figs, 2 and 3. [Pro\ance of Corriente.s, Argentina.] Sao Paulo. September 13 and 19, 1900. (Hempel.) Three c7, three 9 . Reboucas. September 26, 1900. (Hempel.) One c?, one 9. Previous records for this species are Porto Allegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Karsch), Sierra Geral, Santa Catharina (Karsch), Sao Paulo (Bruner), Matto Grosso (Karsch), Brazil, Asuncion and San Bernardino. Paraguay (Bruner). LOCUSTIN.E. < TROPINOTUS Serville. Tropinotus affinis Bruner. 1906. Tropinotus affinis Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 646. [Sapucay, Paraguay.] Jundiahy. April 17, 1898; September 10, 1899. (Schrottky.) Two d', two 9. The bowed lateral carina3 of the pronotum appear to be the chief diagnostic character of this species, unless this is also shared b}^ T. scabripes Stal, which has not been examined. > Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, pp. 10-50. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHTA. 13 EL^IOCHLOEA St^l. Elaeochlora arcuata n. sp. Types: d and 9 ; Jundiahy, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. March 1, 1899 (d'). (Schrottky.) [A. N. S. Phila.] This peculiar species belongs to the section of the genus containing E. trilineata and viridicata (Serville) and humilis and pulchella Rehn, as well as the rather aberrant picticollis (Gerstaecker). It is readily separated from any of these species by the well elevated and longi- tudinally arcuate median carina of the pronotum, the tubercles of the pronotum also being blunter and fewer than in the allied species. The male can also be immediately separated from the above species, except picticollis, by the short acute tegmina. Size rather large; form of the female quite robust, of the male slen- Fig. \,—ElaoMora arcuata n. sp. Lateral view of male type. (X 2h.) derer. Head with the occiput rounded ; fastigium subhorizontal, very slightly excavated, longer than broad, the apex slightly acute-angulate, the apical margins slightly arcuate in the male; angle of the fastigium when viewed from the lateral aspect narrowly rounded into the moder- ately (9) or considerably (d") retreating face; frontal costa very much narrowed at its junction with the fastigium, slightly but regu- larly expanding ventrad to the clypeus, sulcate except in the very narrow dorsal portion; eyes of the male elhptical, oval, of the female ovate; antennee not complete. Pronotum rugoso-punctate, with the prozona tectate, the metazona with the disk flattened and the carina considerably elevated, the outline of the carina when viewed from the lateral aspect being very slightly arcuate in the female, very con- 14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., siderably so in the male; cephalic margin obtuse-angulate, slightly more marked in the male than in the female; caudal angle aciite- angulate, the apex sharp and the margins slightly arcuato-emarginate ; lateral shoulders marked on the metazona, a continuation descending obliquely ventro-cephalad on the prozonal portion of the lateral lobes prozona of the disk with accessory lateral shoulders, which are less marked than the primary ones, converging from the principal trans- verse sulcus to the cephalic margin, all the lateral shoulders more marked in the male than in the female ; transverse sulci three in number, all cutting the median ridge, but only the caudal one doing so deeply; greatest median width of the pronotal disk contained about twice in the length; lateral lobes of the pronotum with the ventral margin obtuse-angulate. Tegmina of the male exceeding the length of the pronotum by about half the length of the head, of the female about equal to the length of the metazona and half of the prozona ; shape of the male tegmina sublanceolate, of the female tegmina sub-rhomboid, the greatest width of the male tegmina contained two and a half times in their length, that of the female tegmina contained once and two-thirds in their length. Wings much smaller than the tegmina, not functional in either sex. Prosternal spine erect, conical; inter- space between the mesosternal lobes very slightly transverse, the angles of the lobes broadly rounded; interspace between the meta- sternal lobes distinctly arcuate transverse. Abdomen compressed in both sexes, distinctly carinate dorsad in the male; supra-anal plate of the male acute- angulate, distinctly sulcate mesad, the sulcus narrowed meso-caudad ; cerci of the male very small, simple, styliform ; subgenital plate compressed, produced, rostrate, the apex elevated and slender. Cephalic and median Hmbs moderately robust in the male, rather weak in the female. Caudal femora about one and one-third (9) or one and two-thirds (d^) the length of the pronotum, rather slender, tapering, no appreciable pregenicular constriction, dorso- median carina sparsely serrato-dentate, pattern of the pagina rather irregular and not deeply impressed; caudal tibiae about equal to the femora in length, armed on the external margin with ten to twelve spines, on the internal with nine to ten spines, those of the internal margin longer than those on the external; tarsi distinctly depressed. General color olive-green becoming brownish on some areas and brighter green on others, d^. Face dull oil green, gense and occiput of the general color aside from a dull broad subequal medio-longitudinal bar of russet on the vertex and occiput, bordered laterad by poorly defined blackish areas; eyes burnt umber. Pronotum veiy dull olive- 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 15 green dorsad, the median carina and angles marked obscurely with burnt sienna; lateral lobes with considerable parrot green mesad, the cephalic and ventral margins narrowly and the caudal margins rather broadly margined with ochraceous-buff, the marginal color blending into the general color. Tegmina blackish, broadl}^ margined, except toward the apex where the paler color narrows until completely absent at the verj^ apex, with ochraceous-buff, principal veins of the median portion of the tegmina apple green. Limbs distinctly brownish, the caudal tibiae and tarsi vinaceous-cinnamon, tibial spines wholly black on the internal margin, tipped with black on the external margin. 9 . Head bice-green with a very pale ochraceous-buff occipital and f astigial band as in the male, which band, however, has the lateral defining bars poorly indicated; eyes vandyke brown; antennae pansy purple with the proximal joint of the color of the head. Pronotum generally more oil green than olive-green; median carina marked with a bar of madder brown which narrows caudad and is poorly outlined cephalad; ventral and caudal margins of the lateral lobes with very faint and poorly defined light margins. Tegmina oil green with a pale margin similar to the male, in addition to which the green area is outlined by a heavy pencilling of black, quite distinct on all but the ventro-caudal portion, while the sutural margin has a very fine black edging to its proximal half; principal veins of the green area apple green. Limbs oil green tending toward apple green, caudal tarsi marked with maroon purple dorsad, caudal tibiae with the spines as in the male. Measurements. d ? Length of body, 29.2 mm. 52 mm. Length of pronotum, ILl " 18.6 " Median width of disk of pronotum, .... 5.5 " 8.2 " Length of tegmen, 12.8 " 13.8 " Greatest width of tegmen, 5.4 '' 8 " Length of caudal femur, 17.9 " 24.2 " A paratypic female has also l^een examined. It differs from the female type only in the tegmina being more produced and nearer to the type seen in the male. CHROMACRIS Walker. Chromacris miles (Drury). Jundiahy. (Schrottky). One 6^. This individual has the lighter color of the wings rich yellow. 16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Chromacris nuptialis (Gerstaecker). 1873. Romalea nuptialis Gerstaecker, Stett. Entom. Zeit., XXXIV, p. 185. [Salto Grande,^ Brazil.] Jimdiahy. January 20, 1899 (9). (Schrottky.) One d", one 9. The markings of the tegminal veins in this species remind one of the similar pattern noticed in the otherwise very different C. icterus. ZONIOPODA St&l. Zoniopoda tarsata (Serville). Jmidiahy. January 28, 1899. (Schrottky.) One d^. This specimen agrees fully with the original description and two Rio Grande do Sul specimens determined as tarsata, received from the late Dr. Saussure. LEPTYSMA St&l. Leptysma gracilis Bruner.s 1906. [Leptysma] gracilis Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 658. [Sao Paulo, Brazil.] Sao Paulo. September 5-19, 1900. (Hempel.) Six d, four 9 . This series shows an appreciable amount of variation in the form of the fastigium, some having the angle more acute than others. Leptysma filiformis (Serville). Sao Paulo. September 1 and 7, 1900. (Hempel.) Three 9 . PARACOKNOPS Giglio-Tos. Paracornops longipenne (De Geer)? 1773. Acrydium longipenne DeGeer, Mem. d'Hist. Ins., Ill, p. 501, PI. 42, fig. 9. [Surinam.] Sao Paulo. September 14, 1900. (Hempel.) Five d^, one 9 . We have followed Bruner^ in considering this form the same as DeGeer's species, the correctness of which association can be deter- mined definitely only by the examination of Surinam material. The specimens in hand are brownish instead of greenish as described by DeGeer, but as far as can be determined from his figure they do not differ structurally, and in dimensions they fully agree with those given by him. ^ One of two localities, Salto Grande, Minas Geraes or Salto Grande, Sao Paulo, probablj' tlie latter. 3 The five females from Sapucay, Paraguay, recorded by the author as L. filiformis {Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila., 1907, p. 180) are found on re-examination to be this species. The absence of male individuals accounts for the error in >determination. ■'Froc. V. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 662. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 OMALOTETTIX Bruner. Omalotettix signatipes Bruner. Sao Paulo. September 1 to 14, 1900. (Hempel.) Nine 9 . These specimens are uniformly, though slightly, smaller than Chapada, Brazil, and Sapucay, Paraguay, females, but in no other respect do they appear to differ from topotypes. H0MAL0SAPARUS6 n. gen. A member of the Xiphiolce and related to Saparus Giglio-Tos and Xiphiola Bolivar, differing from the former in the less compressed general form, in the form of the frontal costa, the less produced head, the less compressed pronotum, the more rounded tegmina, the more robust limbs and the produced subgenital plate ; differing from Xiphiola n the more compressed form, in the absence of distinct lateral angles to the pronotum, the absence of any costal projection between the antennae, in the broader tegmina, in the narrower interspace between the mesosternal lobes and in the produced subgenital plate and slender cerci. Vertex ascending; fastigium rectangulate ; frontal costa not project- ing between the antennae, becoming obsolete ventrad of the ocellus; face declivent; eyes acute ovoid, hardly projecting; antennae heavy, depressed, very slightly expanded proximad. Pronotum rugoso-punc- tate; dorsal transverse sulci three in number; median carina distinct; caudal angle of the disk subrectangulate; lateral angles without carinas. Tegmina exceeding the apex of the abdomen, rather broad, greatest width in the distal third ; intercalary vein absent. Prosternal spine erect, slender, apex blunt; interspace between the mesosternal lobes very distinctly longer than broad ; interspace between the meta- sternal lobes very narrow. Subgenital plate of the male produced, acuminate, keeled. Caudal femora moderately inflated; caudal tibiae with nine spines on the lateral margins. Type. — H. canonicus n. sp. Homalosaparus canonicus n. sp. Type: 6"; Sao Paulo, Brazil. September 13, 1900. (Hempel.) [A. N. S. Phila.] Size medium; form distinctly compressed ; surface ruguloso-punctate. Head with the occiput regularly ascending to the interocular region which, with the fastigium, is subhorizontal; interocular region slightly more than twice the wddth of the interantennal portion of the frontal costa; fastigium broadly trigonal, the apex with a short, distinct, median, longitudinal sulcus; angle of the fastigium and vertex, when seen from the lateral aspect, rounded rectangulate, the facial line being 5 'OfiaTiOQ, resembling, and Saparus, a generic name. 2 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb. subperpendicular to a short distance ventrad of the insertion of the antennae, then considerably declivent; lateral foveolse indistinct, punctate; frontal costa slightly constricted dorsad and obsolete from a point ventrad of the ocellus where it is slightly narrowed, entire length impresso-punctate; eyes acute dorsad, strongly elongate-ovoid Fig. 2. — Homalosaparus canonicus n. gen. and sp. Lateral view of type. ( X 2^.) and somewhat longer than the infraocular portion of the gense, when viewed from the dorsum the eyes are seen to be very slightly prominent; antennae about as long as the head and pronotum together, heavy, distinctly depressed, very slightly expanded proximad and with a very slight expanded distal clavation. Pronotum about half again as long as the dorsal surface of the head ; cephalic margin subtruncate with an extremely slight median emargination, caudal margin sub- rectangulate, apex finely angulate; median carina low, distinct, severed three times; lateral shoulders distinct on the metazona, rounded and descending ventro-cephalad on the prozona; lateral lobes about as deep on their greatest dorsal length, ventral margin rotundato-emarginate cephalad, arcuate cau- dad. Tegmina exceeding .the tips of the caudal femora by about the length of the head; greatest width at about three-fourths the length from the proximal extremity and contained about four and a half times in the tegminal length: costal margin with a very considerable rounded lobe, distad of which the margin is straight to the point of greatest width and arcuate thence to the apex, sutural margin straight except for a slight proximal arcuation, apical region ob- Fig. 3. — Homal- osaparus can- onicus n. gen. andsp. Dor- sal view of head and pro- notum. ( X 2i) 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 liquely truncate with the apex rounded rectangulate. Wings fully- developed. Prosternal spine erect, rather slender, hardly tapering, bluntly pointed. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes broad cephalad, sharply narrowed to about a third the cephalic width, then slightly and regularly expanded with the caudal angles of the lobes rounded, the whole shape of the interspace being like a letter X with the upper portion abnormally expanded and the lower portion drawn out; interspace between the metasternal lobes narrow, inverted, cuneiform. Abdomen moderately compressed ; supra-anal plate produced subequal in width in the proximal half, distinctly narrowed mesad and thence arcuate to the rather blunt apex; cerci slender, subequal in the proximal half, roundly emarginate on the dorsal margin in the distal half, the apex blunt, the distal fourth seen to be distinctly arcuate mesad when viewed from the dorsum; subgenital plate acute scaphiform, the apex acute-angulate, and the lateral portions of the plate distinctly con- stricted proximad, ventral aspect with a distinct median keel. Cephalic and median hmbs rather slender. Caudal femora about two-thirds the length of the tegmina, the greatest width contained about foiu* times in the length, dorsal carinse serrato-dentate, pattern of the paginae well impressed, genicular lobes acute; caudal tibiae slightly shorter than the femora, lateral margin with nine spines one of which is quite small and apical, internal margin with ten spines, one apical; caudal tarsi comparatively short and with the pulvilli large. General color prout's brown, tawn3''-olive ventrad and tending toward seal brown on the dorsum of the head, disk of the pronotum and proximal portion of the tegmina. Head with the face washed with walnut brown, several pale bars crossing between the labrum and median ocellus; labrum ochre; sides of the head ventro-caudad of the eyes washed with seal brown; eyes russet; antennae wood brown dorsad, Vandyke brown ventrad with the tip blackish. Pronotum shghtly touched laterad with walnut brown. Tegmina sprinkled rather sparingly with small subquadrate maculations of seal brown; angle of the anal field rather pale. Wings transparent, tinted with pale brownish. Caudal femora with an obscm-e pregenicular annulus of seal brown, tubercles on the carinse and pattern of the paginae blackish; caudal tibiae with the spines maize yellow with seal brown tips. Measurernents. Length of body, 28.2 mm. Length of pronotum, 6 " Greatest caudal width of pronotum, 4 " Length of tegmen, 24.8 " Length of caudal femur, 15.8 " 20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., A series of five paratypic males have also been examined, taken from the first to nineteenth of September, 1900. In size they show some little variation, and in color there is a tendency in some speci- mens to a more grayish coloration than in others, while in one specimen the color pattern is much more contrasted than in the type. Pale bars on the lateral angles of the pronotum are sometimes present, the ventral half of the eye also being suffused with seal brown in some specimens, while the small tegminal maculations frequently show a tendency to associate in oblique transverse bars well defined or much interrupted and from one to three in number. SCHISTOCEECA St&l. Schistocerca gratissima n. sp. Schistocerca lineata (Stoll)? according to Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 675, 676 (1906) .« Type: & ; Sao Paulo, Brazil. September 14, 1900. (Hempel.) [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.] Fig. 4. — Schistocerca gratissima n. sp. Lateral view of type. (X H.) Alhed to S. 'pollens (Thunberg) but differing in the shorter, blunter fastigium, the lesser space between the eyes, the broader and more truly elliptical eye, the more arcuate facial outline when viewed laterad and the anomalous pink and green coloration. Size large ; form rather slender. Head with the occiput considerably elevated and rounded, descending regularly to the fastigium and rounding into the frontal costa; interspace between the eyes slightly exceeding the greatest width of the fastigium; fastigium about as long as broad, considerably excavated; frontal costa slightly constricted • We do not consider the resemblance of StoU's figure of Gryllus (Locusta) lineatus (Natuurl. Afbeeld. Besch. Springh., PI. XV [B, fig. 57) close enough to specimens of this species to consider them the same. While in one or two points resemblance exists, in a number of others the discrepancies are very considerable. StoU's figure appears to us to be a true Locusta (Acridium of authors). 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21 'dorsad, thence of a uniform width to the clypeus, deeply silicate from between the antennse to near the clypeus ; facial outline when viewed from the lateral aspect slightly arcuate; eyes elliptical oval, distinctly longer than the infraocular sulcus; antennae somewhat exceeding the length of the head and pronotum together. Pronotum rounded dorsad, hardly constricted, not tectate, disk of the metazona slightly flattened; cephalic margin of the disk very slightly angulate with a hardly appreciable median emargination, caudal margin of the disk nearly rectangulate, the apex very broadly rounded, median carina present but not high, cut by three transverse sulci, prozona and metazona subequal in length, the width of the metazona slightly greater than its length, lateral angles not apparent on the prozona, well rounded on the metazona; lateral lobes considerably longer than deep, narrowing ventrad, ventral margin truncate on the caudal half, obliquely emarginate on the cephalic half. Tegmina exceeding the apex of the abdomen by a distance about equal to the length of the pronotum; costal margin con- siderably arcuate in the distal third; apex broadlj^ rounded. Prosternal spine stout, acute, very consid- erably retrorse ; interspace between the mesosternal lobes longitudinal, subcuneate, the interspace cephalad being nearly as wide as the lobes; metasternal lobes contiguous. Abdomen somewhat compressed ; cerci of moderate length, the apex somewhat narrower than the base, subtruncate; subgenital plate moderately produced, the apex rather deeply divided. Caudal femora about reaching to the apex of the abdomen, rather slender, medio-dorsal carina serrate, paginse with the pattern distinctly but not very deeply impressed; caudal tibise with the spines quite long, nine in number on the external and eleven on the internal margins. General colors oil green, liver brown and salmon-buff. Head with the face, an infraocular bar and the fastigium and occiput green, remainder salmon-buff; a poorly defined medio-longitudinal occipital pale band present, bordered laterad by poorly defined darker areas; eyes burnt umber; antennae dull pinkish. Pronotum with the dorsum green with a subequal median bar of vinaceous-rufous ; lateral lobes vinaceous-pink with a broad oblique bar of green. Mesothoracic and metathoracic epimera green, mesothoracic and metathoracic episterna and ventral portions of the thorax pinkish. Tegmina with a costal Fig. 5. — ScJdslo- cerca gratis- sima n. sp. Dorsal view of head and pronotum of type. (X li) 22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., bar of primrose yellow extending over almost the whole of the costal half of the costal field, the greater portion of the margin of this pale area being narrowly edged with maroon, remainder of the tegmina liver brown, the principal veins maroon, several pale areas, caused by the coloration of adventitious veins, distributed over the median portion of the tegmen; anal field with a rather broad longitudinal band of vinaceous-cinnamon. Wings slightly infuscate. Cephalic and median limbs buffy washed dorsad with greenish. Caudal femora with the dorsal half oil green, the ventral half salmon-buff, the division along the middle of the paginse being indicated by a slightly blackish area, genicular arches chestnut; caudal tibiae and tarsi pomegranate purple, the spines maize yellow tipped with black. Measurements. Length of body, 49.5 mm. Length of pronotum, 9.5 " Greatest dorsal width of pronotum, 6 " Length of tegmen, 46.2 Length of caudal femur, 25 Two paratypic males in the Academy Collection and one of the same sex from Surinam (V-IX; Fruhstorfer) in the Hebard Collection have been examined. This series shows a considerable amount of variation in size and some in color. One Sao Paulo male is about equal to the type in size, the other two specimens being appreciably smaller. The additional Sao Paulo individuals agree fully with the type in color, while the Surinam male has the greens much deeper, almost french green, and the pink shades almost replaced by yellowish-white, sometimes greenish-yellow, the purplish color of the caudal tibise being weaker and replaced on the ventral surface by oil greenish. DICHR0PLU8 St&l. Dichroplus brasiliensis Bruner. 1906. Dichroplus brasiliensis Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pp. 678,. 682. [Victoria, Brazil.] Espirito Santo, Brazil. [Hebard Collection.] One 9 . Sao Paulo. September 14, 1900. (Hempel.) One 9 . The pale bars mentioned in the original description are but faintly indicated in these specimens. SCOTTJSSA Giglio-Tos. Scotussa brasiliensis Bruner. 1906. [Scotussa] brasilie7isis Bruner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, p. 689. [Sao Paulo, Brazil.] Sao Paulo. September 7-19, 1900. (Hempel.) Six d", four 9. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 These specimens agree fully with the original description except in the number of external tibial spines. In three of the males both tibiae bear eight spines, and another male has eight on one tibiae and nine on the other. In consequence the presence of nine spines cannot be considered diagnostic. 24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb. BEMAEKS ON THE FOSSIL CETACEAN RHABDOSTEUS LATIRADIX Cope. BY FREDERICK W. TRUE. The genus and species Rhabdosteus latiradix were first described by Cope in 1867/ and were based on a rostrum from Charles County, Md., near the Patuxent River, collected b}^ James T. Thomas. Three teeth were also "with much probability" assigned to the species. Cope remarked: "Joseph T. Thomas, the discoverer of this cetacean, tells me that he has seen portions of the muzzle between two and three feet long." No fm-ther original information regarding the species appears to have been published until 1890, when Cope published figures of the type specimen, as restored, and of a tooth. He remarked, however, that the posterior parts of the maxillary and premaxillary bones "were restored from a different specimen from that represented in the rest of the figures."^ This "different specimen" was figured by Mr. Case, in 1904, together with still another rostrum^ and the three teeth. From an examination of the three beaks, which were ver}'- kindly placed in my hands for study by the authorities of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and Mr. Witmer Stone, it appears prob- able that three species are represented. The rostrum figured by Mr. Case in PI. 15, fig. 1, is the same as that described by Leid}^, in 1869, as probably belonging to Priscodelphinus grandoevus} I have remarked in a previous paper that the reasons for identifying the rostrum with that species are unsatisfactory f but, however that may be, the rostrum certainly does not belong to the same species as the one called Rhab- dosteus latiradix by Cope, nor is it likely that it represents the same genus. The "different specimen" mentioned by Cope in 1890, and figured by Mr. Case in PI. 15, fig. 2, does not, in my opinion, belong to the species latiradix, nor is it at all probable that it belongs to the genus Rhabdosteus. 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, pp. 132 and 145. 2 Amer. Nat., 1890, p. 607, fig. 4. ^ Rep. Maryland Geol. Surv., Miocene, 1904, PI. 15. * Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, 1869, p. 434. ^ Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Quart. Issue, 50, Pt. 4, No. 1782, p. 451, January 27, 1908. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 Leaving out of consideration for the moment the rostrum originally .assigned to Priscodelphinus grandcevus (Case's PI. 15, fig. 1), I would remark that the restoration of neither of the other two beaks appears to me satisfactory, and that the figure published by Cope in 1890 is even less so. As regards the latter, by adding a portion from the second beak to the posterior end of the type, Cope has, in my opinion, produced a figure which does not represent any species which has actually existed, and, furthermore, as the portion added is itself incorrect, the erroneousness of the figure is compounded. It should also be remarked that in the side view (Cope's fig. 4 (la)) the alveoli are much smaller than in the restoration of the type itself. Cope's note on the genus Rhabdosteus, published in 1890, is as follows : "The muzzle reaches an extraordinary elongation, and for the greater part of its length forms an edentulous cylinder, which resembles the beak of the sword-fishes. The few teeth which remain at the base of the muzzle are like those of Platanista, with roots compressed so as to be longitudinal, and crowns compressed so as to be transverse, to the axis of the skull. The R. latiradix^ Cope is not uncommon in the Miocene beds of Maryland. Its skeleton is unknown. The nearest approach to Rhabdosteus is made by the genus Stenodelphis." After repeatedly examining the type specimen (PI. VI), I am satisfied that this characterization is only partially correct. The alveoli, as restored, are horizontal. They are nine in number, -about equal in size, and situated in advance of the depression in the palate in which a lozenge-shaped area of the vomer usually appears. Hence, they are hardly likely to represent the posterior end of the series. That the alveoli should be horizontal in the midde of the series is improbable. No known cetacean has such a conformation, and on anatomical grounds it appears unlikely to occur. The lower (or inner) margin of the alveoli and the lower half of the various septa are alone preserved, and this only on one side of the jaw. No distinct trace of the upper (or outer) margin of the alveoli and septa can he seen on the long rod-like superior portions of the maxillae. The narrow inferior strip of the maxilla, which bears the incomplete alveoli and septa (already mentioned), has been placed outside the larger piece, which forms the proximal end of the palate, and parallel with it. Such a combination could be justified only on the ground that the maxilla had split lengthwise, and that the outer and inner pieces represent two parts of one and the same bone. This is improbable, as the inferior surface of the larger piece is convex, while that of the smaller piece is nearly plane. The smaller piece is, in my opinion, much more likely 26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., to have been anterior to the larger piece originally and in line with it, though this would bring the rather large alveoli farther forward than might be expected. If the superior, rod -like portion of the maxilla were turned outward on its axis, so as to bring the alveoli nearly or quite to a vertical position, a space would apparently be left between the premaxilla and maxilla. It is not reasonable to suppose that any such space existed originally. In view of the circumstances mentioned above, I think it is unlikely that the real form of the rostrum can be determined until additional specimens have been collected, or at least until the type specimen has been taken to pieces, so that all the surfaces of the component bones can be examined. iMIt should be remarked that at the anterior end of the small piece of the maxilla which bears the alveoli there is a space of 19 mm., in which it is obvious that no alveoli existed, and between this and the first alveolus which is traceable is another space of about 25 mm., in which additional alveoli may or may not have existed. In any case, the fragment in question bears the end of the series of alveoli, and, if it is properly oriented, the anterior end. As the fragment bearing the alveoli is much shorter than the rod-like portions of the maxillae above it, this confirms to some extent Cope's assertion that the muzzle "in the greater part of its length forms an edentulous cylinder." Measurements of the type-beak of Rhabdosteus latiradix Cope. Total length of beak, as restored, 440 mm. Greatest breadth of the same, as restored, 39 " Length of longest piece of premaxilla preserved, .... 330 " Length of longest piece of maxilla preserved, .... 277 " Breadth of premaxilla at posterior end, 11 " Breadth of premaxilla at anterior end 7 " Breadth of portion of maxilla above the alveoli at posterior end, 9 " Breadth of alveoli at anterior end, 7 " Greatestbreadthof palate between alveoli, as restored, . . 21 " Length of the palatal portion of the left maxilla, which con- tains the alveoh, 166 " Breadth of the same at the anterior end, 4 " Breadth of the same at the posterior end 4 " Length of larger palatal fragment (left), which is internal to the preceding in the restoration, 193 " Breadthof the same at the anterior end, 5 " Breadth of the same at the posterior end, 16 " Length occupied by nine alveoli, 103 " Antero-posterior breadth of largest septum between alveoli, . 5 " Antero-posterior breadth of largest alveolus, 7 " 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 •The "different specimen" mentioned by Cope, and figured by Mr. Case,® consists of two pairs of slender elongated bones, of which the outer pair represents the superior rostral portion of the maxillee, and the inner pair the superior rostral portion of the premaxillse. The maxillae diverge at both anterior and posterior ends, while the pre- maxillse diverge at the anterior end and convei'ge at the posterior end. At the latter point, in the median hne, is inserted a piece of bone which may represent a portion of the vomer or mesethmoid. After examining this specimen, I am of the opinion that it is not properly put together, especially as a space is left between the maxillae- and premaxillae proximally. The small fragment inserted between the premaxillae does not belong in that position. It is unsymmetrical and probably represents some portion of the maxilla. Traces of several alveoli are visible on the under side of the maxillae, at the proximal end. That these bones are acuminate at this end is due to the fact that both the inner and outer edges are abraded. The bones should be turned outward somewhat on their axes, so that the lower free border, which is now directed outward, would be directed downward. This would bring the maxillae into such a position that the upper surface would be horizontal proximally, very much as in Inia. The two inner bones are probably premaxillae, although at the anterior end the inner surface is plane or. slightly convex rather than concave. At the middle, the inner wall is concave, with traces of a continuous longitudinal ridge. If they are really premaxillae, they should be transposed, that on the right side being placed on the left and vice versa. At the same time they should be given a quarter turn on their axes, so as to make horizontal the inner surfaces which are now vertical. This would also cause the bones to diverge at the posterior end, as they do in /ma and most other Odontoceti, leaving space for the prenarial triangle. Their shape would then corre- spond closely to that of the same bones in Inia, except that the sides near the proximal end would be somew^hat more nearly vertical. The specimen probably represents a genus allied to Inia, but it is impossible without more material to determine its relationships accu- rately. It does not agree with any European genus of which the rostrum has been figured, nor with any American genus of which the rostrum is available for comparison. Rep. Maryland Geol. Surv., Miocene, PI. 15, fig. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., The third rostrum (text fig. 1), which is that mentioned by Leidy in 1869 under Priscodeliphinv.s (or Tretosphys) grandcevus,'' and also figured by Mr. Case,^ has, as already mentioned, no close relationship with the other two. It may for the present be considered as representing a species of Priscodelphimis, although, as explained in a previ- ous paper, ^ the reasons for referring it to that genus are not satisf actor}'. The principal peculiarities of the rostrum are that the premaxillse are much depressed, but not narrowed, anteriorly, that the anterior alveoli are larger than the posterior ones and directed for- ward, and that the external free border of the maxillae is rounded (see text figs. 2 and 3). Fig. 2. — Transverse section of the s.-ime at the posterior end. (Nat. size.) Fig. 3. — ^Transverse section of the same at the anterior end. (Nat. size.) In figs. 2 and 3 the maxillse are indicated by horizontal lines and the premaxillce bj- oblique lines Fig. 1. — Rostrum of Pris codelphinus sp.? from the Mio- cene of Shiloh , N . J . Superior surface. Q nat. size.) The three teeth which were provisionally referred to Rhabdosteus by Cope are preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and were examined by me in 1907. Very good figures of the largest one were published by Cope ' Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Ser. 2, Vol. 7, 1869, p. 434. 8 Rep. Maryland Geol. Surv., Miocene, PI. 15, fig. 1. ^ Smithsonian Misc. Colls., Quarterlv Issue, 50, Pt. 4, No. 1782, p. 451, January 27, 1908. 1938.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 in 1890.^*" This tooth and one other are blackish in color, while the third tooth is yellowish. The last mentioned is 21 mm. long, and that figured by Cope 23 mm. As mentioned by Cope, both crown and root are compressed, the former at right angles to the latter." This form of tooth occurs in Stenodelphis and in some genera of DelphinidcB. The crown is slightly recurved. The base of the crown is somewhat convex, both internally and externally, and is marked off from the root by a distinct con- striction, due in part, no doubt, to wear. Teeth similar to these in size and form, from Baltringen, Wiirtem- berg, Germany, were described and figured by Dr. J. Probst in 1886,^^ under the name of Schizodelphis canaliculatus H. von Meyer. This species is considered identical with S. sulcatus by Dr. Abel, but the teeth of the latter, figured by Dal Piaz,*^ are certainly different, as regards the shape of the crown and the direction of its compression, from those figured by Probst. Even with allowance for variation, it seems to me probable that they may represent two different species of the genus Schizodelphis. The principal difference between the teeth assigned to Rhabdosteus and those figured by Probst is that the crown is shorter in the former. On the whole, it seems probable that the teeth described by Cope belong to the genus Schizodelphis, but this is not a sufficient reason for considering Rhabdosteus synonymous with Schizodelphis, especially in view of the fact that it is uncertain whether the teeth have any direct connection with the type rostrum of Rhabdosteus. The most that can be said is that the alveoli of Rhabdosteus indicate that the teeth had flattened roots of the same size as those of the teeth which Cope assigned to that genus. Explanation of Plate VI. Plate VI. — Fig. 1. — Type specimen of Rhabdosteus latiradix Cope. Superior surface. Scale p;. Fig. 2. — The same. Left side. Scale ^. Fig. 3. — The same. Inferior surface. Scale ^j. 1" Amer. Nat., 1890, p. 607, fig. 4 (2, 2a, 2b). " That the anterior and posterior surfaces of the crown are flat is not due to wear. " Jahreshefte Ver. Vaterldnd. Naturkunde W urttemberg , 42, 1SS6, PL 3, figs. 11-14. " Palceont. Ital., 9, PI. 31, figs. 6-2S. 30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, March 3. Arthur Erwin Brown, Sc.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. Sixty-four persons present. The reception of a paper entitled ''New Land and Fresh-water Mol- lusca of the Japanese Empire," by H. A. Pilsbry and Y. Hirase (Febru- ary 28), was reported. Dr. John W. Harshberger made a communication on his dendro- logical studies in Italy, wdth special reference to the influence of vegeta- tion on the building up of the islands on which Venice is placed, and on the condition of the timber foundations of the Campanile as revealed at the time of its fall. (No abstract.) March 17. Arthur Erwin Brown, Sc.D., Vice-President, in the Chair. Fifty-nine persons present. The Publication Committee reported the reception of a paper entitled "New Land Shehs from the Chinese Empire — I/' by H. A. Pilsbry and Y. Hirase (March 11). E. G. CoxKLiN, Ph.D., made a communication on some phenomena and causes of heredity. (No abstract.) The following were ordered to be published : 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 NEW LAND AND FRESH- WATER MOLLTISCA OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE. Among other new forms noticed below, the first Pisidium from Japan is described. It is from the island of Yesso, where the palaearctic element is much better represented than in other parts of the Empire. FoRMosAN Species. Cyclophorus formosaensis Nevill. This is apparently confined, in its typical form, to northern Formosa. Numerous specimens from Hoozan, EnsuilvO, Sammaipo and Hotawa — places all in the interior below the middle of the island — differ by having a strong keel at the periphery, and may be known as C. /. interioris n. subsp., Sammaipo being type locality. It is this form which we formerly listed as C. turgidus Pfr. from Hotawa {Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Phila., 1905, p. 722). It differs from C. turgidus in the very much smaller central nipple or mucro on the inside of the operculum. The shells are practically indistinguishable. Our former opinion that C. formosaensis is a variety of C. turgidus must be retracted. We doubt whether C. turgidus occurs in Formosa. The species of this group of Cyclophori stand very close, and their differences are not of much importance, yet the areas occupied by the several slightly differentiated races are mainly different. Cyclophorus friesianus Mlldff. This species has been found at Tapanii, Formosa, the specimens agreeing well with the original description except by their smaller size, alt. 19, diam. 22 mm. It differs from C. formosaensis interioris only in having numerous low spiral ridges above and below the peripheral keels. The operculum is like that of formosaensis, evenly convex inside with a very small central nipple. Species of Japan and the Ryukyu Islands. Cyclotus tanegashimanus n. sp. Shell very similar to C. campamdatus Marts., but if specimens of the same size are compared, tanegashimanus is seen to have the umbilicus a trifle larger and the aperture just perceptibly smaller; the lip is less expanded. The operculum is distinctly convex externally, and much 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEM-Y OF [March^ more deeply concave inside, than that of C. campamdatus. The edge is bevelled and flat between projecting outer and inner laminae. Alt. 8.5, diam. 12.2 mm.; whorls U. " 7.1 " 10 " " d. Tanega-shima, Osmni. Types No. 94,711 A. N. S. P., from No. 54:b of Mr. Hirase's collection. The Cycloti of this group, represented in Japan by C. campanulatus, and in China by C. stenomphcdus and its allies, are very similar in shape and color. The form described above is well distinguished by its externally convex operculum, that of C. campanulatus being flat out- side and much less concave within. Spiropoma yakushimanum n. sp. The shell is depressed, very openly umbilicate, solid, yellowish- olivaceous, somewhat brownish on the last whorl, the cuticle much paler or usually wanting on the inner whorls. Surface glossy where unworn, marked with growth-lines and very indistinct traces of spiral strise. Whorls fully 4^, quite convex, the first one projecting a little; last whorl tubular, very convex at the base, deeply descending in front. Aperture oblique, longer than wide. Peristome contracted, being thickened within and shortly built forward; obtuse, whitish. It is thickened in the posterior angle, but usually has a small notch there. The columellar margin recedes rather conspicuously. The short parietal margin is thick and straight. Alt. 7.3, diam. 12.5, alt. of aperture including peristome 5.3, width 4.7 mm. Alt. 6.3, diam. 11.5 mm. The operculum is conic, composed of 7^ flat whorls separated by a narrow ledge with raised outer edge, producing a narrow spiral channel along the suture; summit obtuse. Yaku-shima, Osumi. Types No. 94,716 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,447 of Mr. Hirase's collection. Compared with S. japoniciim (A. Ad.), this form differs in the more descending last w^horl, the deeper umbihcus and more excised or receding columellar lip. The aperture is longer than wide in yakii- shimanum, nearly round in japonicum. It is perhaps more closeh'' related to *S. nakadai of Tanega-shima, a smaller shell with an oper- culum of fewer whorls, but having an aperture much as in S. yaku- shimanum. Diplommatina gotoensis n. sp. Closely related to D. cassa, but with longer conical spire, rapidly tapering and conic above the penultimate whorl, which is the largest ; 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 pale reddish or yellowish-corneous; very finely and evenly striate throughout. Constriction in the middle in front. Last whorl smaller, only moderately ascending to the aperture. Aperture subcircular, the outer lip reflexed, duplicate, the two laminae close together, a narrow opaque whitish streak just behind the reflection; indistinctly angular at the base of the columellar lip. Parietal callus thin with low, thread-like edge, not very distinct, and rising to the middle of the front of the penultimate whorl. Columellar lamella horizontal, thin, rather long. Palatal plica quite short and situated wholly to the left of the parietal callus. Inside, the columellar lamella is evenly high and thin throughout. Internal parietal lamella low and rather long. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm.; whorls 6^. " 2.7, " 1.3 " " 6^. Goto, Hizen. Types No. 84,905 A. N. S. P.. from No. 6046 of Mr. Hirase's collection. This species resembles D. nipponensis Mlldff. in shape and sculptm-e, but differs by the position of the constriction, which is median in gotoensis, above the termination of the outer lip in nipponensis. In the latter species the palatal plica lies under the parietal callus. D. cassa is a more cylindric species, the cone of the spire shorter. D. kyushuen- sis Pils. and Hir., a widely distributed species in Kyushu, is closely related to D. gotoensis, but it has a palatal plica about twice as long, and the columellar lamella is much stronger near its inner termination than near the aperture, while in D. gotoensis it is about equally strong throughout. Eulota (Plectotropis) lepidophora soutifera P. and H., n. subsp. The shell closely resembles E. lepidophora tenuis Gude, but differs by its more convex whorls and consequently deeper sutures. The periphery is often a little less angular than in tenuis. Siu-face, when unworn, copiously covered wdth triangular cuticular scales. Alt. 4.3, diam. 8.7 mm. ; whorls 5|-. " 4, " 7.3 " " 5i. Iheyajima, Ryukyu group. Types No. 94,705 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,2906 of Mr. Hirase's collection. Eulota (Aegista) celsa P. and H., n. sp. The shell is convexly conic, deeply umbilicate, the umbilicus cyhn- dric, well-like, the periphery obtusely angular. Siu-face lusterless, chestnut brown, finely but not strongly striate on the upper surface, the striae indistinct at the base ; on the last part of the last whorl near the aperture the striae are partially interrupted into long granules. The 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, spire has convex oiithnes and an obtuse apex. Whorls 6J, convex, very slowly widening, the last one very slowly and slightly descending, indistinctly angular at the periphery in front, becoming rounded on the last half. The aperture is quite oblique, very much larger than the umbilicus. Peristome thin ; outer margiji only very slightly expanded ; basal margin deeply arcuate, slightly expanded; columellar margin broadly, triangularly dilated. The terminations of the lip are widely separated, parietal callus very thin. Alt. 10.5, diam. 12 mm. ; alt. and width of aperture 6 mm. ; width of umbilicus 3 mm. South Nishigo, Uzen. Type No. 94,740 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,438 of Mr. Hirase's collection. This peculiar Aegista has some superficial resemblance to Trish- oplita hilgendorfi Kob. It is closely related to E. eminens P. and H., but differs in being larger, stronger, with less scaly sculpture, and a little less strongly angular. It is quite possible that intermediate provinces between Shima and Uzen will be found to have connecting links between E. eminens and E. celsa ; yet at present they seem to be sufficiently distinct. The type specimen is higher than others in the type lot. The lower ones have less convex outlines, the spire being less convexly conic; the last two whorls have sculpture of long granules in places ; and the umbihcus is much wider than in the type. Alt. 9, diam. 13.8 mm.; aperture 6x6 mm. ; umbilicus 3.5 mm. wide (celsus, lofty). Ena reiniana vasta n. subsp. Shell very large, cylindric. The cuticle is glossy, yellowish brown, and copiously granulose except on 3 or 4 earliest whorls; but many old shells have lost the cuticle and sculpture in part or wholly. Whorls 8 to 9^. Length 37.5, diam. above aperture 11 mm. " 35 " " " 10.8 " u 325 u u u ^-^2 " S. Nishigo, Uzen. Types No. 94,686 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,439 of Mr. Hirase's collection. This is the largest of the Japanese Buhmini. It is larger than Ena reiniana omiensis, and copiously granular when unworn. Ena reiniana ugoensis n. subsp. Shell very short and obese, reddish on the spire, whitish on the last whorl, under a thin yellow cuticle; granulation only weakly developed. Whorls 7i. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 35 Length 26, diam. above aperture 10, length of aperture 10 mm. u 23, '' '' " 10, '' " 9.2 " Kitaura (Cape of Ojika), Ugo. Types No. 94,738 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,444 of Mr. Hirase's collection. The obese shape, length about 2h times the diameter, is the chief character of this local race. Pythia pachyodon n. sp. This species of the scarabceus group is nearly uniform blackish olive, but with a blackish band below the suture and sometimes with more or less brown suffusion. The sm-face is rather finely \vrinkle-striate, with some widely spaced spiral lines. Spire angular on both sides, with whitish streaks in front of the angle. Whorls 10. Base perforate or umbilicate. Aperture with two stout parietal teeth and a strong columellar lamella. Teeth in the outer margin irregular, three larger, with two or three minute ones. Length 30.6, greatest diam. 18.5, antero-posterior diam. 13.5 mm.; length of aperture 18.5 mm. Loochoo (Okinawa) and Oshima,in the Ryukyu Islands. Types No. 87,537 A. N. S. P., from Mr. Hirase. Pythia aegialitis n. sp. The shell is similar to P. 'pachyodon, but is copiously mottled with dark brown on a pale corneous-yellowish ground; the markings sometimes partially obscured when the surface is superficially worn. Teeth of the inner margin as in P. 'pachyodon; three teeth in the outer lip. Length 25.3, greatest diam. 15.6, antero-posterior diam. 11, length of aperture 16.7 mm. Loochoo (Okinawa) and Oshima, Ryukyu Islands. The specimens from Oshima are somewhat longer and comparatively less wide than those from Loochoo Island. While closely related to the P. scarabceus group, which is composed of very poorly characterized species, yet the two Ryukyuan forms do not exactly agree with any of them, and it may be well to have definite designations for them. Besides these forms, P. cecillei Phil, has been found by Mr. Hirase at Hirado, Hizen, and P. 'nana Bavay was described from specimens taken at Loochoo. Pisidium japonioum n. sp. Fig. 1. The shell is subglobose, rounded-oval, with large, very wide, moder- ately projecting rounded beaks; surface glossy, very finely, irregularly striate; cuticle light yellow; valves very convex, not very inequipartite, 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, both ends rounded , the posterior shorter and wider. Hinge very short, the lateral teeth short and wide, rather near together, stout but low, Pisidium japonicum, lateral, posterior and interior views. only the anterior one projecting above the level of the valve. Cardinal teeth minute, almost obsolete, narrow, very low and somewhat elongate. Length 2.37, alt. 2.16, diam. 1.87 mm. Akkeshi, Kushiro, Yesso, Types No. 94,744 A. N. S. P., from No. 181 of Mr. Hirase's collection. This is the first Pisidium to be described from Japan. It is a very small species, unusually globose, with very large full beaks. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE-I. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE. The following species were collected by Mr. Nakada in the course of several months' work, chiefly in the north. A more ample report will be published later. Working chiefly in the densely populated northeastern provinces and not far from the coast, the number of species taken was naturally not great, though some, such as Vallonia patens Reinh., Eulota? miinieriana Cr. & Deb., etc., are forms hitherto but little known. Around Soochow and Hangchow a fauna richer in Clausilice, Helices and Cydophoridce was encountered, most of the species in this region being among those described by Pere Heude and earlier naturalists. DIPLOMMATINIDiE. Diplommatina hangchowensis n. sp. Fig. 1. The shell is short, cylindric, the summit shortly conic, base rounded ; corneous or pale brownish, somewhat translucent, the upper part whitish or pale red. Whorls 5^, very convex. The first whorl is smooth; following whorls are very finely and delicately rib-striate ; on the penultimate whorl the ribs are much weaker, and the last whorl is smooth. In back view the penultimate whorl is largest, the last whorl much smaller and quite glossy, ascending a little near its end, and constricted in front, above the columella. A short palatal plica shows through, just left of the parietal callus. The aperture is nearly circular. The peristome is expanded and thickened, with a flat face and inconspicuous inner rim; at the base of the columella it is very indistinctly angular; it is interrupted above, the margins joined by a thin parietal callus, with thin adnate edge. Columellar lamella well developed. Length 2.4, diam. 1.3 mm., alt. of aperture 0.95 mm. Hangchow, province of Che-kiang, China. Types No. 94,748 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,479a of Mr. Hirase's collection. Fig. 1. — Diplonvnatina hangchoivensis . 38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, This species of the section Sinica is smaller than D. paxillus Gredler, and differs by its smooth last whorl and very short palatal plica. It is more related to D. hungerfordiana of Formosa, which differs in shape. D. schmackeri Mlldff. is unlike hangchowensis by the shape of the aperture. A variety also from Hangchow may be called D. hangchowensis granum. It is larger, length 2.7, diam. 1.5 mm., with 6 whorls and pale reddish-corneous color. The cone of the spire is longer than in D. hangchowensis. HYDROOBNID^. The genus Georissa is represented by six species in China : G. hach- manni Gredl., G. sinensis Hde., G. nivea Hde., G. sulcata Mlldff., hungerfordiana Mlldff., and G. heudei P. & H. In all of these except sinensis and heudei the glossy, flat operculum is retracted some dis- tance in the aperture. This is the normal condition in Georissa. In G. sinensis and G. heudei the thick, calcareous operculum lodges at the edge of the peristome, as in Bithynia, being larger than in Georissa proper. We propose to signalize this feature by the erection of a new subgenus Georissopsis, the type being G. heudei. Georissa (Georissopsis) heudei n. sp. Fig. 2. The shell is minutely perforate or subperf orate, conic, higher than wide, gray, more or less reddish in places, sculptured with very fine, close spiral striae, usually in large part lost by erosion. There are 3^ to 3f whorls, the first corneous and glossy, the rest very convex, separated by deep sutures. The aperture is subvertical, broadly semicir- cular, the outer margin very convex, inner margin nearly straight; the basal margin is very broadly rounded, the upper end narrowly rounded. The peristome is thin, acute; the inner lip is built forward, standing free from the whorl except for a short space near the posterior end, leaving an umbilical area. Length 3.4, diam. 2.1 mm. The operculum lodges at the lip-edge. It is between triangular and Fig. 2. — G. heudei and outline of oper- culum, interior view. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 semicircular in shape, calcareous, thick, white, with a dark nuclear dot nearer the outer border; around this it has concentric growth-lines. The inner face is concave. Near the lower third a stout rib arises about the middle of the width, running to the columellar border where it projects as a short point. Hangchow, province Che-kiang, China. Types No. 94,745 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,477 of Mr. Hirase's collection. This species is very similar to G. sinensis (Hde.) in characters of the shell, but it differs in the operculum, which is figured as with sub- central nucleus in G. sinensis, while in G. heudei the nucleus is near the outer border. We have no reason to doubt the accuracy of Heude's figure. It was drawn by Rathouis, whose faithful drawings have prob- ably never been surpassed. Unfortunately Pere Heude, who described G. sinensis as a Realia, did not describe the operculum, merely saying that "I'opercule est celui du genre." Some specimens from Changyang, received as G. sinensis, are much smaller than Pere Heude's type. They have a dark, subcentral nuclear dot. G. heudei occurred at Hangchow with the much smaller G. bach- manni Gredl. HKLICID^. Eulota laeva P. and H., n. sp. The shell is sinistral, depressed-globose with conic spire, narrowly half-covered umbilicate, thin, light corneous-yellow. Surface glossy, smooth to the eye, but under a lens it is seen to have very weak, faint growth-lines, the last two whorls densely, minutely granular, the granu- front and dorsal \'iew.s. lation weak on the upper surface, more distinct on the base ; there are also some weak traces of a few coarse, impressed spirals on the last whorl. The spire is conic with slightly convex outhnes and obtuse apex. Whorls 5^, slowly increasing convex, the last descending a little 40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, to the aperture and indistinctly angular in front, the base very convex. The aperture is quite oblique, the upper and baso-columellar margins about equally arcuate, the outer arc more strongly curved. The peris- tome is thin, narrowly but well expanded, the baso-columellar margin reflexed, somewhat dilated towards the columellar insertion. Alt. 12.5, diam. 13.8 mm. ; aperture 7.5 mm. high, 8 wide. Hangchow, province Che-kiang, China. Type No. 94,739, A. N. S. P., from No. 1,475 of Mr. Hirase's collection. This is a more compact shell than Eulota fortunei and quite different in sculpture. The generic position is uncertain, until the soft anatomy can be examined. It may belong to the section Eulotella, or it may be a Ganesella. The minute granulation is like some species of the G. japonica group. We do not know of any sinistral Ganesella, but there are many sinistral species of Eulota. Dead and bleached shells which have lost the cuticle do not show the granulation described above. The largest example seen measures, alt. 12, diam. 16.5 mm. It is a dead shell. Eulota (Plectotropis) scitula P. and H., n. sp. Fig. 4. The shell is rather narrowly umbilicate, conic above, convex below, strongly angular at the periphery; uniform chestnut brown. The sur- face is rather dull, finely closely and rather weakly marked wdth growth- striae, which in quite fresh, unworn shells bear short adnate cuticular threads on the base, giving it a sparsely scaly appearance. The last two whorls have also a very close, fine sculpture of beautifully even spiral Fig. 4. — Eulota (Plectotropis) scitula. strise. The outlines of the conic spire are nearly straight. Whorls 6|-, slowly increasing, moderately convex, the last descending very little or not at all in front, convex beneath. The aperture is strongly oblique, rounded lunate. Peristome thin, narrowly but distinctly expanded, the basocolumellar margins a little reflexed, dilated towards the columellar insertion; ends widely separated, joined by a thin film. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 41 Alt. 6.5, diam. 9.2 mm.; aperture alt. 4, width 4.6 mm.; umbilicus 1.7 mm. wide. Alt. 6.5, diam. 9 mm. Hangchow, province Che-kiang, China. Types No. 94,741 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,471 of Mr. Hirase's collection. A small, beautifully sculptured shell, which we are unable to identify with any of Pere Heude's species from the lower Yangtse valley. It has some resemblance to E. inornata and belongs to a group of thin, dull species with the shell spirally engraved, cuticular scales small or wanting, and usually with no peripheral fringe. Other species of tJiis group are E. osbecki, inornata, hachijoensis, fulvicans, lautsi, micra, perplexa, inrinensis, hebes, etc. Chloritis impotens P. and H., n. sp. Fig. 5. Shell depressed-globose, narrowly umbilicate, thin and fragile, corneous-brown. The surface has a somewhat silky sheen, and under the lens is seen to be densely set with small granules, which are long in the direction of growth-lines, and arranged in oblique, forwardly descending rows, though this arrangement is not everywhere visible, being in part or wholly lost near the mouth. This granular sculpture extends almost to the apex, only the initial half whorl or less being smoothish, though not glossy. On the last two whorls the granules Fig. 5. — C. impotens, basal, front and dorsal views, and sculpture of last whorl below suture. bear short cuticular appendages in fresh, unworn shells, such as are often present in Mgista and Plectotropis. The spire is low-conic. Whorls 5, convex, at first slowly increasing, the last one abruptly becoming much wider, about twice the width of the preceding, not noticeably descending in front, rounded at the periphery. The aper- ture is rounded -lunate, moderately obUque. Peristome thin throughout, the outer and basal margins very slightly expanded, columellar mar- gin broadly, triangularly dilated, half covering the umbilicus. Alt. 8.7, diam. 12.6 mm. ; alt. aperture 6.5, width 7.5 mm. Chifoo, province Pe-chih, China. Types No. 94,742 A. N. S. P., from No. 1,468 of Mr. Hirase's collection. 42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, A thin, fragile shell, with large aperture and densely, minutely granose-scaly sculpture. In fully adult shells the granulation is more or less worn from the apical and early whorls, and on the last whorl the long granules appear to be glossy, but hardly if at all raised above the dull surface. The generic position of this snail is uncertain, but it has the shell characters of Trichochloritis rather than of any group known anatomically to belong to Eulota. PaPILLID^. Hypselostoma (Boysidia) hangohowensis P. and H., n. sp. The shell is high-conic, with obtuse apex and convex base, minutely perforate, with a long curved umbilical rimation, dark brown. The spire is straightly conic, composed of 5^ convex whorls. The last whorl ascends slowly to the aperture, its latter part being straightened and built forward to the level of the ventral face of the shell. There is no crest or marked constriction behind the lip. The aperture is truncate-oval, the upper mar- gin straight. Peristome thin, well expanded, continuous; with a shallow dent outside at the upper third of the outer lip. The angular and parietal lamellae are concrescent into one stout straight lamella reaching to the margin, wider in the middle of its length, where it shows traces of its dual composition. The columellar lamella is strong, slopes obliquely downward as it enters, and the outer end reaches to, but not upon, the expansion of the hp. There are two short palatal plicae, the lower one somewhat more deeply placed. Alt. 2.9, diam. 1.8 mm.; largest axis of aperture 1.3 mm. Hangchow, province Che-kiang, China. Type No. 94,743 A. N. S. P., from Mr. Hirase. Compared with H. (Boysidia) hunana Gredler, this is a much smaller shell, with only two palatal plicae instead of three, and the angulo- parietal lamella is less distinctly bifid, as seen in an obliquely basal view. It is not closely related to other described species. H. hangchowensis was found with Bifidaria {Bensonella) plicidens (Bens.), a species not before reported from China, but found in the Ryukyu Islands, as well as in subhimalayan India. H. hunana as described and figured by Gredler has the last whorl H. hangchowensis. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 built forward, carrying the aperture free from the preceding whorl. We have not seen this form; the specimens of hunana before us, while agreeing with Gredler's description in other characters, do not have the last whorl free in front, though the peristome is continuous. They are like Pere Heude's figures of hunana. Dr. von Mollendorff has unnecessarily altered the name hunana to hunanensis. We share with Gredler the opinion that Boysidia is a section or sub- genus of Hypselostoma rather than a distinct genus. 44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, April 7. Arthur Erwin Brown, Sc.D., in the Chair. Thirty-seven persons present. The Publication Committee reported the reception of papers under the following titles : "Description of a new Species of Squaloid Shark," by Chiyomatsu Ishikawa, Ph.D. (March 18, 1908). "Notes on Succinea ovalis Say and S. ohliqua Say," by H. A. Pilsbry (March 21). "Animal Names and Anatomical Terms of the Goshute Indians," by Ralph V. Chamberlain (March 28). "Notes on Sharks," by Henry W. Fowler (March 28). "Generic Types of Nearctic Reptilia and Amphibia," by Arthur Erwin Brown (April 7). The death of Henry Clifton Sorby, a correspondent, March 9, was reported. Dr. Henry W. Cattell made a communication on Trypanosomiasis in man and animals. (No abstract.) April 21. Arthur Erwin Brown, Sc.D., in the Chair. Twenty-eight persons present. The Publication Committee reported that papers under the following titles had been presented for publication: "On the Classification of Scalpilliform Barnacles," by Henry A. Pilsbry (April 21). The death of James M. Ridings, a member, March 7, was announced. Mr. Harold Sellers Colton made a communication on Charles Wilson Peale and the Philadelphia Museum. (No abstract.) Henry H. Donaldson, M.D., was elected a member. The following were ordered to be printed : 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 NOTES ON SUCCINEA OVALIS Say AND S. OBLIQUA Say. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Since Gould's publication on the Succineas of Massachusetts in 1841, there has been more or less confusion as to the identity of Succinea ovalis Say. The facts in the case were pointed out by Dr. Binney in 1851, but unfortunately a faulty manner of correcting Gould's mistake was adopted, resulting in two errors of nomenclature in place of one. Some years ago the writer rectified the current usage, restoring Say's name ovalis to its original significance. This correction has been accepted by many recent writers, but there are a few conspicuous exceptions ; hence it seems necessary, in the interest of uniform nomen- clature, to demonstrate the status of *S. ovalis by giving its history somewhat fully. Observations on the mantle-markings of Succinea, made in New York several years ago, also find place here. These color markings are shown to be highly variable among individuals of a single colony, yet the general pattern differs to a greater or less extent in different species. The subject is worth further investigation, both from the standpoint of variation and also systematically, as an aid in distinguishing species in this difficult genus. Succinea ovalis Say. The actual type or types of Succinea ovalis Say are no longer in existence ; but three specimens labelled and mounted on a card by Say are extant, representing what he subsequently considered to be S. ovalis. The original description must have been drawn from immature in- dividuals, the measurements, ''length nine-twentieths of an inch, aperture seven-twentieths," being only about two- thirds to three- fourths the ordinary size attained around Philadelphia. The pro- portion of aperture to length given by Say agrees with specimens I have measured, but with no other Succinea of this region. This common Philadelphian snail, still living in Fairmount Park, is indistinguish- able from what Lea subsequently described from Newport, R. I., as S. totteniana. In the Tableau Systematique de la Famille des Limagons, p. 26 (1821), Ferussac records Succinea ovalis Say as communicated to him by Say, and figured on plate XIa, fig. 1 of the Histoire, etc., which was 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, issued in 1822. The two figures given represent tlie form now com- monly known as "S. totteniana^' (but properly called S. ovalis Say), and still found around Philadelphia. These figures agree perfectly with the specimens labelled by Say in the collection of the Academy. On the same plate Ferussac figures larger forms ("S. obliqua" of authors) as varieties of S. putris (figs. 7, 8). He also figures large ovalis (totteniana) from "the islands Miquelon and Saint Pierre, near Newfoundland" (fig. 9). The species S. ovalis was therefore very well figured by Ferussac, from author's specimens, prior to Say's description of S. obliqua; and there was but scant excuse for mistaking it, except that but few American workers possessed the large and expensive Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des Mollusques terrestres et fluviaiiles. Beck, 1837, and other early European writers accepted the species, referring to Ferussac's figures. Succinea ovalis was correctly recognized also by various early American writers for the form later known as totteniana. See DeKay's New York Fauna, Mollusca, p. 53, PI. 4, figs. 51, 52. It was Gould who by error shifted the names, in the first edition of the Invertebrata of Massachusetts (1841). He recognized three Succineas in that State : S. ovalis, fig. 125 [= S. retusa Lea]. S. campestris, fig. 126 [= S. ovalis Say = totteniana Lea]. ,S. avara, fig. 127 [correctly identified]. Gould subsequently recognized his two mistakes, and finding that the names *S. ovalis Say, obliqua Say and campestris Gould, not Say, all applied to one species, he proposed to retain the name obliqua for it, and to use "*S. ovalis Gld. not Say" for *S. retusa, the snail he had figured in error as Say's ovalis. DeKay, C. B. Adams and Sager, who used Gould's work, were in some measure misled, especially in regard to *S. campestris. DeKay (1843), as mentioned above, correctly identified S. ovalis. In 1851 Dr. Amos Binney lucidly discussed the American Succineas in Vol. II of the Terrestrial Mollusks, pp. 63, 64. His exposition of the history of *S. ovalis Say leaves little to be desired, and may well be quoted here : "Succinea ovalis Say. — This species, diffused universally in the middle and northern States of the Union, is that which is described in the works of Messrs. Gould, Mighels, Kirtland and Sager as Succinea campestris Say. It varies much in size, and in the divergence of the last whorl from the axis of the shell, and this last variation when 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 strongly developed constitutes Succinea ohliqua Say. Succinea ovalis of Messrs. Gould, Adams, Mighels and Sager is not the ovalis of Say, but a species which was unknown to him. As, however, the ovalis of Gould is that now most commonly known under the name of Succinea ovalis, we propose to retain it, and to appl}^ to Mr. Say's species his second name, ohliqua." y^ Fig. 1. — Tablet bearing Succinea ovalis, mounted -and labelled by Thomas Say. Nat. size. Fig. 2. — Say's tablet of Succinea ohliqua. Nat. size. The tablet of three specimens of S. ovalis labelled by Say is photo- graphed, fig. 1. A series of modern specimens from Fairmount Park is shown, fig. 3. These show a considerable amount of variation in contour, some being as long as Say's types of S. oUiqun, shown in fig. 2. Philadelphian examples do not attain a large size, rarely exceeding 16 or 18 mm. in length. It is a region of crystalline metamorphic rock, deficient in lime, where the land shells generally run under the size usual in New York or the West. The color is yellowish green, and the shell very thin. This type of shell is widely distributed, from Ontario to the mountains of North Carolina and west to Minnesota and Missouri. Fig. 3. — Succinea ovalis Say. Fairmount Park, Pliiladelphia. Nat. size. In the examples of S. ovalis taken at Chittenango Falls the upper part of the spire in living animals is whitish with a papery appearance, the last whorl is pale buff, becoming olivaceous and dusky over the lung. This is in some examples more or less obscured by a gray network, 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, marked with some black blotches, but in others there is a pattern of black streaks very much like that of S. ovalis chittenangensis. See PL VII, figs. 9, 10, 11, (No. 90,084, 90,085 A. N. S. P.) Succinea ohliqua Say, 1824, also was described from Philadelphia, two cotypes mounted on the cards used by Say, and inscribed with his autograph label, being still preserved. They are photographed in fig. 2. These specimens have the spire longer than in ovalis, the suture more oblique, but are otherwise very similar. They are greenish-yellow, though not quite so green as ovalis, and the abundant series of other Philadelphian specimens before me leaves no doubt that they inter- grade perfectly with Philadelphian ovalis. It will not, I think, be possible to use the name ohliqua in a varietal or subspecific sense, though it might be used to indicate the elongate phase or form which the species often assumes, if a name for that be desired.^ It must be understood, however, that the longer phase occurs with the shorter typical ovalis, and is fully connected therewith by intermediate individuals in the same colonies. The synonyms of S. ovalis, and early references thereto discussed above, here follow : Succinea ovalis Say, Journ. A. N. S. Phila. I, 1817, p. 15. Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., 1821, p. 26; Hist. Nat. MoU. Terr., PI. XIa, fig. 1 (not S. ovalis Gould). Succinea ohliqua Say, Major Long's Second Exped., II, 1824, 260, PL 15, fig. 7. DeKay, New York Fauna, Moll., p. 53, PL 4, fig. 53. Binney, Terrestr. Moll., II, p. 69. Succinea campestris Gould, Invert, of Mass., 1841, p. 195, fig. 126. DeKay, New York Fauna, Moll., p. 53, PL 4, fig. 54 (not S. campestris Say). Succinea totteniana Lea, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, II, 1841, p. 32. Succinea ovalis optima n. subsp. Fig. 4. In many localities from New York to Minnesota and Iowa a form much more robust than typical ovalis is found. The shell has coarser wrinkle sculpture, and yellow predominates rather than green. The contour is about that of the larger examples of ovalis (such as those Say called S. ohliqua), but varies to nearly or quite as broad as typical ovalis. The suture is deep, and at the last whorl oblique. The largest specimens I have seen are from the type locality, Crugers Valley, near Upper Red Hook, Duchess Co., N. Y., collected by Mr. W. S. Teator. Two of them measure : ^ S. greeri Tryon has been quoted as a synonym of aS. ohliqua, but it is certainly distinct from that species. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 Length 26, diam. 16, length of aperture 18 mm. " 25 " 13.5 '' " 17.5 " This size is not often reached . In the middle West a length of 20 mm, is near the maximum, and the size of some individuals which seem to be adult is not greater than the largest of the typical form of S. ovalis. Fio;. 4. — Succinea ovalis optima. Xat. size. This large race is what has commonly been called S. obliqua Say, but the true obliqua is merely the longer phase of typical ovalis, and the name is not fairly applicable to the form above described. I have not examined the living animal of this race. I picked up a single bleached specimen of S. o. optima on the beach at Galveston, Texas, in 1886. It had probably floated there, as I do not think it exists in the Austroriparian zone. Sucoinea ovalis ohittenangoensis n. subsi.. Pl. VII, figs. 1 to 8. The shell is yellow or pinkish-yellow, much lengthened, with a longer spire than any other race of S. ovalis; suture deep; whorls 3^, the last rather flattened above, not so convex there as in S. ovalis or S. o. optima. Aperture very oblique, relatively small. Length 22.5 diam. 11.5, length of aperture 14 mm. (No. 90,087). " 23.3 " 11.3 " '' 14 " (No. 90,081). " 21 " 11.3 " '' 13 " (No. 90,079). '' 19 " 10.5 " " 12 " (No. 90,083). Cotypes from a sloping weed-covered talus near the foot of Chitten- ango Falls, Madison Co., N. Y., No. 90,087, 90,081 and 90,079, A. N. 8'. P., collected August 27, 1905, by Messrs. Henderson, Walker, Clapp and Pilsbry. A very large series was taken, associated with a few S. ovalis, from which they are easily separated by the characters given above. I have seen this form from nowhere else. The locality is on the Onondaga limestone (coniferous). 4 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, In the living animal the mantle as seen through the shell is pale yellow with a slight olive tint, olive over the lung; the apex is more or less ruddy. This ground is profusely striped and blotched with black on the last H whorls, as shown in figs. 1 to 5. Over the kidney the black blotches are interrupted and the ground tint is lighter, making a light streak across the whorl, partially seen in figs. 2 and 5 at the right upper portion of the last whorl. Very exceptionally the black blotches are almost absent, as in figs. 6, 7, 8. Fig. 8 represents the least marked individual seen, and probably to be regarded as a case of partial albinism. The lower edge (collar) of the mantle is gray peppered with white dots. The foot is pale yellowish, back and flanks gray with slate tesselation, tentacles slate. The posterior end of the foot is somewhat blackish above. All figures of plate VII were drawn from living animals. In alcohol the black and gray pigment remains, but S. ovalis chitlouuiijuciisis. the yellow tint is fugitive. The pattern of pigmentation of the lung has clearly been influenced by a tendency of the markings to follow veins; but in many specimens this tendency has been lost to a great extent. Summary. (1) Succinea ovalis Say was based upon Philadelphian specimens of the form subsequently described as S. totteniana Lea. It was well figured by Ferussac from examples sent by Say, as early as 1822. The proportion of aperture to length given by Say applies to no other Succinea of the region about Philadelphia. (2) Succinea ovalis Gould, 1841, is a totally different species, which was described as S. retusa by Lea in 1837. The true identity of S. ovalis was recognized by Dr. Binney in 1851. (3) Succinea ohliqua Say, 1824, was based upon elongate specimens of S. ovalis Say, also from Philadelphia. It 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 is an absolute synon5TTi of S. ovalis. (4) S. totteniana Lea and Binney is absolutely identical with the typical S. ovalis Say. Explanation of Plate VII. Figs. 1-S — Succinea ovalis chittenangoensis n. subsp. 1, 2, No. 90,081 A. N. S. P.; 3, No. 90,079; 4, 5, No. 90,080; 6, No. 90,083; 7, 8, No. 90,082. Figs. 9~n— Succinea ovalis Say, Chittenango Falls. 9, 10, No. 90,085; 11, No. 90,084. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, NOTES ON SHARKS. BY HENRY W. FOWLER. The species included in this paper are based on material contained in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, unless otherwise stated . HEXANOHID^. Hexanchus griseus (Gmelin). A dried skin without data. Heptrauchias cinereus (Gmelin). Head 6f to 6^ ; depth 10 to lOf ; snout 3 in head ; eye 4 to 4| ; length of mouth 2^ to 2 J ; interorbital space 3^ to 3f ; front margin of first dorsal 2| to 2f ; front margin of anal 3f to 4|-; least depth of caudal peduncle 4; front margin of lower caudal lobe 2 to 2^; length 32^ to 35^ inches. Two examples from Italy (C. L. Bonaparte, No. 245). Also 2 dried skins without data, the larger 44^ inches long. HETERODONTIDiE. Heterodontas japonicus (Dumeril). Head 5i; depth 7j; depth of head If in its length; width of head 1^; height of first dorsal If; height of second dorsal 1^; height of anal If; lower caudal lobe 1|; pectoral 4f ; tail 4|- in length of body; width of pectoral H in its length. Color in alcohol deep brown with obscure scattered brown spots on trunk, which are however rather sparse. Length 28 inches. No data. Also jaw of another, from Japan in 1891 (Frederick Stearns). SCYLIORHINIDJB. Foroderma stellare (Linnaeus). Head 7f to 8^; depth 8t to 14 ; snout 2^ to 2f in head ; eye 3f to 4f ; width of mouth 2 to 2f ; interorbital space 2^ to 2f ; first dorsal 1^ to 1|; second dorsal 1| to 2^; anal If to 2^; caudal from origin of lower lobe 3f to 4f in rest of body; length 6 to 18 inches. Eleven examples. Italy (Bonaparte). Also 2 dried skins, Nos. ^ and ^, with same- data. Two other dried skins without data. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 53 This genus must now be known by the above name, as Dr. Gill's specification of Catulus stellaris Smith as the type of Catulus^ is not admissible. Under Catulus three species are included by Smith, viz.: Squalus canicula Linn., Scyl. marmoratum Bennett, and C. edwardii Smith. The first of these is here considered as the type, thus allowing it to fall a synonym of Scyliorhinus Blainville. The type of Poro- derma Smith may be considered its first species, Squalus africanum Gmelin. Galeus melastomus Rafinesque. Head 6yV to 7; depth 10 to 14|; snout 2 to 2f in head ; eye 3f to 4f ; width of mouth ly^o to 2f ; interorbital space 2 to 2f ; first dorsal If to 2|; second dorsal If to 2f ; base of anal 1 to If; caudal from origin of lower lobe 2^ to 3f in rest of body; length 7 to 18|- inches. Ten examples. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 253). Also 3 dried skins without data. The above generic name may be adopted for this genus, as Rafinesque includes but two species. They are G. melastomus and Squalus uyato, of which the first may be considered the type. If his intention was to have made S. galeus Linnaeus his type he certainly has missed the opportunity, as that species is not even mentioned, and the inference may be only surmised by reference to his Ind. It. Sicil., 1810. Pristiurus Bonaparte is thus superseded by Galeus Rafinesque. HEMISOYLLIID^. Chilosoyllium indicum (Gmelin). Three examples from Padang (C. H. Harrison, Jr., and H. M. HiUer), Sumatra. Color when fresh in arrack more or less uniform dull brown, lower surface of head, abdomen, and bases of pectorals and ventrals dirty cream-white. The largest 21 inches long. The youngest with very distinct markings. One specimen now in Stanford University. Oreotolobus japonicus (Regan). One example without data. The Japanese material called 0. harbatus by Jordan and Fowler^ is this species. GINGLYMOSTOMID^. Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gmelin). One from St. Martin's (R. E. Van Rijgersma), W. I. Three other- dried skins, and one alcoholic, may have the same data. They are all 1 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 41. 2 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, p. 606. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, uniformly brown and without spots. The largest is but a little over 2 feet in length. The St. Martin's example shows: Head 5h; width of head about 1 in its length; snout If; eye 8; width of mouth about 3; interorbital space If; buccal cirrus 6; front margin of first dorsal about 1^; of second dorsal If; of anal If; pectoral 1^; ventral If; least depth of caudal peduncle 4f; length about 23 inches. Two other examples, probably the Squalus punctatus Schneider, one evidently from St. Martin's (Rijgersma), W. I., and the other from Tortugas (James Roosevelt), Fla. Both are rather sparsely spotted with deep brown. Head 5*; depth 7f to 8; snout 1| to 2 in head; width of mouth 2f to S^; interorbital space If to If; front margin of first dorsal If to If; of second dorsal If to 1|; of anal 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 4^ to 5; pectoral 1^ to If; ventral 1| to 2; length 12 1 to 14| inches. In the preliminary account of this genus by Miiller and Henle^ no species is mentioned, though Drs. Jordan and Gilbert have designated Squalus cirratus Gmelin* as its type. Miiller and Henle's next account includes species.^ Dr. Gill designates "Type Ginglymostoma con- color,"^ which may be assumed to be congeneric with the species of the present group, though somewhat confusing as Nebrius Riippell (its type N. concolor Riippell) was admitted to Ginglymostoma by Dr. Gill himself. CAROHARIID^. Carcharias littoralis (Mitchill). Head 5; depth 8f ; length of first dorsal 2 in head ; of second dorsal 2\; of anal 2f ; of lower caudal lobe 2^; pectoral If; tail 12^- in length of body; entire length 44^ inches. Nantucket (B. Sharp), Mass. Head of a large example from Sea Isle City (W. J. Fox), and jaws from Townsend's Inlet (J. D. Casey), N. J., latter wrongly confused by me with Lamna cornuhica'' Also 3 other pairs of jaws without data. ALOPIID^. Alopias vulpes (Gmelin). Head 8f ; depth 8f ; width of head If in its length; depth of head 1-J; snout about 3^; eye about 6; width of mouth 3; interorbital space 2f ; 3 Wiegm. Arch., 1837, p. 396. * Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, 1882, p. 18. « Syst. Besch. Flag., 1838, p. 23. « Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1861, p. 40. "> Rep. N. J. State Mus., 1905, p. 56. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55 front margin of first dorsal If; least depth of caudal peduncle 2f ; ventral lyV; about 38 series of teeth in upper jaw and 28 in lower; pectoral reaching + to ventral, and its greatest width 2 in its length. Color in alcohol dull gray-brown, more or less uniform, lower surface of trunk and head, also of pectoral and ventral, a little paler. Dorsals and caudal like back. Iris pale slaty-gray. Length 49 inches. New- port, R. I. J. C. Dunn. Also a large dried skin (Bonaparte ^), probably from Italy? liAMNID^. Isurus oxyrinclius Rafinesque. Jaws of a large example, evidently this species, without data. Possibly from Italy? Lamna oornubica (Gmelin). Head about 5 ; depth about 6 J ; snout about 2f in head ; eye 7| ; width of head about 3; gape of mouth 2^; interorbital space 3f ; height of first dorsal 2f ; length of second dorsal 4f ; of anal 4|; least depth of caudal peduncle 9; greatest width of caudal peduncle 4^; front margin of lower caudal lobe H; pectoral 1^; ventral 3. Color in alcohol dull gray-brown on upper surface of body, and pale or whitish below, line of demarcation along side of caudal peduncle sharply defined. Dorsal and upper surface of caudal like back, lower pale like belly, though with more or less grayish. Upper surface of pectoral like back, lower paler like belly. Ventral and anal pale, slightly with grayish. Iris pale olive-gray, eyeball whitish. Teeth whitish. Length 27^ inches. Italy (Bonaparte). OETORHINID^. Cetorhinus maximus (Gunner). Although there is no example in the collection, a large dried mounted skin, said to have been taken in Monterey Bay, Cal., was exhibited in Philadelphia several years ago, and was examined by Mr. Witmer Stone and myself. GALEORHINID^. Cynais canis (Mitchill). Nantucket (Sharp), ]\Iass.; Newport (J. Leidy and S. Powel), R. I.; Sea Isle City (Fox), Atlantic City (C. W. Buvinger, G. W. Tryon, Jr.), and Great Egg Harbor Bay (Leidy), N. J.; E. Coast U. S. (Smiths. Inst.); Italy (Bonaparte). 55 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus). (M. equestris Bonaparte, Icon. Faun. Ital., Pesc. Ill, pt. 2, vii, 1834, descr., PI., fig. 2, mari d'ltalia.) Head 6^; depth about 9; width of head 1| in its length; depth of head at posterior margin of eye 2^; snout measured to eye 2f ; eye Sf; width of mouth 2f ; interorbital space 2f ; width of internasal space 6|; front margin of first dorsal 1^; of second dorsal 1|; of anal 2|-; least depth of caudal peduncle 6f ; front margin of lower caudal lobe 2to i upper margin of pectoral lj\ ; front margin of ventral 2. Body very elongate, depressed in front, sides well compressed, and tapering posteriorly into a long slender caudal, greatest depth about origin of first dorsal. Edges of body rather slightly convex or de- pressed, a very obsolete or shght median ridge down back most pro- nounced on upper surface of caudal peduncle, and down postventral and postanal regions a well-developed deep median groove. Caudal peduncle slender, compressed, and its least depth about If in its length. Head well depressed, profiles tapering similarly, and as viewed above rather elongate wdth somewhat attenuately convergent margins though tip rounded. Snout broadly depressed, edge rather trenchant, and its length but a trifle less than its width. Eye elongate, large, laterally superior, and placed about midway in length of head. Mouth rather broad, symphysis of mandible slightly in front of anterior margin of eye, and rami would nearly form a right angle. Lips thin and hardly developed. At angle of mouth externally a rather long fleshy fold forming a well-developed flap projecting posteriorly, and though groove distinct posteriorly around it, it extends but very little along outer margin anteriorly. About 55 series of blunt tubercles or pave- ment-like teeth in each jaw. Buccal folds rather narrow. Tongue large, broad, its surface minutely asperous, and edges all free and sharp. Nostrils large, well separated on each side of snout below, near last third in length of latter measured to eye, and each with a well-developed flap. Interorbital space broad, well depressed, and but very slightly convex. Gill-openings 5, last 2 over base of pectoral, and third deepest or about 2 in interorbital space. Spiracle small, distinct, and placed behind eye a space equal to about ^ its horizontal diameter. Body covered everywhere with minute shagreen denticles of uniform size. Origin of first dorsal much closer to origin of pectoral than that of ventral or a little nearer tip of snout than origin of second dorsal, its 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 apex forming nearly over its posterior basal margin, and a long slender point projecting behind equal in length to width of mouth. Origin of second dorsal a little nearer posterior basal margin of first dorsal than origin of upper lobe of caudal, base of fin hke that of first dorsal well elevated and fleshy, and fin otherwise similar with posterior point about equal to eye horizontally. Caudal long and slender, origin of upper lobe begins a little behind that of lower, and its distal expansion about 3^ in its own length. Lower caudal lobe a little elevated below, and length of its base about 1^ in entire length of upper. Anal inserted a little behind middle of base of second dorsal, or a little nearer origin of lower caudal lobe than tip of depressed ventral, and similar to second dorsal, only smaller, posterior point equal to horizontal eye-diameter. Pectoral large, upper margin rather evenly convex, reaching f to origin of ventral, and its posterior margin slightly concave. Ventral inserted about midway between origin of ventral and that of anal, rather broad, and its lower margin a little concave. Clasper small, about half length of posterior point. Color in alcohol dull uniform gray-brown above, merging into grayish- white tint uniformly over lower surface of body. Upper fins like back or with grayish, both pectoral and ventral paler below. Iris pale brassy and pupil slaty. Length about 26 inches. No. 617, A. N. S. P., cotype of M. equeslris Bonaparte. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 248). From Dr. T. B. Wilson. Also Nos. 618 to 620, with same data. They show: Head 5^ to 6^; depth 8^ to 10|- ; width of head If to If in its length ; snout 2 to 2J ; eye 4^ to 6^; width of mouth 3f to 3^; interorbital space 2^ to 2|; front edge of first dorsal 1| to If; front edge of anal 1| to 2f ; pectoral 1 to If ; length 10^ to 21f inches. The smallest example is uniform on the back, like the larger ones, and is without any spots or markings. My confusion of these examples with Galeorhinus galeus^ was due to the original labels being evidently wrongly placed. I have verified this by an examination of Bonaparte's original catalogue, where they are also wrongly entered in the latter's own handwriting. Mustelus mento Cope. Fig. 1. (Proc. Am. Philos Soc. Phila., XVII, 1877, p. 47, Pacific Ocean at Pecasmayo, Peru.) Head about 5; depth 7f ; width of head If in its length; snout 2^; eye 5J; width of mouth 3f; interorbital space 2f ; front margin of 8 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1901, p. 332, PI. 13, fig. 4 (anatomy). 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, first dorsal ly\; front margin of second dorsal 2f ; front margin of anal about 3; front margin of lower caudal lobe 2h; least depth of caudal peduncle 6i; pectoral If; ventral 2^^. Body rather well com- pressed, back elevated, edges rather rounded or convex, a very slight median keel down back and a slight median depression down post- ventral and postanal regions. Caudal peduncle slender, well com- pressed, and its least depth about f its length. Head broad, depressed , profiles similar, and when viewed above rather narrowly convergent Fig. 1. — Mustelus mento Cope. (Tj^ie with rounded tip. Edges of snout rather trenchant, and its length equal to its greatest width. Eye elongate, and its center a trifle posterior in length of head. Mouth moderately broad, symphysis falling but a trifle before front of eye, and rami would form a right angle. Lips thin and little free. At each corner of mouth a pointed flap, free behind and with a rather long outer fold. Teeth pavement- like, in about 50 series. Upper buccal fold papillose, with a slightly ragged margin, not entire as stated previously, and narrow. Lower buccal fold entire. Tongue rather pointed, its upper surface very finely asperous, and margins free. Nostrils large, inferior, well separated, about last third in snout measured to eye, and each with a well-developed flap. Interorbital space convex. Body 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 everywhere minutely roughened. Origin of first dorsal nearly midway between tip of snout and origin of second dorsal, apex of fin falling about midway in its length, and posterior pointed flap equals eye horizontally. Origin of second dorsal a little nearer that of first dorsal than last caudal vertebra. Anal with its apex about opposite its posterior basal margin. Upper lobe of caudal begins a little after that of lower, and its distal expansion about 2|- in its length. Lower caudal lobe a" little elevated in front, and its height about 3f in its length. Pectoral reaches f to ventral. Ventral inserted a trifle nearer origin of pectoral than posterior basal margin of anal, and reaching a trifle more than half-way to anal. Color in alcohol with under surfaces^of pectorals and ventrals grayish, other- wise fins of more or less uniform tint of back. Iris pale yellowish- brown, pupil dusky. Length 12i inches. No. 21,104, A. N. S. P., type of M. mento Cope. Pacific Ocean at Pecasmayo, Peru (J. Orton). Coll. of 1876-77. From Cope. Triakis felis (Ayres). Santa Barbara (U. S. F. C), Cal. I adopt Mustelus felis Ayres for this'species, as his name has evident priority. His paper** was read December 4, 1851, which is in the signature dated December 25. This was received by the Academy of >fatural Sciences of Philadelphia on February 6, 1855.^° T. semi- fasciatus Girard occurs in No. 6 of the same volume,^" which was else- where" not acknowledged as having been received until February 20, 1855, and therefore this date may be accepted for its publication. Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus). Head 57; depth about 8-^; snout about 2^ in head; eye 5; length of mandible 3; width of mouth 2^; tip of snout to mandible 2f ; inter- orbital space 2j; front margin of first dorsal ly^^; of second dorsal Sf; of anal 4f ; least depth of caudal peduncle about 5; pectoral If; ventral 3f; length 17f inches. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 254). The other three examples are all smaller, the smallest 9 inches long and showing the attachment of the placenta still in good preservation. These were confused as Galeus mustelus by me, as already explained. Also a dried skin, without data, 44 inches long. « In Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I. *° See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VII, p. xxii, in donations to the library. *^ New York Lye. Nat. Hist. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Galeorhinus zyopterus Jordan and Gilbert. (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1883, p. 871, eiddently based on G. galeus Jordan and Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, p. 42, San Pedro, California; Jordan and Gilbert, I.e., p. 458, San Francisco, Cal.) Head 5y; depth 11?; width of head If in its length; depth of head at posterior margin of eye about 2|; snout 2^; eye 4^; width of mouth at corners 2 J ; interorbital space 21- ; front margin of first dorsal 2 ; of second dorsal about 2; of lower caudal lobe If; least depth of caudal peduncle 5; upper margin of pectoral 1^; front margin of ventral about 5. Body elongate, slender, depressed anteriorly and tapering back from head. Down middle of back, also middle of postventral and postanal regions, a longitudinal groove. Caudal peduncle slender, its least depth about 2^ in its length. Head broadly depressed, about equally so above and below, and as viewed from above profile rather elongately convergent with rounded tip. Snout well depressed, its edge but slightly trenchant, and space between its own tip and front of mouth equal to width of latter. Eye large, elongate, lateral and its center falling a trifle posterior in length ■of head. Nictitating membrane large, well developed, and with a deep pocket between itself and eye. Rami of mandible would nearly form a right angle, though symphysis not quite extended forward till opposite front rim of eye. Teeth pointed, mostly tricuspid, and directed to- wards side of mouth, with outer cusp of each of lateral teeth best developed. About 44? series of teeth in upper jaw. Buccal folds rather well developed and papillose. Tongue large, broad, flattened, rounded in front, and its edge free. Nostrils rather large, well separ- ated or internasal space about half width of mouth, each with a small fleshy point, and placed about last f in snout measured to front of eye. Interorbital space broad, a little convex, and depressed medianly. Gill-openings 5, last 2 over base of pectoral, and third and fourth largest or about If in eye horizontally. Body covered ever5r^'here with simple shagreen points of moderately small and uniform size. Origin of first dorsal a Httle nearer that of second than tip of snout, forming a rather rounded lobe with its apex just before posterior basal margin of fin, and point of latter equals eye horizontally. Origin of second dorsal nearer that of first than end of last caudal vertebra by a space equal to width between outer edges of nostrils, apex of fin form- ing about over middle of its length, and its posterior point about IJ in eye horizontally. Origin of anal a trifle after that of second dorsal, its apex forming about first third in its length and its posterior point 1} in eye horizontally. Origin of lower caudal lobe a little in advance 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 of that of upper, and height of fin at this point about 2f in length of its base. Upper caudal lobe broad, its expansion at end nearly equal to width of mouth or about 3f in its length. Pectoral broad, larger than first dorsal, and reaching f to ventral, with posterior margin a little incised. Ventral inserted a little nearer origin of first dorsal than that of anal, and reaching f to origin of latter. Clasper equals posterior anal point. Color in alcohol deep gray-brown on back, becoming paler gray on sides, and lower surface whitish. Upper surface of snout pale brown- ish. Teeth all whitish. Iris livid grayish and pupil slaty. Nictitat- ing membrane pale like side of head. Dorsals pale brownish, upper or outer portion of lobe dusky to blackish and posterior point becoming very pale to whitish. Caudal pale brownish, end of upper lobe and notch behind lower dusky to blackish, fin otherwise more or less pale. Pectoral dusky or blackish above, pale to grayish below. Ventral and anal whitish like lower surface of body. Length 12| inches. No. 582, A. N. S. P., cotype of G. zyopterus Jordan and Gilbert. San Francisco, California (U. S. F. C. No. 27,190). Galeooerdo tigrinus Mailer and Henle. Head 6|^; depth llf; width of head If in its length; snout 3; width of mouth 2^jj; space between tip of snout and front of mouth 4; inter- orbital space If; pectoral H; base of ventral 4J; caudal nearly 2 in rest of body. Body broad, depressed, and trunk rather slender posteriorly. Caudal peduncle broad, and side from below second dorsal bluntly keeled till opposite middle of lower elongate caudal lobe. Head large, very broad, depressed. Snout broad, rounded. Length of pre- oral region about f width of mouth. Eye anteriorly lateral, with nictitating membrane. Mouth large, beginning well before eye, and gape extends one diameter behind latter. Corner of mouth with long outer fold. Teeth about |f, broad, compressed, directed laterally,, finely serrated along margins, and with five small cusps externally. Tongue broad, not free. Lips rather thin. Nostrils lateral, with small flaps, and nearer front edge of snout than front of mouth. Inter- orbital space convex. Anterior gill-openings large, third largest, and last two over base of pectoral. Peritoneum silvery. Shagreen very fine. First dorsal inserted opposite posterior basal edge of pectoral, with sharp point behind, and height of fin a little less than base. Second dorsal inserted about midway between caudal pits and origin of ventral. A narrow median low keel along back between dorsals. Anal small, inserted below first third of base of second dorsal, its margin deeply 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, concave, and with a sharp point posterioriy. Lower caudal lobe about 2f in upper. Caudal notch near tip. ■ Pectoral falcate, margin con- cave and reaching posteriorly below posterior base of dorsal. Ventral small, broad, obtuse, and inserted nearly midway between posterior basal edge of first dorsal and origin of second dorsal. Color when fresh in arrack slaty-gray, paler below. Upper surface of body and pectoral, also dorsal and caudal, variegated with deep leaden-gray blotches, and many of those on side of trunk more or less elongate and vertical. Length 39^ inches. Padang, Sumatra (Harrison and Hiller). Very large jaws from Guaymas, Mexico; also a pair from Beesley's Point.. N. J. (S. Ashmead) ; a pair from between Turk's Island and Barbadoes (Dr. W. H. Freeman). Prionaoe glauca (LinnEeus). Head 5; depth about 10^; width of head about 2 in its length; snout 2f ; eye about 7h ; width of mouth about 3 J ; interorbital space 2f ; front margin of first dorsal 2^ ; front margin of second dorsal 4§ ; front margin of anal about 4; least depth of caudal peduncle about 7|-; pectoral If; ventral 3^. Teeth with entire edges, and each lateral tooth of upper jaw followed by about four cusps and in lower by one or two. Median teeth in each jaw erect, smaller and with a single slender point. Color in alcohol deep chocolate-brown on back and upper surface, and lower surface pale creamy-white. Dorsals and caudal, except basally at lower lobe, which is whitish, dark like back. Upper surface of pectoral and ventral dark like back, though latter paler, and lower surfaces grayish to whitish like belly. Entire lower surface of head whitish like belly. Iris grayish-slaty, pupil pale. Length 23 inches. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 250). Another dried skin, without data, is 48 inches long. Eulamia milberti (Miiller and Henle). One from Great Egg Harbor Bay (Dr. J. Leidy). The name Carcharias Rafinesque cannot be applied to this genus, as the only species mentioned for it, and therefore its type, is taurus, a sand shark identical with Agassiz's genus Odontaspis. Carcharhinus Blainville^^ is next in order. It is based on commersonii, lamia, lividus, iistus, heterodon, verus, broussonetii, glaucus, cceruleus, megalops, hetero- branchialis, cornuhicus, monensis?, vulpes. Drs. Jordan and Gilbert restrict the first species {commersonii) as its type, but all the evidence shows it to be a nomen nudum, and their suggestion that it is based on Lacepede's figure of Le Squale Requiii}^ seems only assumption when '=> Bull. Soc. Philomath., Paris, 1816, p. 121. " Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1799, pp. 165, 169, PI. 8, fig. 1. 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 judged from Blainville's work alone. If the next of Blainville's specific names are considered, lamia is found first proposed as Carcharias lamia by Rafinesque," without description or diagnosis, and simply as " (Squa- lus carcharias Linnaeus). Carcaria lamia. Pesce Caine, Imbestinu, 6 Lamia." Thus it would be typified by >S'. carcharias Linnaeus, which would upset Carcharodon of Smith, in which case I shall consider the Squalus vulpes Gmelin the type of Carcharhinus Blainville. The next generic name available is Eulamia Gill, which had best be adopted. ^ ■xj Fig. 2. — Eulamia odontaspis Fowler. (T;ype.) Eulamia odontaspis sp. nov. Fig. 2. Head 51; depth 8f ; width of head about If in its length; depth of head at first gill-opening If; snout 2f ; width of mouth 24: interorbital space 2; front edge of first dorsal If; of second dorsal 2; of anal 2^; of lower caudal lobe If ; least depth of caudal peduncle about 5 ; pectoral 1-^; ventral 27. Body depressed anteriorly, apparently rather robust, a slight median Ind. It. Sicil, 1810, p. 44. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, depression down back and another down postventral and postanal regions, greatest depth about origin of dorsal. Caudal peduncle com- pressed, and its least depth about 1| in its length. Head rather well depressed, profiles similar apparently. Snout well depressed, rather short, when viewed above broadly convex, and its length to front of mouth about f its width at that point. Eye small, elongately ellipsoid, and its center about first f in head. Nictitating membrane rather broad. In profile end of mandible a little l^efore front rim of eye, as seen from below profile of symphysis rather broadly convex in front, and its length f its width. No grooves at corners of mouth. Teeth about ff?, similar in both jaw^s, without basal cusps, edges entire, slender, compressed, of rather uniform size and sharply pointed. Nostrils large, lateral, below on snout near last third of its length. Interorbital space broadly convex. Gill-openings 5, second and third deepest or about 5 in head, and last two over base of pectoral. No spiracle. Body covered with very fine shagreen, scarcely rough to touch. Origin of first dorsal about midway between tip of snout and tip of posterior depressed point of second dorsal, and posterior point 2|- in length of fin. Origin of second dorsal about an eye-diameter nearer that of upper caudal lobe than posterior basal margin of first doi-sal, and posterior point of fin 2f in its front margin. Caudal rather small, upper lobe begins a trifle behind lower, and its length about 3f in rest of body. A pit on caudal peduncle, both above and below, at origins of caudal lobes. Anal begins very slightly behind origin of second dorsal, and fin reaching H to origin of lower caudal lobe, tip of posterior process not extending back bej^ond that of end of fin in front. Pectoral broad, inserted rather low, and when depressed reaching about opposite origin of first dorsal, its greatest width If in its length. Ventral broad, its origin slightly behind tip of depressed dorsal, and depresserl fin reaching If to anal. Claspers small. Color of dried skin dull brown generally, lower surface scarcely paler. Fins all unicolor. Length about 20f inches. Type No. 34,634, A. N. S. P. No data, but probably from the Indian Ocean? This interesting specimen is probably identical with Day's figure of Carcharias ellioti}^ His description, however, differs in the outer labial groove, serrated teeth with basal cusps, first dorsal beginning ' Fishes of India, IV, 1880, p. 716, PL 189, fig, 2 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 behind base of pectoral with its base being nearer latter than ventral, inner margin of pectoral ^ of its outer and fin reaching below end of base of dorsal, anal below last f of second dorsal, and caudal 3f in total. His figure of a skin, 6 feet long, differs in some minor details from my example, which however may be due to age. ('Oduf, tooth, 'fiCTTTif, scale; hence Odontaspis, an old generic name applied to the sand sharks, and here used with reference to the super- ficial resemblance of this species.) Eulamia longimanus (Poey). Head about 6| ; depth 81; width of head If ; snout 2f in head ; width of mouth 21; interorbital space ly\; height of first dorsal 2f ; of second dorsal 7f ; least depth of caudal peduncle 4; lower caudal lobe 2|-; pectoral 1-J-; ventral 2f ; upper caudal lobe 3f. Teeth all finely ser- rated and upper but little notched on outer margins. Dorsal inserted just after base of pectoral. Width of pectoral 2 in its length. Length 39 inches. Dried skin without data. Jaws of large example from West Palm Beach (G. B. Wood), Fla., in 1907. Another pair of jaws from the Gulf of Florida (Dr. G. Watson) is probably this species. Eulamia menisorrah (MuUer and Henle). Head 6|-; depth 8|; width of head If in its length; snout 2|-; width of mouth 2f ; tip of snout to mandible 3 ; interorbital space 2 ; height of first dorsal 1^; pectoral 1; length of ventral to posterior tip ly^j least depth of caudal peduncle 4f ; caudal 3 in rest of body. Teeth without serrations, each with several small cusps. Length 25|- inches. Padang (Harrison and Hiller), Sumatra. Also a very young example with same data. Edge of first dorsal very narrowly margined with black, also ends of second dorsal and caudal. Eulamia oxyrhynohus (MuUer and Henle). Head about 4f ; depth 11^; width of its head 2f in its length; snout about 2Jq ; width of mouth 2|; interorbital space 3f ; front margin of first dorsal 2|-; of second dorsal 4; of anal about 4; of lower caudal lobe 2y^-o ; pectoral If ; length of ventral 3f; least depth of caudal peduncle 3^ in snout; eye 8; upper caudal lobe equals head; length 17| inches. Dried skin without data, though probably from Surinam? (Hering?), It differs a little from Miiller and Henle's figure, most likely in respect to age, in having insertion of first dorsal a little more posterior or opposite posterior basal edge of pectoral, depressed pectoral not reaching beyond posterior basal margin of first dorsal, depressed first 5 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, dorsal reaching If to ventral, origin of anal slightly before that of second doi-sal, and origin of ventral nearly midway between posterior basal margin of first dorsal and origin of anal. Scoliodon laticaudus (Miiller and Henle). A small example, 7^ inches long. Straits of Malacca. It agrees largely with Miiller and Henle's figure. Scoliodon terrae-novse (Richardson). Bayport (Cope), Fla. Two dried skins, larger 38 inches long, are -evidently this species; no data. SPHYRNIDiE. Sphyrna tiburo (Linnseus). Newport (Powel) R. I.; St. Augustine (W. Blanding), Fla., in May, 1832. Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes). Head 4|; depth 7; length of disk, along its posterior margin, | its width transversely at second undulation; width of head just after hammer 2-^-j^ in head; width of mouth about 3^; third gill-opening 5f; front margin of first dorsal 1^; length of second dorsal 2f ; of anal 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 4; pectoral If; ventral 2|. Teeth in about 26 series in' mandible. Color in alcohol plain pale brown, a little darker on upper surface of body and paler or whitish on lower. Fins all grayish-brown. Iris slaty. Length 8 inches. Surinam (Hering). Sphyrna zygsena (Linnaus). Nantucket (Sharp), Mass.; Sea Isle City (W. J. Fox), Holly Beach (Miss Edith Ives) and Grassy Sound (Fowler), N. J. ; Surinam (Hering) ; Panama (W. S. W. Ruschenberger) ; Italy (Bonaparte, 251); Padang (Harrison and Hiller), Sumatra. Also 4 dried skins T\ithout data. Sphyrna bloohii (Cuvier). Head 6f ; depth about 9f ?; least width of head behind hammer If in its length ; greatest width of hammer 2f in its length, measured along its inner margin ; least width of hammer 4 ; space between tip of snout medianly and margin of upper jaw about 3 in head; width of mouth 2; length of third gill-opening about 4; base of first dorsal 1^; entire length of second dorsal about 1|; base of anal about 2\; least depth of caudal peduncle 3^; front margin of lower caudal lobe 1^; length of pectoral 1 ; base of ventral 2f ; clasper If. Body long, slender, apparently little compressed, but rather rounded 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 or robust, greatest depth about origin of dorsal, and edges of body- depressed or flattened. No very evident pits at origins of caudal lobes. Caudal peduncle rather robust, scarcely compressed, and its least depth 1^ in its length. Head moderately large, well depressed both above and below and with evenly convex surfaces. Snout rather broadly depressed and moderately short, as viewed from above front margin undulate with a median emargination where tip would form . Each side of head produced laterally into a very narrow^ long depressed hammer-like process with its front margin much thicker than posterior, also former as viewed above a little undulate in profile while posterior is nearly straight. Along anterior margin of each hammer a rather deep groove, extending from nostril half-way to median point of snout and distally to end of hammer. Eye at anterior external lateral extremity of hammer, elongate, rather small, and its horizontal diameter about 4-^ in distal expansion of hammer. Nictitating membrane broad, conspicuous, and evidently leaving a deep pocket on each side. Mouth broad, margin of upper jaw rather evenly lunate or convex, and ramus of mandible would form a very obtuse angle. Gape of mouth about f its width. No groove at each corner of mouth. Teeth all moderately large, directed laterally, entire, rather broadly triangular, and each with an external notch, no basal cusps. About 28 series of teeth in upper jaw and about 24 series in lower. Nostril inferior on hammer along its anterior margin near basal fifth of latter, as measured along its posterior margin, or about inner f of space between tip of snout and end of hammer. Nostril furnished with but a slight flap. Top of head rather broadly convex. Gill-openings, first a little nearer posterior margin of hammer basally than origin of dorsal, last two over base of pectoral, and second and third largest. No spiracle. Body covered entirely with very minute shagreen denticles of appar- ently uniform size. On lower surface of hammer anteriorl}^ a number of more or less conspicuous small pores. Origin of first dorsal nearer tip of snout than that of second or about opposite first fifth in space between origin of pectoral and that of ventral, fin high, falcate, apex forming above just behind its base which is If in its height, and its posterior point about 3f in head. Origin of second dorsal a little nearer that of first dorsal than end of last caudal vertebra or about over middle of base of anal, base of fin about I of its total length and long posterior point 3f in head. Origin of anal a little nearer posterior basal margin of ventral than origin of 68 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF [April, lower caudal lobe, larger and also inserted well before second dorsal, posterior point about If in its length and anterior lobe about equal to length of base. Origins of caudal lobes nearly opposite(?), and distal expansion of upper 7f in its length. Anterior lobe of lower caudal lobe 2yV in length of latter. Upper caudal lobe 2J in rest of body. Pectoral much smaller than first dorsal, interventral space about ^ in length of fin, and greatest width about 2 in latter. In form pectoral rather falcate and pointed and would reach about f of space to ventral. Ventral inserted a little nearer origin of pectoral than that of lower caudal lobe, fin low, its greatest height about last fourth of its length, and clasper well developed. Color of dried skin deep dusky-brown over entire upper surface of body, including dorsals and upper lobe of caudal. Upper surfaces of pectoral and ventral of same tint. Entire lower surface of body pale gray-bown, this also largely over remaining portions of fins, anal and claspers. Teeth whitish. Length 50^ inches. Pondichery, India. June 9, 1840. Thomas Ryan. It differs from Cantor's figure^^ in the narrower and longer hammer. SQUALID^. Oxynotus centrina (Linnceus). Head 5f to 5f ; depth 5f to 7|; width of head 1^ to 2 in its length; depth of head 1|- to If; snout 2f to 3; eye 3f to 4; width of mouth 3f to 4|-; interorbital space 2yV to 3; first dorsal spine 1^ to If; second dorsal spine 1| to 1^^^; least depth of caudal peduncle 4; height of lower caudal lobe 2 to 2|; pectoral 1 ; ventral 1|- to If; length 9|- to 12 inches Italy (Bonaparte, No. 242). From Wilson. Also another, dried skin, with same data. No. ^. Squalus acanthias Linnseus. Castine (G. B. Wood) and Mt. Desert (Dr. H. C. Chapman), Maine; Gloucester (U. S. N. M.), Mass.; Cape May (H. W. Hand), N. J.; Italy (Bonaparte, No. 246). Squalus blainville (Risso). Head 5^; depth 8 to Of; width of head If to H "^ its length; depth of head at first gill-opening If to 2^; snout 2^ to 2f , measured from front of mouth ; eye 3f to 4^ ; width of mouth 2^ to 2^^ ; interorbital space 2f to 2f ; first dorsal spine 2f to 2|?; second dorsal spine 2| to " Quart. Journ. Calcutta Med. Phys. Soc, No. V, January 1, 1838, PI. 1. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 2f ; least depth of caudal peduncle 7 to 8|; pectoral lyV to If^; ventral li to 1|; teeth in 26 series in jaw; length ISf to 26 inches. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 249). Three examples. Entoxychirus uyato (Rafinesque). Head 4i; depth 8; width of head If in its length; snout 2f ; eye 3f ; width of mouth 2| ; interorbital space 2f ; first dorsal spine 2| ; second dorsal spine 3*; least depth of caudal peduncle 5|; pectoral If; ventral 2 ; teeth about f ^ ; length 20| inches. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 241). Centrophorus granulosus (Schneider). Head about 5i; depth about 7f; width of head about 1|- in its length: snout 3; eye-cavity 4; snout to front of mouth about 2^; width of mouth 3; interorbital space 2f ; first dorsal spine 4; second dorsal spine 4|-; least depth of caudal peduncle 6; pectoral 2 along front margin; length of ventral 2^; teeth |^; length, dried, about 33^ inches. Italy? (Bonaparte, No. 42). Also another example, dried, without data, probably same as above? Dr. Doderlcin included Squalus uyato Rafinesque" as a synonym of this species. From the latter's very rude figure,^* though of course of little value, one would be obliged to retain it under Squalus. Etmopterus spinax (Linnaus). Head 5yV to 5f ; depth about 6^ to 9f ?; width of head If to If in its length ; snout 2|- to 3^ ; eye 3 to 5 (iris) ; width of mouth 2f to 2f ; space between tip of snout and front margin of upper jaw If to If'o-; inter- orbital space 2^ to 2f ; least depth of caudal peduncle 5f to 6^; height of lower caudal lobe 3f to 3f ; pectoral ly^ to 2yV; ventral If to If; teeth 1^; length lU to 16| inches. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 243). Three examples. Centre scyllium fabricii (Reinhardt). George's Bank (U. S. N. M.). A young example. DALATIID^. Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre). Head 6^; depth 8f to 9; width of head If to 1|; depth of head about If to 2|; snout 4f to 4^; eye, to edge of iris, Q^ to 7; space between tip of snout and front margin of upper jaw 3f ; width of mouth 2f to 3f ; interorbital space 2f to 3 ; length of first dorsal U to If ; length of second " Car. Nuov. Gen. Sicilia, 1810, p. 13. " Squalus uyaius Rafinesque, I.e., Pi. 14, fig. 2. 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, dorsal If to If; least depth of caudal peduncle 6 to 6|^; height of lower caudal lobe 2f to 2f ; pectoral 1^; ventral, without clasper, 1^^; length 32 J to 33| inches. Italy (Bonaparte, No. 240). Two examples. SQUATINID^. Squatina squatina (Linnseus). Three from Italy (Bonaparte, No. 238) ; one from Bay of Naples (Dr. H. C. Chapman); large example without data. Also three dried skins, without data. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SQUALOID SHARK FROM JAPAN. BY CHIYOMATSU ISHIKAWA, PH.D. Squalus japonious Ishikawa, new species. Acanthias vulgaris Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poisson, p. 304, PI. 135, 1850; Acanthias vulgaris, Ishikawa, Prelim. Cat., p. 61, 1897. Not of Risso. Body elongate, slender, tail moderately tapering behind. Head rather narrow; snout produced, pointed, upper surface flattened; nostrils nearer mouth than tip of snout, nearly midway between angle of mouth and tip of snout. Nasal flaps normally formed. Eyes large, lateral, situated nearer first gill-opening than end of snout. Length of eyelid a little less than half distance from its anterior angle to tip of snout. Spiracles large, closely posterior to and little above eye, vertical diameter of spiracle slightly over one-third length of eye. Spiracular valve not very fleshy. Narrow groove between posterior angle of eye and lower border of spiracle. Mouth moderate, slightly curved, situated at about three-fifths distance from tip of snout to level of first gill-opening. Upper Hp well developed, lower closely attached to teeth within. Oral groove nearly straight, deep. Teeth of upper jaw smaller than those of lower, and somewhat more erect. Gill-openings in front of base of pectoral, and slightly above, fourth and fifth gill-slits somewhat nearer together than preceding ones. First dorsal nearer to pectoral than to ventral, its origin somewhat in advance of inner posterior angle of pectoral, midway between tip of snout and origin of second dorsal; first dorsal spine slightly less than height of fin ; posterior border somewhat emarginate and slightly pro- duced. Second dorsal about midway between ventral and caudal, smaller, posterior margin rather deeply emarginate, lower lobe moder- ately produced ; spine as long as fin and longer than that of first. Both spines triangular, without any lateral groove, but hinder margin slightly hollowed out. Pectorals large, but shorter than head, reaching beyond origin of first dorsal, its hinder margin moderately emarginate. Ventrals midway between first and second dorsals; caudal lobes well developed. Upper caudal groove triangular and ver}^ distinct; lower rather inconspicuous. Scales very minute, closely set; each with a median keel which ends 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, in a point and with smaller ones on each side. Scales at extreme end of snout granular, and without any keel. Lateral line distinct, Male copulatory organ large, with a hook-like appendage near extreme end on inner side, and with another hook on outer side proximally to the former. Three specimens were examined, two males bought at the Tokyo market, and said to have been caught in the Sagami Bay, and a single female from Kagoshima. They are in the Imperial Museum of Tokyo. The proportional lengths of different parts in a male specimen are as foUows: 6^ Total length 700 mm. Snout to nostril 42 " Snout to first gill-slit 120 " Snout to mouth 75 " Nostril to mouth 30 " Mouth to anus 276 " Diameter of body at first gill-slit 74 " Diameter at spiracles - . . . . 73 " Length of upper caudal lobe 132 " Length of lower caudal lobe 72 " Base of first dorsal 30 " Height of first dorsal 39 " First dorsal to ventral 43 " Base of second dorsal 24 " Height of second dorsal 26 " Second dorsal to upper caudal lobe 73 " Length of pectoral 88 " Breadth of pectoral 60 " Eye to dorsal end of first gill-slit 44 " Distance between nostrils 33 " Gape 36 '' Length of eye 26 " Length of oral groove 24 " Deepest part of oral groove 8 " Snout to eye 50 " First dorsal spine to second dorsal spine 230 " Eye to first gill-slit 45 " Snout to first dorsal spine 220 " Length of first dorsal spine 38 " Dorsal margin of dorsal fin 63 " Length of second dorsal spine 49 " Dorsal margin of second dorsal fin 47 " General Considerations. — Judging from the very scanty literature we have, I am inclined to consider the present species to come nearest to 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 Acanthias hlainvillii of Risso, from which it differs only in the position of the first dorsal, tlie origin of which Giinther gives as being placed "conspicuously in advance of the inner posterior angle of the pectoral" (Giinther, Catalogue of Fishes, Vol. VIII, p. 419, 1870), otherwise it accords well with the description given by Miiller and Henle to this species (Miiller and Henle, Plagiostomen, 1841, pp. 84-85), so that I was rather inclined to regard our specimen to be the same species. Since, however, the descriptions of these authors are very short, making the identification of the species difficult, I have allowed myself to propose a new name for our Japanese form. A fact of some interest regarding this species, however, is the presence of two hooks attached to the copulatory organ in our forms, whereas Miiller and Henle give it to be the generic character of Acan- thias that the "Mannchen haben an der aussern Seite des Endes der Anhange einen beweglichen, am Ende wenig gekriimmten Dorn oder Stachel." Whether the second spine we fmd in our specimen does exist in the specimens of these authors, or whether it was overlooked by them, which fact is, judging from the otherwise very careful and accurate descriptions of the German authors, very improbable, I am at loss to form any definite opinions. In case, however, the first alter- native proves to be the fact, then the specific distinction of our forms is beyond any doubt. This species is well distinguished from the more common Japanese species of this genus, Sqiialus mitsukurii of Jordan and Snyder. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, ANIMAL NAMES AND ANATOMICAL TEEMS OF THE GOSHUTE INDIANS. BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN. The Indians commonly known as Goshutes represent a tribe of the great Shoshone family, now much reduced in numbers. At this time the remnant of the tribe is gathered principally in two colonies, one located in Skull Valley, Utah, and the other across the desert in Deep Creek (Ibapah), near the Utah-Nevada border. Permanent camps existed in these same places long before the advent of white settlers. The Indians of these two colonies had a single tribal organization, the last recognized chief of which, Ta'bi by name, died a number of years ago. The Indians that formerly held possession of the region from Salt Lake Valley to Weber Valley were close in language and customs to the Goshutes proper; but they had a distinct tribal organization. Their last chief, named Goship, is said to have been buried south of Salt Lake City, near the present site of the State Prison. According to the statement of survivors of this band, in the days of Goship's prime, when he seems to have been renowned as a war-chief, his fol- lowers numbered some thousands. Beginning with the advent of the Mormon pioneers, however, a rapid decrease in this band occurred, so much so that in a surprisingly few years it was practically extinct. The principal agency in this decimation w^as certain diseases, brought by the whites, to which the natives had never before been exposed , and to which, as a consequence, they had acquired no special resistance. They died off, it is said, by the hundreds. Almost overnight an entire camp would be swept free of every living soul. In 1848, for example, an epidemic of measles broke out among them. Ignorant of the proper treatment of the disease, and not knowing whence it came, many assembled at the Warm Springs north of Salt Lake City, and sought relief by bathing in these waters. They died off in large numbers, as many as forty being heaped in a single grave. The few individuals that now survive from a once proud tribe have taken up their abode with neighboring tribes and bands. The Goshutes proper, in the valleys to the west, also suffered strong reduction. The languages of the Goshutes and of the Goships,.as we may con- veniently and in accordance with their own usage designate the Indians 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 of the two chieftaincies above mentioned, are veiy close to that of the Shoshones proper, much closer than to that of Utahs, notwithstanding some M'idespread statements to the contrary. Between the dialect used by the Goships and that of the more western bands the differences are largely phonetic, certain sounds in one replacing certain ones in the other with great regularity. Thus, ij at the beginning of syllables in Goshute words commonly becomes n in the Goship. For example, ym'up, Goshute for sternum, becomes nuYup in Goship; and, similarly, pai'ya, Goshute for wasp, becomes pai'na. The names for less common animals or other objects were occasionally quite different. Even between the Indians of the Skull Valley and Deep Creek bands, between which there has been continual intercourse and migration, certain phonetic differences in language are found. Thus, the sound of z in the Skull Valley dialect commonly changes to the sound of th in the Deep Creek; e.g., ma dzi'ka, to cut, and madza'tua, to close, in the former, become respectively ma dthi'ka and ma dtha'tu a in the latter. In the present paper I give a list of animal names and anatomical terms used by these Indians. Wliere differences between the termin- ology of the Goshutes and that of the Goships are known to exist the different forms are given. Where no such difference is indicated the term given is to be regarded as common to both in most cases. Many of the names of animals are imitative, as is true of a larger number in our own tongue than we commonly realize; a large number are descriptive of feature or habit; while fewer have some legendary reference. No effort is made in this place to present such philosophy as this people had or has concerning the animal world, their animal legends, or their many observations upon the habits and characteristics of the different forms. Where the significance of a name is sufficiently clear the analysis is indicated. Some of the names, because of age, seem to have undergone changes, rendering analysis no longer possible. Certain endings and significant syllables occurring frequently may be noted with ad^'antage. 1 . The nominal ending -nump or -iimp is affixed to verbs to indicate the means or instrument by which the actions represented by the verbs are performed. For example: ha'vi nump, bed ; from ha'vi do, to lie down, and -niimp. ti'tsi a nump, table-fork ; from ti'tsi, to stick into, and -nump. Less commonl}' it is used in the same sense as -up or -p as indicated under 2, 2. The ending -up or -p is used. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, (a) As a nominal ending indicating the object, substance or material produced or involved- For example: tik'u'p, food ; from di'ka rro, to eat, and -up. pa' gin up, cloud ; from pa' gin, to produce water, and -up. (b) As an adjective ending. For example: wi'do lip, leaky ; from ivi'do in, to leak, and -up. 3. The particle na, used both as prefix and affix, designates a sup- port, instrument or means. For example: na'dzi ta, walking cane ; from na, and dzi'ta, a stick or rod. na'tze ya, handle ; from na and ma tze'ya, to carry. 4. The particle do or rro is common (a) As an ending in verbs, particularly in those indicating personal action. For example: ka'rri do, to sit down. gits'hwai do, to chew. (6) As a nominal ending, designating the thing as the agent perform- ing or the thing concerned in some action or object. For example : ma' si do, finger-nail; from ma, the hand (in compounds), si, indicating extension in plate-like form, and do. 5. ma, a particle indicating the hand or relation to the hand. For example : ma' so gi, finger, mam'bi shu ga, to rub the hands together. 6. da, a particle similarly indicating the foot or relation to it. For example : da' so gi, toes. da'pi shu ga, to rub or scrape with the foot. 7. tso, a particle often used as referring to or meaning the head. For example : tso'ti gi nump, pillow ; from tso, ma tVgi, to place, and -nump. tso' go tin, to bump the head ; from tso and go'tm, to strike. 8. hi, a particle widely used to indicate life or part of a living body. For example: 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 bi'a or hi, the heart, -bite, an affix frequent in animal names; as momfhitc, owl, and tu'ko- hitc, wildcat. pam'hi, head ; from pam {pa, top, -m, adj. ending) and bi. iim'pi, mouth. This particle was, it seems, formerly the ending in the names of some parts of the body now designated by different terms, in some of which the particle no longer occurs. Thus for head there was a more ancient term, tso'pi, the first syllable of which is now alone used as indicated under 7. Foot, now designated by namp, seems to have had another name, da' pi; and similarly with hand, for which the present term moq was apparently preceded by ma'bi or mam'bi. The firet syllables in these are used in similar way to tso, as indicated under 5 and 6. 9. wa as a verbal particle means to bend, to turn aside, to wriggle. Probably secondarily it means to produce, etc. Hence in some Shoshone dialects, used alone, it means infant, young. It is frequent in names of animals, where its primary use would seem to be to indicate a young animal, or an animal so regarded. ai'wa, a fawn. wa'hi, a worm. 10. T, s, ts, tc, tci, and k are noun endings, the exact force of which need not be here discussed. 11. N or m added to a noun converts the latter into an adjective. For example: pa, water; pam, aquatic. ni'wa, liver; ni'ivam, hepatic. When a merely phonetic difference exists between words as used in Skull Valley and Deep Creek, the pronunciation of the former is fol- lowed, that of the latter being readily derivable from it. The values of the different letters as used in the present paper are indicated below. a, e, i and o when unmarked are given their usual long sound in European tongues. a is sounded hke a in fat. e is sounded like e in met. i is sounded hke i in pit. u is sounded like u in butter. ii is sounded like ii in German miide or as u in the French lune. u is sounded like oo in boot. ai is sounded like ai in German Kaiser or i in bite. 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, oi is sounded like oi in boil. q is sounded like ch in German lachen, Dach, etc. sh is sounded as in shell. tc is sounded like ch in English chance, or like c in Italian cicerone. rr is sounded with a roll as in the Spanish perro. n is sounded like ng in the English words sing, gong, etc. Other consonants have their usual force in English. English-Goshute. abdomen ; belly : sap. bo'tsi (Deep Creek, in addition to sap). after-birth : ga'rrip. animal : mi'a gwain. ant (general term) : a'ni. ant, red {Pogonomyrmex occi- dentalis, var.) : a'ni gwi tchuk. a'rran gotsabi (Goshute, D. C). ant, black (Camponotus pennsyl- vanicus, etc.) : a'ni. a'rra si watc (Goshute). This ant and related forms is said to have been eaten formerly by the western Goshutes during times of scarcity. The red ant, be- cause of its strong taste, was not eaten. The ants were gathered by being allowed to cover thickly a hide spread over their nest, and were then brushed off into a suitable receptacle or bag. They were cooked by being placed in hot ashes in a wicker or other vessel. ant, velvet {Mutilla, etc.) : ga'go (Goshute, D.C.). This name means "grand- mother." antelope (Antilocapra americana) : (a) female: kwa'ri. (6) male: pi'u wants, antenna (as of locust) : ap. [a, process, horn, etc. + p.] gwa'shi bu hu (this term was applied to the long antennae of the crayfish). [gica shi, tail or tail-like ob- ject + hu hu.] anus: gwi'ttits. [givi {kivi), a root meaning to shoot forth, expel, etc. + tuts, the latter likely com- posed of to, designating a tube-like object + is, nomi- nal ending.] aorta : Bi'a mo ko. [hi' a, heart + mo'ko.] arm: bu'i do;bu'rro. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 1908.] avocet {Reciirvirostris americana) : pa'rro gots; pa'do gots. [pa, water + rro or do {vid. supra) + gots.'] axilla; arm-pit: a'na. axolotl (larva of Ambhjstoma) : pa'bo go tci. [pa, water + ho (po) + go tci.] B. back: gwai'unip ; gwai'um, back-bone ; vertebral column : gwai'o rra. [gwai'ump, back + o'rra, trunk, stalk, etc.] badger (Taxidea americana) : u'na. bangs ; front hair : mo'pi hail ga sa (mo pai han ga sa). [Prob. mo'hi, nose + han'ga- sa, general term for pend- ent hair or locks, q. vid.] bat (general term) : o'na bite, beak; bill (of bird): mf tcu ga ; mi'tctig. bear, general term : wu'da. bear, black ( Ursus americanus) : (a) black: tu'wuda. [tu, from tu'o hit, black + ivu'da.] tu'mu su i; tu'miish. [tu, black + mu'su i.] (b) brown: o'awuda. [o^a from o'a hit, yellow or brown + wu'da.] 79 o'a mu su i ; o'a mush. [o'a, brown + mii'su i.] oi'ya rro. bear, grizzly ( Ursus horrihilis) : a'shi wu da. [a'shi, from a ski hit, gray + wu'da.] to'sa wu da. [to'sa, from to'sihit, white, gray + wu'da.] beaver (Aplodontia rufa) : ha'ni; a'ni. pa'o unts; pa'o unts a ni. [pa'o, referring to water + -Unts.] bee, bumble (Bombus, various species) : i'bi mu. pi'i bi mil. [pi'iip, big + I'hi niii.] bee, honey (Apis mellifica) : tai'bo pai na (Goship). [tai'ho, white man + pai'na, wasp, bee.] tai'bo pai ya (Goshute). beetle (general term) : i'sha gu ; i'sha gi a. [i'slia, wolf + gu, probably from gi'a, to bite, to eat, etc.] Beetles are called "wolf's food," because said to be eaten at times by the coy- ote and wolf, beetle, wood-borer, larva of : a'rruts (Goship). u'o a bi (Goshute). beetle, dung (Aphodius, etc.) : kwi'tu bu i. [kwit'up, manure + hu'i.] 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, beetle, lady-bird {Coccinella, etc.) : ?a'ka na bun. [a'ka, branch, etc, + na + bun, thing resting or living upon, etc.] beetle, tumble-bug : wo'tsa wan dl tci. [wo'tsa wan, to roll + bl tci.] The name of these beetles is given in reference to their well-known habit of form- ing balls of manure which they roll often long dis- tances before depositing their eggs in them, beetle, water-scavenger (Hydro- philus) : tu'ban di sip. [tu from tu^o bit, black -1- pa, water + n, adjective end- ing + (prob.) di'si, signify- ing, from its composition, to stick or press into, press through, pass through, etc, -\- p, nominal ending.] The latter part of this name, ban di sip, is a somewhat general term applied to various aquatic forms, both animal and plant, bile: ni'wam bui. [ni wa, hver + m, adjective ending -t- bu i.] bile-duct : ^si'gwa na di wok, {si'gwa + na'di wok, indicat- ing a connecting tube or cord, etc] bird (general term) : oi'tcu;hoi'tcu. _^^ bison {B. americanus) : (a) cow : tsa'kwitc u ; sa'kwitc-u . ti'bi tci gwitc, [tVbi tci, true -f kwttch, from kwitcen, a word now commonly applied to the domestic cow {Bos).] (6) bull: po'ijin. bittern, American {Botaurus len- tiginosus) : mo'piin gwi. This name is imitative of the Spring song or "booming" of this bird, which is well represented by the repeti- tion of these syllables six or seven times, with the ac- cent strongest upon the second syllable and the last one sounded least dis- tinctly, black-bird (general term) : pa'giin siik. black-bird, red-winged (Agelaus phoeniceus) : puil'go pa gun suk. [pun'go, horse -j- pa'gUn siik.] The name of "horse-black- bird" is given to this species, because observed frequently to follow after horses in fields in order to work over the droppings, black-bird, yellow-headed {Xan- thocephalus icterocephalus) : sai'pa gun siik. [saip, bulrush + pa'giin suk, blackbird.] bladder, urinary: sip. [sip in strictness means the 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 urine (q. vid.), but is also apjDlied to the urinary sac] si'mo guts. [sip, urine + mo guts, pouch or sac] blood : bu'up;bwap. blood-vessel (vein or artery) : bai'bup ; bai u bi ; bai. [bai, to fill or swell + bu'up, blood.] blue-bird, Rocky Mountain {Sialia arctica) : ho'ka du i; wo'kwa du i. bob-white (Colinus virginianus) : tai'bo hu i tcu. [taVbo, white man + hu'i tcu, bird.] ?wu'pa mu gi; wu'pa mu gi ga- ha (Goship). [wu'pa, probably from ma- wu'pain, to beat -|- woo'gi, with or without ga'ha.] Not a native of but early in- troduced into Utah. Thus the first name, bone: dzo'nip. brain : ku'bish. tso'ku bish. [tso, pertaining to the head + ku bish.] bug, stink (Pentatomid) : a'ka na buii. [a'ka, branch of tree, etc. + na + bun, that which lies or rests upon, etc.] kwi'tii pi shu int. [kivit'up + manure + pi shu- in + t.] This term, obtained from a Deep Creek Indian, is not in general use. piii'uts. Of these three terms the first is the standard, bug, giant, water (Belostoma) : ban'di sip. [pa, water -|- n, adjective end- ing + prob. dX'si, to thrust into, pass through, etc. -{- P-] butcher-bird {Lanius borealis) : tSfn'tso na. butterfly (general) : hai'po rruil. buttocks : bi'ta go. caddis-worm : pa'si wiit. [pa, water.] calf: kwitc'en du a. [kwitc'en, cow 4- en du'a, young one, etc.] calf (of leg) : witc. caribou (Rangifer) : ?tu'pa rri a (Goship). See Moose. carp {Cyprinus carpio) : tai'bo pS,n witc [tai'bo, white man + p&fi wXtc, fish.] Called by this name because introduced into the region by white men. carpus ; carpal bone : pi'a ma tso ni. 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [April, {pi'up, large + ma, pertain- ing to the hand + tso'ni, tso'mp, bone.] cartilage : > si'no wi. caterpillar (of Samia, Archippus, etc.) : pi'a ga. caterpillar (various hairy forms) : pu'i wa bit. [puH + wa'bi, worm.] cedar-bird {Ampelis cedrorum) : wa'wi tco go b!tc. centipede (Scolopendra; also Li- thohius, etc.) : tim'pin to go a. {tlm'pi, stone, etc. + n, adjective ending + to' go a, rattlesnake.] cerebellum : te'e ku bish. {te'e, small + ku'bish, brain, nerve material.] cerebrum : pi' a ku bish. [pi'up, large + ku'hXsh.] chickadee, black-capped (Parus atricapillus) : i'jugi. [Imitative.] chickadee, mountain {Parus mon- tanus) : a'ni ki. [Imitative.] The call of this bird is repre- sented by the Goshutes as j a'ni ki, kt, ki, etc. cheek : sob. chin : gi'pin go. [gl'pift, pertaining to mouth -1- go, bending round, angle, etc.] chipmonk ( Tamias lateralis) : hoi. chub (Leuciscus) : wi'tca p&n gwitc. cicada, two-year, or dog-day har- vest fly {Cicada tihicen) : gi'a;gu. The cicada and its larvae were formerly used as food when abundant. They were placed in holes lined with hot stones, covered, and allowed to remain thus until cooked. cicada, seventeen-year {Cicada septendecim) : ta'bi da. clam, fresh-water (Anodonta) : wa'go tin du ru a. [wa'go, frog + un, article + du ru a, child.] wa'go (short for that above) . clam-shell : wa'go tin kar ni. [wa'go, short for clam + lin, article + kar'ni, house, enclosure, etc.] clavicle : o'ko. tso'ni wok. claw. See finger-nail, coccyx: gwa'shi tso nip. [gwa'shi, tail + tso'rvip, bone.] 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 colt: puii'go en du a. [piifi'go, horse + en or iin + du a, young one.] comb : 2,n'ka go si up. [afi'ka hit, red + go si up.] cow {Bos) : kwitc'en. cow-bird (Molothnis ater) : pa'su urn pa gun suk. [pa^su ump, sand + pa'gun- suk, black-bird.] coyote {Canis latrans) : i'ju pa. crane, blue. Sec blue heron, crane, northern l^rown {Grus cana- densis) : ko'rra. [Imitative.] crane-fly {Tipula, etc.) : i'ju pa mo po. {i'fu pa, coyote + mo'po, mosquito.] This name, "Coyote mos- quito," is legendary. pi'a mo po (not approved). [pi'a, big -I- mo po, mosquito.] cray-fish : pa'to go bi. [pa'to + go'hi, face.] cricket, black {Anahrus simplex) : ma'so. These crickets, in particular, were formerly regularly eaten when abundant, be- ing roasted in pits lined with hot stones and cov- ered (vid. under Cicada). Sometimes they were eaten without previous cooking. During certain seasons this form occurred in vast swarms or "armies," at such times furnishing an easily obtainable, abund- ant and relished food-sup- ply. It is likened by the Goshutes to the shrimp, which, indeed, they term the "fish-cricket" (ma so- panwitc). This cricket and the Cicada, which occurred in similar abundance, were apparently the most impor- tant sources of Arthropod food. cricket, common {Gryllus) : tsu'rru pmtc (Goship). tsu'du kum bite (Goshute). tsin'a pintc (Go.shute). ti'da kum. crow (Corvus americanus) : hai. curlew (Murenius longirostris) : ko'hwi (Goship). ko'ki (Goshute). [Imitative.] D. deer, black-tailed or mule : (a) general term: so'ko rri. (6) male : so'ko rri tin gu um pa. [so'korri + un, article + gu- um pa, male, mate.] deer, white-tailed or Virginia (Odocoileus virginianus) : jo'gwi. deerskin : so'ko rra em bur. [so'korri, deer + em bur, hide.] 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, dew-claw: ma'bin tea, [ma'hin, pertaining to the hand, etc. + tea.'] diaphragm : a'bo. dipper or water ouzel {Cinclus mexicanus) : pau'witcu; pau'oi tcu. • [pa, water + oi'tcu, bird.] During times of drought, the Goships claim, rain may be brought by grinding up the flesh of one of these birds, casting the same overhead and pronouncing certain sentences, dog {Canis jamliaris) : sa'dcti; sa'rritc; sa'rri. dove, mourning (Zenaidura caro- linensis) : ai'wi. dragon-fly (general term) : pa'ga mu tu nats. [See humming-bird.] duck (general term) : bu'i. duck, black-head {Fulix affinis) : tu'pam pi bu i. [tu, black + pam'bi, head + hu'i.] duck, golden-eyed (Glaucionetta clangula americana) : ko'ka pi gin. [Reference to whistle or whirr produced by wings.] duck, mallard (Anas boscas) : pi'a bu i. [pi'up, big -1- hu'i.] duck, red-head (Fuligula ferina americana) : j M'ka pam pi bu i. [dn'ka, from cm'ka bit, red 4-, pojm'pi, head + bu'i.'\ duck, pin-tail {Dafila acuta) : wo'vin gwa shi bu i. [ivo'vin, pole, sprout, etc. -f giva'shi, tail -[- bu'i.] duck, spoonbill or shoveller {Spa- tula clypeata) : so'a bu i. duck, teal (general term) : so'ko bu i. [so'kup, ground -1- bu'i.] The name, "ground duck," refers to the habit of these ducks of nesting upon the ground rather than among rushes in water, ti'sa bu i. [ti'sa, small + bu'i.] duck, teal, blue-winged (Querque- dula cyanoptera) : M'ka so ko bu i, ^n'ka ti sa bu i, [Hn'ka bit, red + so'ko bu i or ti'sa bu i, teal duck,] The name refers to the cin- namon-colored breast, duck, wood (Aix sponsa) : o'bin bu i, [o'bm, pertaining to wood + bu'i.] dura mater : dzo'po a, [dzo, pertaining to the head or brain(?) -|- bo' a, skin, etc.] eagle (general term) : gwi'na. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 eagle, bald {Haliaius leucoceph- alus) : pa'si a. eagle, golden {Aquila chrysoetos) : pi'a gwi na. [pi'up, big + gwi'na.] ear: nS,n'kus; naiik. ear-hole : n^n'km dain. [ndn'kin, pertaining to the ear + dain, hole.] ear, lobule of : nS,fi'km du a. [ndiVkin, pertaining to the ear + du'a.] earth-worm {Lumbricus, etc.) : so'ko wa bi (Goshute). pa'u wa bi ; pa'u hwiip (Goship). [The first term consists of so'kup, earth + loa'hi, worm; the second of pa'u, pertaining to water -\- wa'hi (cf. German Regen- wurm).] egg: noi'ya. elbow : gip- elk (Cervus canadensis) : (a) general term: pa'rra hi. (6) male : pa rri en gu um pa. [pa'rri + gu'um pa, male, mate.] esophagus : diii'gi ok. eye: bu'i ; bu. eye-brow : gai'ba. eye, humor of : bu'i pa. \hu'i, eye + pa, water.] eye, lens of : bu'i rrin du ga. eye-lash : bu'rro sip. \bu'i, eye -f- rro -{- sip, that which protrudes in plate- or leaf-like form, etc.] eye-lid : bu'i bo timp. \hu'i, eye + ho, cover, etc. -}- limp.] epiglottis : ai'go bi shi a. [ai'go, tongue -[-hi + shi'a.l F. face: go'bi ; gob. fat: yuq. [so'yo hobui; so'yo ho bwi.] fawn, young of deer : ai'wa. [Probably ai, to spring or leap, etc. + wa.] feather : shi'up. ga'sa gunt; ga'sa (applied commonly to long wing feathers. Cf. wing), ferret, black-footed : kwi'pu ka (Goship). [Said to be imitative, the cry being represented as kwip, kivip, kiDip.'l The identification was from figure and description of habits. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, fetlock : ma'pii. [7na, hand, paw, etc. + pii.] fetus : du'i tci. [du'a, child, j'oung + tci, tsi, diminutive.] fin (of fish) : pa'wu gi. [pa, water + wu'gi, flail, etc.] finch, Allen's rosy (Leucosticte australis) : kai'ma. pi'a kai ma. [pt'wp, large + kai'ma.] finch, crimson {Carpodoeus pur- purea) : kai'ma. finger (general term) : ma'su i ki. ma'so gi. [ma, hand, pertaining to the hand + su't ki or so'gi, indicating things repeated or of the same kind.] finger : (a) index: ma'tsi tsuk. (6) httle: ma'tu a. (c) middle or second : ma'ti bi- a ka. (d) third : tu'i ma tsi tsuk. finger-nail ; claw : ma'si do. [ma, hand, pertaining to hand + si'do, to protrude in plate-like form, plate-like object protruding.] flesh, meat: du'ku ; tu'kwa. fly, horse ( Tahanus) : pi'pi ta. fl}^ horse, banded (Chrysopa) : on'ti ya kwa. [on'ti, probably from 07i ti gait, brown -|- ya'kwa.] fly, house (Musca) : a'ni bo. fly-catcher, yellow-bellied {Em- pidonax flaviventris) : pin'ji rrii. fly-catcher, yellow-bellied striped (Myodinastea luteiventris) : an'i ta; wan'i ta. [an' go, timber, etc. -|- i'ta (cf meadow-lark.)] foot: namp. [Apparently na, support, that which is beneath and sup- ports, etc. + ump, nominal ending {rid. ante).] forehead : ga;gai. foreskin : pa'skin ip. fowl, domestic : (a) general: tai'bo ka um buil. [tai'ho, white man -|- ka um- huii.] ka um buil ilm gum pa. (6) cock. [ka'um hufi + gum' pa, male mate, etc.] fowl, guinea {Numida meleagris) : wi'jungwi na. [ivi'ja, sage-hen -f- givi'na.] Socalled because thought to resemble in some ways the sage-hen. fox, general term : wa'ni. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87 fox: (a) gray: to'sa wa ni. [to'sa, from to'sihit, white or gray + iDa'ni.] (6) kit or burrowing : yi'ba. (c) red : wai'am bite, on'ti wa ni. [onfti, from on'ti gait, red- dish brown, etc. + wa'ni.] (d) silver or black : tu'wa ni. [tu, from tu'ohit, black + G. gall-bladder: ni'wam bii i. ni wam bu i tsuk. [ni'wa, liver -{- m -\- hu'i, blood, fluid, etc. Tsuk, when not added, is to be understood. It means sack or pouch. (Cf . bile.)] gill (of fish) : pa'so na. [pa, water -t- su'na. Cf. lung.] giraffe : pai'wa. This name was applied by these Indians to certain mythical creatures with long necks which were sup- posed to live in the Warm Spring Lake north of Salt Lake City, in which they were supposed to have holes. When the giraffe was first seen by them at circuses exhibiting at Salt Lake, they immediately identified it with the crea- ture they claimed formerly dwelt in the lake before mentioned, gizzard : bi'bonts. goat, Rocky Mountain {Oreamnos montanus) : ka'ni ru unts; ka'ni runts. goat-sucker {Chordeiles virgin- ianus) : ho'i duk. glans penis : wu'im pam bi. [wu, penis -H m + pam'pi, head.] goldfinch, Arkansas (Astragalinus psaltria) : tu'kai yam pa. ["Bird that calls at dark," is the effect of this com- pound.] goose, Canada (Branta cana- densis) : nu'giin ta. goshawk, Western (Accipiter atri- capillus) : sS,'na kwi na. [sa'na + gwi'na, general term for certain large-sized bird, eagle, etc.] gopher, pocket (Geomys) : i'a bite, grasshopper, long-horned {Orche- limum, etc.) : a'ma tsu bite (Goship). a'wa tu bi (Goshute, D. C). grebe. Western (/Eomophorus occi- dentalis) : ti'i dits a pam bun. ti'i dits a pam bun Mi ka bu i. 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April [ti'i dits, small + 'pamfhuii, swimmer, etc. + with or without &n ka hui, red eye, in reference to this well- known feature of the bird.] grebe, American eared, or Hell- diver {Auritus californicus) noi'ya wu ta. [noi'ya, egg + wa'to, two, changed to wu'ta for eu- phony.] grosbeck, black-headed rosy {Zamelodia melanocephala) : mo'bi OS. [Name refers to the con- spicuous beak or nose (mo'bi).] grouse, pine {Canice obscura) : wan'go ha ; an'go go ha. \wan'go, timber + ga'ha, general term for this type of bird.] grouse, Canada {Canace cana- densis) : ko'go. My informants claim that this grouse was formerly fairly common in Weber Valley. The identification was from figure, no specimen being available. ground-squirrel (Spermophilus, various species) : kim'ba. gull, California {Larus califor- nicus) : pa'u a. [pa, water + w'a, possibly, from composition, to move or glide above.] H. hair ( general term) : (6) of head: wai. pam'pi wu, [pam'pi, head + wu.] (c) front locks ("bangs"): mo'pai ban ga sa. (d) hind locks : bah'ga sa. [Probably ban, top, per- taining to head, etc. + ga'sa, wing or similar object.] (e) of pubic region : su'up. hair-snake (Gordius) : pan'du rra; ban'du rrai. [pan, aquatic + du'rra.] hand: (a) general term; right: moq; mok. (b) left: kwi'ba. hand, heel of: ma'piii go. [ma'biii, pertaining or belong- ing to the hand + go, angle, bend, etc.] hawk, chicken {Accipiter cooperi) : pan'dza ya. hawk, duck (Falco peregrinus anatinus) : pa'gi ni. hawk, fish {Pandion halicetus) : pa'nuii ka. [pan, aquatic + un + ka.] hawk, marsh (Circus cyaneus hud- sonius) : ki'ni. hawk, rough-legged (Archibutio lagopus sancti-johannis) : nSn'du ga. 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89 hawk, rough-legged, ferruginous {Archibutco ferrugineous) : n^n'doi. hawk, pigeon {Falco columbarius) : ko'na gi di ka. hawk, sharp-shinned (Accipiter velox) : o'a da. hawk, sparrow {Falco sparverius) : gfdi di ki. [Imitative, the call being represented as gi'di, gi'di, gi'cli, etc.] hawk, red-shouldered {Buteo linea- tus) : ash'i rnn a da. ash'i u a da. [a^shi hit, gray, grizzly, etc. 4- o'a da.] hawk, Swainson's (Buteo swain- soni) : naii'gai. head : pam'bi; pam'pi. [ba, pa, top, etc. + ?n, adjec- tive ending + bi, life, part of living body, etc.] heart : bi'a;bi;bi'hi. [bi, life, living thing or part, etc.] heart, auricular and ventricular cavities of : bi'am bai hyu. heart, valves of (tricuspid and mitral) : bi'am nam ba. heel of foot : da'pin go. [da'pin, pertaining to the foot + go, angle, etc.] heron, black-crowned night (Nycticorax nycticorax nce- valis) : to'sa ko kwa jo. [to'sa, from to^si bit, white + ko'kwa jo, crest, etc.] heron, great blue (Ardea herodias) : ko'kwa jo. [The name means a crest, the reference being to the long crest at the back of the head of this bird.] hip: dzi'ump. hip-bone (os innominatum) : dzi'un up. [dzi'un, from dzi'ump, hip + up.] honey : pai'yam pi na. [pai yam, pertaining to bee or wasp + pi'na, sweet.] hoof: ta'si do. [ta, referring to the foot + si'do, leaf- or plate-like ob- ject. Cf. finger-nail or claw.] horn : a ; ha. horn or antlers, new, in velvet : i'gi a san gun. horn-tail : o'pi tu its. o'bin bi duts. [o'bm, pertaining to wood + tu'its, apparently borer, hole-maker (cf. mud- dauber).] 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April. horned toad (Phrynosoma doug- lasii, etc.) : ma'ki jiin uk. horse : puii'go. humerus : dzo'iip. humming-bird (general term) : mu'tu nats (Goship). pa'ga mu tu nats ; ti'bi tci pa ga mu tu nats (Goshute). [mu tunats, straight nose or beak •,'pa'ga, probably arrow, in reference to swift flight. Tihitci is prefixed to dis- tinguish from dragon-fly, q. vid.] hypochondriac region : i'pump. I. instep : dauVo. [da, pertaining or belonging to the foot (the a sound changing to au before w as always) + wo, bow, arch.] interdigital space or croutch : man'na si ga. intestines : go'ha. iris of eye: gm'wai bi. jay. Rocky IMountain (Perisoreus canadensis var. capitalis) : yu'rro gots. [yuq, fat + rro'gots.] The name refers to the fond- ness of birds for fat, which they boldly approach camps to obtain, jay, long-crested {Cyanocetta macrolopha) : han'go tsai bite. [han'go refers to crown or crest + tsai hitc] jay, woodhouse {Aphelocoma floridana woodhousi) : tsai'bitc. K. katydid (general term) : u'bi a gun. kidney : da'ki po. killdeer {Mgialites vociferus) : tin'di (Goship). pan'di (Goshute). [pan, aquatic] kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) : pM'gwi tsa rra pintc. [pah'gwitc, fish -t- tsa'rra + pmtc.'l kite, swallow-tailed {Elanoides forficatus) : tim'bai wa ga. [wa'ga, from wa' gasaga, forked, is applied to several birds with forked tails (cf. tern), knee: dan' tip. knuckle : ma'pon dza. [yna, belonging to the hand etc. + pon'dza, eminence protuberance, etc.] labia majora: gwa'bi nu. 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 larynx : wai'a tin. leech (general term) : pa'na wi tctit. leg: mo'a ; mo. ligament, transverse of foot (L. titans, cruris and cruciatum cruris) : dau'win tea. [da, pertaining to foot + wWtca.] ligamentum nuchse; also muscles of back of neck in man, etc, mu'ta. linnet, pine {Chrysometris pinus) : i'ju pa oi ten aip. [i'jiipa, coyote + oi ten, bird + aip, that which is made.] This name is given because this is supposed to be one of the birds made by the coyote, liver : ni'wa. lizard {Sceloporus, etc.): po'ka ji. lizard {Crotaphytus ivesleyeniis, and several other large forms resembling it) : sa'bi 3'ats. lizard, Gila monster (H eloderma) : tin'hu a. lizard (large form mentioned by Indians, but not yet identi- fied by me) : mu'kwi ta. locust, short-horned (general term) : a'tuh:a'tin. locust, black-winged {Dissosteira Carolina) : ti'ba tsa rra kum bite. [ti^ha, pine-nuts -t- tsa'rra + kum + hitc.'] The Goshutes say that this locust shrills particularly at the season when pine- nuts are ripe, when it con- tinually calls ii'ha, ti'ha, ti'ha. Hence the name, locust (several one-striped species of Schistocerca) : ba'ni sha. locust, spotted form (species of Hippiscus) : so'ni a tun. locust, dusky: tu'a tun. [tu, from tu'o bit, black + a' tun.] loon {Colymbus torquatus) : pam buii'. [Vid. water-strider.] louse, head or body (general term) : po'si a. lung : suh'wa ; suii'gwa ; sun. M. magpie (Pica rustica hudsonica) : kwi'to wo ya. malar bone : so'ba di ja rrun. mamma : bi'ji. malleolus (internal and external) : da'pon dza. [da, pertaining to the foot + pon'dza, protuberance, etc.] 92 PROCEEDINGS OP' THE ACADEMY OF [April, mandible : a'rriipa; a'rmp. mantis, pi-a\dng : u'na dzi ta. [u, probably wood + na'dzi- ta, cane, etc.] marrow : du'hu. marten (Mustela americana) : an'go sail wa; aii'go sail. [an'go, timber + sau'wa. Cf . mink.] mastoid process or region : nM'go sa. meadow lark (Sturnella negleda) : Via,. merganser {Mergus merganser) : p2,n'gwi di ka. [pdh'gwi, from jpan gicitc, fish + cU'ka, eater, etc.] pS.n'gwi di ka ko kwa jo. ['pan'gwidika, as above + ko'kwa jo, crest, head ap- pendage, etc.] mesentery : sa'si ga (Goship). o'sa ni pwiip (Goshiite). milk: bi'ji. millipede (juloid forms) : tim'pin wu a bi. [tim'pm, pertaining to rocks, etc. + wu'a hi, worm; thus, rock-worm.] mink {Putorius vison) : pa'saii wa. minnow : sai'pSii gwitc. [sai, probably from sciip, bul- rush + pdn'gwitc, fish.] mosquito (var. kinds) : mo'po. mole: ta'kiim go urn bite (Goship). [ta'ka, snow + m -\- go'um. possibly cutting or burrow- ing about + bite; hence, snow-burrowing animal.] ta'ka mu di wants (Goshute). ta'ka mo di bo iin (Goshute). [ta'ka in each, snow, as in the Goship.] moose (Alces americana) : kwi'pa rri a (Goship). [kwi, probably from root of kwi'ump, lazy, slow + pa'rri a, elk, etc.] The name is given in refer- ence to the animal's lack of great speed, tu'pa rri a (Goshute). [tu' , black + pa'rri a, elk.] moth, general term (as Samia, etc.): i'pai bi. moth, pupa of: i'pai bi tin kar ni. [i'paibi, moth + un + kar'ni, house, nest.] mons pubis : ga'rri. mountain sheep {Ovis montana) : (a) female: muts'em bi a. (6) male: dii'ku. mourning dove {Zenaidura caro- linensis) : ai'wi. moth, sphinx (Deilephila) : a'ka mo go ru itc. 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93 mouse and rat kind in general (Muridce, etc.) : to'imp. mouse (Mus) : po'nai. mouse, field : kim'ba bo nai. [kim'ha, spermophile + po'nai, mouse.] mouse, kangaroo : bai'a. moustache : mo'tso;muts. mouth : tim'pi ; timp. tim'bi tci. mucus, from nose : mo'bi ship. [mo'hi, nose + (hi'ship?).] mud-hen (Rallus) : sai'a;sai. muscle, general term : rrok. muscle, adductor hallucis, etc. : da'ti ba na rrok. [da'tihana, sole of foot + rrok, muscle.] muscle, biceps : mau'wintc (Goship). bah'gwi (Goshute). muscle, deltoid : dzo'a rrok {dzo'u'p, shoulder, + rrok, muscle.] muscles of forearm : ma'tsi dau (Goship). mau'wintc (Goshute). muscle, gastrocnemius, etc. : wi'tca rrok. {mite, calf of leg + rrok, muscle.] muscle, frontalis : gai'bo rro lin. {gai'ha, eyebrow + rro'Un.] muscle, masseter : a'rrum yim a gm. [a'rrum, from a'rrupa, lower jaw + yim, apparently rais- ing + gm.] muscle, orbicularis oris: ?di'ga tso kai. muscle, pectoral : ni'na rrok (Goship). ym'ga rrok (Goshute). [ni'nup (Goship) or ym'up (Goshute), sternum + rrok, muscle.] muscle, rectus abdominis, etc. : wo'a rra (Goship). N. nares : mo'bin dain. [mo'bm, pertaining to the nose + dain, hole.] nasal bone : mo'bin dzo nip (Goship). [mo'bm, nasal + dzo'nip, bone.] mu'tcuk (Goshute). [mu, from mo'hi, nose + tcuk.] navel : si'go. neck: do'i timp. neck, lower lateral region of : an'di wi a. nerve : du'hu. nest , bird : ^ ; no'tso ni. . .. .._ .< ',^ 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, [no, from noi'ya, egg + tso'ni, enclosure, something surrounding, etc.] night-hawk (Chordediles popetue henryi) : wai'bun ta. nose: mo'bi. nose, ala of : mo'bi pa ni gin. [mo'bi, nose + pa'ni gin.] nutcracker, Clarke's {Picicorvus columbianus) : to'a gilts, nuthatch (Sitta) : jo'gi. O. occiput : ga'iim bit. orbit of eye : bu'i ko i kin. [buH, eye + ko'i km.] oriole, Baltimore {Icterus galbuki) : mo'bi OS. [mo'bi, nose, in reference to conspicuous beak.] The same name is applied to the grosbeck. otter {Lutra canadensis) : pan'tsuk. [pan, aquatic + tsuk.] ovary : bai'hyu. oviduct : bai'na di wok. [bai, from bai hyu, ovary + na di wok, tube, cord.] oyster : at (Goship). Origin uncertain. wa'go (Goshute). [Same as clam, wa'go ii n du ru a in full, or iva'go for short.] palate, soft ; uvula : ai'gwan du a. [ai gwan, adj. form, meaning protruding (cf. tongue) + du'a.] palate, hard : a'ta ko (Goship). mi'ta ko (Goshute). palm of hand : ma'ti ba na. [ma, pertaining to the hand, ti'ba 7ia.] pancreas : ni'wan da ka wintc. [ni'wan, hepatic + da'ka wintc, term used approxi- mately as our word "sweet- bread."] parrot, poll : tai'bo de gwa gwi na. [tai'bo, white man -|- de'giva, talk + givi'na, bird, eagle; "white man's talking' eagle."] patella : daiVgiit a mu. [dail'up, knee.] pelican (Pelecanus trachyrhyn- chus) : tu'ku. penis : wu. pericardium : bi'am bo a. [bi'am, cardiac + bo' a. skin, envelope.] 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95 peritoneum : sa'pa go na (Goship). [sap, belly + go'na.] phalanx of finger, first : ma'tso ni. [ma, hand + tso'ni, bone, probably bone adjacent to hand.] phalanx of finger, those beyond first (together) : na'ta wi a. phalangid, harvestman (general term) : an'ga so glints (Goship). pa'rri a (Goshute). [pa'rri a, elk.] The reference in the second name is to the long legs, "elk legs." phalarope, Wilson's (Steganopus wilsoni) : pa'na da komp. pan'tsi kwiit (female). placenta : du'i noib. [dii'i, from du^i tci, young one + noib.\ planarian (general term) : pan'di sip a. [General term for various aquatic invertebrates. Cf. Hydrophilus.] plover : u'lin gwi wi ta. [Imitative.] See snipe, plover, ring-necked {Mgialitis im- palmatis) : tu'pan dzo no. porcupine {Erethizo7i epixanthus) : yu'na;yiin. potato worm : ta'gu. pubic region : bu'i sip. puma {Felis concolor) : to'ga rro ka. toi'rrok. kwi'ni a rro ko bite. to'kwii tsi. pupa of Phlegethonotus , etc. bi'ji ma ku ints. [M'ji, milk + ku'i mts.' pupil of eye : du'u. quill of feather : ga'sa o rra. [ga'sa, wing, large feather + o'rra, stalk.] quill, porcupine : yun'a ai gwo bi. [yiin, porcupine + ai'gwo hi, to prick, that which pricks, etc.] R. rabbit, jack {Lepus callotis) : kum. This hare was formerly a chief dependence of the Goshutes for their animal food and for clothing. The skins were, and to some extent still are, cut into strips, which were so rolled into ropes that only fur was exposed. These were then bound into blankets (kum- wi ga), or made into clothes which are warm and very PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, serviceable. It was the custom to hold a grand hunt every year in Novem- ber when great numbers of hares were killed. In these hunts the Goshutes were often joined by Pahutes and Pahvants. Cedar Val- ley was a favorite resort for these hunts, rabbit, cotton-tail (Lepus sylva- ticus) : ta'bo; ta'bo kurn. iVa ta bo. raccoon (Procyon lotor) : na'tsa ko rra (Goship). [Name borrowed from the Bannock.] rat, Rocky iMountain (Neatoma cinerea) : ka. rattle, of rattlesnake : to'go se ya gi niimp. [to'go, a rattlesnake + se ya- gi nump, instrument for making noise, etc.] rib: a'ma tump (Goship). pi'a ma ttimp (Goship). dzu'ni ma hau wa tump. [dzu'ntp, bone + ma + hau wa tump.] robin {Turdus migratorius) : su'i ku ko. [Imitative.] S. sacrum. biVo sa (Goship). sage-hen (Centrocercus urophasia- nus) wija. salamander (Amhlystoma tigrinum, etc.) : pa'bo go na (Goship). pa'bo go tci (Goshute). {pa, water + 60 + either go'na or go'tci.] salmon : tsa'pan'gwitc. [tea, to pull? + pan' gwitc,f[s\i.'\ a'gai. [In this sense borrowed from Bannock. See whale for usual significance in Go- shute.] sand-piper {Tringoides macula- rius) : pa'na da kump ; pa'na da kum. [pa, water -|- na'da, to run, etc. + ko, probably with force of around or al^out + ump.] sand-piper ( Tringa) : pa'na ni wa. scale, fish : pS,iVwitc tin da si a. [pdn'gwitc, fish + da'si a, scale.] scab, sheep, (Psoroptes) : ship'un da si a. [ship, sheep + da'si a, scale, flake, etc.] scalp : pam'pi bu. [pam'pi, head -I- hu, skin.] scapula : si'kwo tump, scar or cicatrix: ? go'un. scorpion (general term) : nl'na gwi puts. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97 seal: pi'a pan tsuk. [pi'up, big + pan'tsuk, otter.] Known to the Indians from narrative and seen by some, septum naris : mo'bi sok. [mo'hi, nose + sok, probably a shortened form.] mo'bi sail ko. [mo'hi, nose + san'ko, exten- sion, partition.] sheep : ship. [From the English sheep.] shell, in general : bo'a. {po, enclose, cover.] shell, of egg : dzu'ni bo a. [dzu ni, from dzu'rvip, bone + ho'a, shell, integimient, etc.] shiner : pu'i wa. [pu'i, ?diick + iva.] shore-lark (Eremophila alpestris) : tsi'do bi. shoulder : gi'tci tea gin. shrew (Sorex): so'gwai wa. [so' klip, ground + ai'iva, fawn, etc.} shrimp, various kinds (as Gam- mar us) : ma'su pM'gwitc. [ma'su, cricket + pdn/gioitc, fish.] skin : bu'a;bu. 7 skull: pam'pi dzu nip. [pam'pi, head + dzu'nip, bone.] skunk, great basin {Chincha occi- dentalis major) : po'ni uts. [po'ni, stripe + uts.] pi'a ka bo ni iits. [pi'up, big + ka'ho ni uts ; vid. infra.] skunk, small spotted : ka'bo ni tits. \ka' + po'ni uts, skunk; tid. supra.] snail, various kinds : tats'in kwi tup. [ta'tsi ump, stars + kwit'iip, excrement.] Meteorites in this connection are fancied as excreta fall- ing from the stars, and ap- pearing upon the earth as snail-shells. It may be noted that throughout the Goshute and Goship ter- ritory snail-shells are abundant in deposits from old Lake Bonneville and over the hills, etc., as'well as in ponds and streams, snake, blow {Bascanion con- strictor) : ko'ka. snake, blue-racer: tin'ti wa rra. snake (Ophibolus pijrrhamelas) : ko'go; ko' go a. snake, rattle- {Crotalus, var. species) : to'go a. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, snake, water- {EuUenia sirtalis) : pa'o in go a. [pa^o m, apparently pertaining to water, floating, swimming + go' a, snake, etc.] snake, water- {EuUenia elegans and macrotceniatum) : pa'siii ko go. [pa'siii, penetrating or pass- ing through water + ko'go.] snake, general term (especially in compounds) : go'a;go. [The root go has here its force of winding or bending, moving in curving path, etc.] snipe, American {Gallinago deli- cata) : wu'in gwi wi ta. [Imitative.] i'jiipaba woniip. [i'jupa, coyote + ha'wo na, seemingly to cry, call out, etc. 4- up.] The reference in the name is to the calling out at dusk or in night, like the coyote, snow-bird, INIexican {J unco cin- ereus) : kai'ma. ti'sa kai'ma. [ti'sa, small + kai'ma. See ■] snow-bird Oregon {J unco hiemalis oregomis) : ta'ka mu tu nants. [ta'ka, snow + mu'tu nants, a general term. See under himiming-bird .] The black patch over the head of this bird, square cut behind and suggesting a head of black hair, is accounted for by these Indians in a myth which represents the bird as hav- ing descended on one side from an Indian woman, whose descendants were changed into this form by the coyote deity, sole of foot : da'ti ba na. {da, pertaining to the foot + ti'ha na. Cf . palm.] sparrow. Western song (Melospiza melodia, var. jallax) : sparrow, yellow-winged (Coturni- cidus passerinus, var, per- pallidus) : an'da witc. sparrow, white-browed crown (Zonotrichia leucophrys) : yu'rra ba. solpugid : to'sa mush. [to'sa, white -\- mush, prob- ably from ma'su i.] sow-bug (Oniscus, etc.) : mi'ta rnuts. spermophile (var. species of Sper- mophilus) : kim'ba. spermophile, thirteen-lined : ai'wa dzip. [ai'wa, fawn + dzip.] spider (general term) : a'ni su tints, spider, grass (Agalena) : ? a'sah gots. 1918. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99 spider-wel) : a'ni su iints a wa na. [a't^i su loits, spider + wa'na, trap, etc.] spleen : so'no (Goship). wai'gwi (Goshiite). spur, of cock, etc. : daii'wi y\\. [da, pertaining to the foot + wi'yu, needle, etc.] squirrel, fljdng {Volucella) : pa'ko m. squirrel, ground : See spermophile. scjuirrel, gray (Sciurus) : tsi'kwits. squirrel, brown pine : afi'go wa tsi rri gi (Goship). [cuYgo, timber + wa'tsi rri gi, referring to springing, leap- ing, etc.; "pine or timber leaper" is the effect of the compound.] sternum : aiVgo sai wi (Goshute). nin'up (Goship). yin'iip (Goshute). stink-bug, gray form, found on pine (species?) : ti'ba mu gu ru itc. [/i'6a, pine-nut + riiu'gurul.ic.'] stomach : se'gwa l^i. stone-fly : kwa'tsa wu pu ru itc. kwa'tsa i pu ru itc. styloid process of ulna : ma'pon dza. {ma, hand + pon'dza. See malleolus.] sucker : tu'kum pan witc. [tu'kikn -f 'pan'witc, fish.] superciliary ridge: bu'i till go. \hu'i tin, pertaining to the eye 4- go, ridge, angle, etc.]. swallow, or martin, bank and barn : pa'sa gom bi. swallow, wood : wo' vim pa sa gom bi. {wo'vim, pertaining to wood 4- pa'sa gom 6/.] swan (Cygnus) : ni'wa dam pa. swim-sac of fish : pa'su a. T. tadpole : pau'wi to ga. pa'na wi tcut. tail : gwa'shi. [gwa, to extend out from, etc. + shi.] tanager, Cooper's or Western summer red-bird {Pyranga cestiva cooperi) : Sfi'ka hui tcu. [a)Yka, from coYka bit, red + hu'itcu, bird.] tanager, crimson-headed {Py- ranga liidoviciana) : wu'tsi ki gi. It is said by Goshutes that the young of this bird are easily reared, and that the Indians formerly reared them and kept them caged as pets. 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, tape-worm {Tcenia, etc.) : siVa. tarantula (Eurypelma hentzii) : pi'a na su iinta. [pi'up, big + a'na su unts, spider.] haii'wi tu go bite. tear (from eye) : to'paip. teeth (in general) : damp, teeth, of upper jaw: mo'tsin dam pa. [mo'isin, apparently pertain- ing to the upper jaw (cf. mo'tso, moustache) + dam/'pa, damp, teeth.] teeth, of lower jaw : a'rron ko dam pa. [afrron, from arrup, lower jaw + ko + dam' pa, teeth.] tendo-achilles : wi'tca rrump (Goship). {witc, calf of leg + rro + ump.l da'pin dam (Goshute). [da'pm, pertaining to the foot + dam, tendon.] tendon (general term) : da'ma;dam. tendons (extensors digitorum of foot): dauVi a ta. \da, pertaining to the foot + wi'a ta.} tendons of muscles of front of forearm (as of JDrachio-radia- lis, flexor carpi radialis, etc.) : man' win dam. [ma, the hand + win, prob- ably to raise up + dam, tendon.] tent-caterpillar : pu'hi wa bi. [pu'hi -\- loa'hi, worm.] tern, common {Sterna hirundo) : pi'wa ga (Goship). pu'i wa ga (Goshute). [ivaga, from wa'gasaga, forked, refers to the forked tail. Pu'i, in second term, duck (probably) ; pi, abbrevi- ated form.] testes : noi'ya, dau'wi. thigh: biiiVup, throat : go'its. thumb : ma'to ga. [ma, hand + to'ga.] thymus : bi'hin da ka bintc, [hi' Inn, cardiac + da ka pintc. See spleen.] thyroid : a'rrun da kam bintc. [a'rrun, tracheal + da'kam- phitc, "sweetbread."] tibia ; shin = : gots'ti na. go'tsi an. o'ts'em bi a. tick, wood : mi'tats. toad (Bufo columhianus, etc.) : saiVko wa go. [sail'ko, wart + wa'go, frog.] 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101 toad-fish : pa'tsofi. [pa, water + tsoil.] toe: dan'kwo. do'kwo. da'so gi. [da, pertaining to the foot + kwo, or so'gi.] toe, great (halkix) : pi'a rro to ga. [pfiip, big + rro^to ga.] toe. great, basal joint of : do'nai. tonsil, pharyngeal : ai'go yem bit. [ai'go, tongue, that which pro- trudes + yem'hit.'] tongue : ai'go. [ai, to bring forth, shoot or spring out, etc. + go.] tooth. See teeth, trachea : oi'rrufi. trout (Salmo virginalis, etc.) : toi'ya pah gwitc. [toi'ya, from toi'yahi, moun- tain + pdnfwttc, fish.] tsa pS,n witc. [tsa, to pull + pdnwitc, fish. See salmon.] turkey (Meleagris gallipavo) : ku'i nit (Goship). ku'jd na (Goshute). turkey buzzard {Cathartes aura) : we'gom bite. tympanum of ear : naiVka qa. U. umbilical cord : si'go na di wok. [si^go, navel + na'diwok, cord, tube.] ureter : da'ki po na di wok, [da'kipo, kidney -|- na'di wok.] urethra : si'na di wok. [si, from sip or si mo guts, urinary bladder + ria^di- wok, cord or tube.] urethra, part of in penis : wu'im na di wok. [ivu'im, pertaining to the penis + na'diwok, tube, cord.] urethra, external orifice of in male : wu'im bai shu. urethra, external orifice of in female : wun'gi. urine : sip. uterus : no'ib. V. vagina ; vulva : o'a tai. vagina, external orifice of : dai'dain. [Probably dai, from o'atai, vagina + dain, orifice, hofe.] vas deferens : noi'ya na di wok. [noi'ya, testis + na'di wok, cord,] 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, vertebra : tso'ni gwai wnip. [tso'nip, bone + gwai'ump, back.] vertebral column : gwai'o rra. [gwai, from gwai' ump, back + o'rra, trunk, stalk, etc.] W. wasp (general term) : pai'ya- wasp, thread-waisted ; mud- dauber: so'go bi tuts. [so'kup, earth + hi'tuts. Cf. horn-tail.] wasp-nest : pai'yam na kar ni. [pai'ya, wasp + m + kar'ni, house.] water-ouzel. See dipper, water-strider (Hygrotrechus) : pam bun'. [pam, aquatic -|- bun, the root of which means here to float.] wattles, of fowl : a,n'ka gi up. [an'ka, from afika hit, red 4- gi'up, pertaining to the mouth or throat.] weasel {Putorius longicauda) : pa'bi tci. wart: dzi'a. wart on hand : ma'tzi a. [ma, hand + tzi'a.] wart on face : go'bi tzi a. [go'bi, face + tzi' a.] whale : a'gai. (Cf. Bannock a'gai, sal- mon.) The Goshutes and Goships more particularly identify the whale with certain great aquatic animals said by them to have lived formerly in Utah Lake. They have stories concern- ing numerous adventures with this creature, and tell of the loss of many Indians caught afloat and swal- lowed by the a'gai. In one tale the victim cuts through wall of stomach and body and escapes with his life, white of eye : to'sa kin wai bi. [to'sa, from to'sa bit, white + km ivai bi.] widgeon, American, or bald-pate (Arms americana) : pa'o um bu i. [pa'o tm, aquatic, frequenting water + bu'i, duck.] wildcat {Lynx rujus) : tu'ku bite, wing : ga'sa gunt ; ga'sa. wolverine {Gido borealis) : wo'ni. woodchuck {Arctomys monax) : ya'ha. woodcock {Philohela minor) : i'ju pa mo na pa. [i'jupa, coyote + mo'napa.] 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 The name is given from a myth according to which these birds are descended from the coyote deity's daughter, woodpecker, ivory-billed : o'pi do na. [o^pi, wood + do'na, to stab, to peck.] woodpecker, red -shafted, or flicker (Colaptes mexi- canus) : ko'rra wats. ko'rri mats, worm, general term: wa'bi; wu'a bi. wolf, gray {Canis lupus) : i'sha, (Identified in a way with the ancestral deity of the Go- shutes and Goships.) wren, Bewick's (Thryothorus hewicki) : tim'pi tam pi a wa. wren, Western house {Troglodytes domesticus parkmanni) : tu'im pin tci rritc (Goship). tu'im pin tci rru (Goshute). wrist : mau'wi to gan. [ma, hand + ivi to gan.] X. xiphoid or xiphisternum : yin'gi po nump. [yin'gi, referring to the ster- num + po + nump.] 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF SCALPELLIFOEM BARNACLES. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. The genus Scalpellum as at present limited is more numerous in species than any other genus of Cirripedes, comprising about 170. Since nearly all of them live in rather deep water, and only small areas of the sea bottom beyond the 100-fathom hne have been thoroughly explored, we have reason to believe that their number will be vastly augmented by future investigation. The species now known are very unequally related. Up to the year 1907 not much progress had been made towards a natural classification, although the "key" constructed by Dr. P. P. C. Hoek for the arrange- ment of the Challenger species was a stride in that direction. In 1907 two attempts were made to group the species more naturally, and to indicate their phylogenetic relations. Dr. Hoek^ and the present writer^ independently and almost simultaneously proposed to split Scalpellum into a number of subgeneric groups. The two essays were based upon antipodal material, Dr. Hoek's upon East Indian, my own upon American forms. Some divergence in the view taken of the comparative value of characters would be expected ; yet the points of agreement are so numerous that one may entertain the idea of attain- ing an approximately natural arrangement by uniting the best features of the two classifications. Hoek's studies have illumined the more primitive groups so richly represented in the East — forms inadequately represented in the col- lections I had studied. On the other hand, the material before me demonstrated, I think, that the form of the carina has Httle value in classification. Groups based upon the structure of this plate I believe to be heterogeneous. I was first led to this conclusion by an exami- nation of the species composing the group of Scalpellum stroemii, as assembled in my report on the barnacles of the National Museum. These forms agree so completely in the total structure that it is quite impossible to doubt their close relationship, yet the carina varies 1 Siboga-Expeditie, Cirripedia Pedunculata, p. 58. October, 1907. 2 B^illetin 60, U. S. National Museum, p. 71. November 9, 1907. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105 by insensible degrees from simply arched with apical umbo to angular with the umbo remote from the apex. In the group of Scalpellum scalpellum and the group of S. cHceratiim there is similar variation in the carina, yet one cannot doubt that these are natural groups. These and other like instances show that, to rank the shape of the carina, whether simply bowed or angular, as a character of the first importance, is to oppose it to the evidence of all the rest of the organism. In ScalpeUum stearnsi I find that the umbo of the carina is very close to the apex in quite young individuals, becoming more remote with age; hence the angular shape of the carina, Fig. 1. — Types of the Scalpelliform genera: a, b, Calantica villosa; c, d, Smilium peronii; e, f, EvsealjieUum rostratum; g, h, ScalpeUum scalpellum; i, j, Scalpel- lum (Arcoscalpellum) relutinum. Upper line males (very much enlarged); lower line hermaphrodites or females. The figures are somewhat diagram- matic; carinal side of all towards the right, s.c, subcarina; c.l., carina! latus. being a feature acquired late in the ontogeny of the individual, has probably been assumed only recently in the evolution of the groups. These considerations teach, I think, that an angular carina has been independently acquired by unrelated species of many phyla. It can- not be considered a criterion of relationship. Another character which has not received due weight in taxonomy is the morphology of the complementary males. Former classifica- tions have been based solely upon the hermaphrodite or female form, which has been far less diversely modified than the male. When we 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMi' OF [April, drop as misleading the arrangement of species according to the shape of the carina, it appears at once that the structure of the little males is wonderfully correlated with certain features of the hermaphrodites, especially the development of a subcarina. The least specialized males belong to hermaphrodite forms which are known by morphological and palaeontological evidence to be old generalized types. The most modified males are those of the highly evolved hermaphrodite or female forms. A classification fully supported by both sexes surely rests upon a broader base than one ignoring the males. Classification of Scalpelliform Barnacles. I. Male having six jointed cirri and a mouth, 3 to 6 valves, and a more or less distinct peduncle. Female or hermaphrodite alivays having a subcarina. Unpaired valves never fewer than 3. a. Male with 6 well-developed valves, and distinctly divided into capitulum and peduncle. Female or hermaphrodite with 13 valves (sometimes 14 by addition of a subrostrum, or 15 when another pair of latera is added). b. No plate interposed below the tergum between scutum and carina, Genus Calantica Gray. b'. An upper lateral plate interposed between scutum and carina, Genus Smilium Gray. a\ ]\Iale with 3 valves and an oblong capitulum hardly differ- entiated from the peduncle. Female and hermaphrodite with 15 valves, three pairs of lower latera and an upper latus, Genus Euscalpellum Hoek. II. Male oval or sack-like, without mouth or peduncle, the alimentary system and cirri being vestigeal; plates wanting, or very small scuta and terga may be present. Female or hermaphrodite never having a subcarina. Plates 14, or 13 hy suppression of the rostrum, there being a pair of upper latera ancl three pairs of lower latera. Never more than 2 unpaired plates. Genus Scalpellum Leach. Genus CALANTICA Gray. Calantica Gray, Annals of Philo-sophy, n. ser., X, 1825, p. 101, for Scal- pellwn villosum Leach. Pilsbry, Bull. 60, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1907, p. S. In Calantica there are but three pairs of latera, all basal. All the plates have apical umbones, as in Mitella. There are therefore 13 valves, or sometimes 14 by addition of a subrostrum. The comple- mental male has a distinct capitulum with 6 large valves. Type S. villosum Leach (fig. 1, a, b). There are two groups of species. Oriental Group — Calantica s. str. C. villosa (Leach). East Indies? C. trispinosa (Hoek). Sulu Sea, 82-102 fathoms. C. eos (Pilsbry). Japan, 71 fathoms. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107 North Atlantic Group — Scilkelepas Segueiiza: Besides a few living species, this group includes numerous tertiary and mesozoic forms from European horizons, mostly described as Pollicipes. It was evidently a group developed in the mesozoic North Atlantic basin, at that time cut off from the Southern Ocean. C. calyculus ( (Aurivillius). Azores, 850-900 meters. C. falcata (Aurivillius). Azores, 454 meters. C. gemma (Aurivillius). Greenland, 1800 meters. C. superba (Pilsbry) . Southeastern United States, 352-440 fathoms. C. gnmaldi (Aurivillius). Azores, 845-1,230 meters. Genus SMILIUM Gray. Smilium Gray, Annals of Philosophy, n. ser., X, 1825, p. 100, for S. peronii, Pilsbry, Bull. 60, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 13, exclusive of division aa. Proto- scalpellutn Hoek, Siboga-Expeditie, Cirripedia, 1907, p. 58 (for S. poUi- cipedoides, S. aries, S. acutum). In this group a median pair of latera lies between the scutum and carina. There are 3 or 4 pairs of latera in all, 13 or 15 plates. Otherwise both sexes are similar to Calantica. In a few species {peronii, uncus) the carina is angular, but in others it has an apical umbo. Most of the known species are Indo-Pacific. Type S. peronii Gray (fig. 1, c, d). Dr. Hoek's group Protoscalpellum, of which I take S. pollicipedoides to be the type, differs from Smilium chiefly by having an additional pair of latera in the type species. S. pollicipedoides is interesting from its tendency toward multiplication of basal latera, which Dr. Hoek has discussed with his accustomed insight. Smilium and Calantica might without great violence be united as subgenera of a single more comprehensive genus, yet I think the ele- vation of a pair of latera above the basal whorl to the position of "upper latera" is a morphological advance worthy of being signalized by generic distinction. In other characters the two groups are almost identical. The complemental males are alike. S. peronii Gray. S. sexcornutum (Pilsbry.) ;S. uncus (Hoek). S. scorpio (Aurivillius). S. pollicipedoides (Hoek). S. acutum (Hoek). S. aries (Hoek). S. longirostrum (Gruvel). Genus EUSCALPELLUM Hoek. EuscalpeUum Hoek, in part, Siboga-Expeditie, Cirripedia, 1907, p. 59, for Scalpellum rostratum, peroni, uncus and stearnsi. This genus differs from those preceding chiefly by the more degener- ate males, which are rather sack-like, not distinctly divided into 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, capitulum and peduncle, and have only three valves, the scuta being larger than in Scal'pellum. A subcarina is always present. The inframedian latera have a peculiar square shape, and are quite large. There are 4 pairs of latera in all, therefore 15 valves (a number never reached in Scalpellum, which has no subcarina). The rostrum is very large and prominent. The carina has a submedian umbo in the first two species, apical in the others. Type *S. rostratum Darwin (fig. 1, e, /). Species four or five. Dr. Hoek selected no type for his group Euscalpellum, and I have therefore taken his first species as typical. The characters and limits of the group are also much modified, since I place no w^eight upon the shape of the carina, but emphasize the structure of the male, the presence of a subcarina, etc. E. rostratum (Darwin). Malay archipelago. E. renei (Gruvel). St. Paul de Loanda. E. hengalense (Annandale). Bay of Bengal, 98-102 fathoms. E. stratum (Aurivillius). Antilles. i5J.(?) squamuliferum (Weltner). Indian Ocean, 3200 meters. Genus SCALPELLUM Leach. Scalpellum Lead:, Journal de Physique, etc., LXXXV, 1817, p. 68. The males are very degenerate, sack-like, without a peduncle or mouth, the cirri vestigeal, valves absent or extremely small. The female or hermaphrodite has no subcarina (thereby differing from all the preceding genera); upper latera are alwa3^s present, and three pairs of lower latera; rostrum is comparatively small or absent. The position of the umbo of the carina varies from submedian to apical. Plates 14, or when the rostrum is absent 13.^ Type S. scalpellum L. (fig.l,^,/^)- Scalpellum is morphologically the highest or most modified member of its family, both by the profoundly degenerate males and the advanced type of armor of the hermaphrodites or females. Primarily the genus divides into two subgeneric groups, as follows : a. Inframedian latus large, pentagonal (or with the angles rounded), wide throughout, the umbo varying from submedian to basal, or on the rostral border, never apical. Subgenus Scalpellum s. str. a'. Inframedian latus generally smaller than the other latera, triangular, hour-glass-shaped or irregular. Subgenus Arcoscalpellum Hoek. ^ The mere number of plates in the capitulum is not especially significant, since the same number may be present in different genera, but made up of morpho- logically different plates, as in the case of 13-valved species of Scalpellum and Calantica. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 The restricted subgenus Scalpellum is undoubtedly a natural group, well characterized by the development of a large inframedian pair of latera. The umbones of the carina and scutum are frequently removed from the apices of those plates, but this is a variable character. Two species, S. inerme Annandale and S. patagonicum Gruvel, have the plates imperfectly calcified. The following species belong here: Group of S. scalpellum : S. stearnsi Pilsbry. S. patagonicum Gruvel. S. inerme Aimandale. S. gibbum Pilsbry. S. calcaratum Aurivillius. S. gibberum Aurivillius. S. hamatum Sars. S. ornatum (Gray). S. scalpellum (linne). S. salartice Gruvel. Group of S. calif or nicum: S. californicum Pilsbry. S. osseum Pilsbry. Group of S. strocmii : S. stroemii Sars. S. s. latirostrum Pilsbry. S. s. obesum Aurivillius. S. pressum Pilsbr}'. S. s. luridum Auri villus. S. groenlandicum Aurivillius. S. s. aduncufn Aurivillius. *S. angustum Sars. S. s. septentrionale Aurivillius. S. nijmphocola Hoek. S. s. subsiroejnii Pilsbry. *S'. cornutum Sars. Subgenus Arcoscalpellum Hoek. All of the other species described as Scalpellum form a group sys- tematically equivalent to the restricted subgenus Scalpellum, but the great number of species, including several phyla with degenerate, partly chitinous plates, may make it expedient to recognize several sections by name. Arcoscalpellum Hoek,* type S. velutinum Hoek (fig. 1, i, j), includes all of the species of Sections IV and V of my paper on National Museum Barnacles, pp. 25 to 68, and all of those included in Arcoscalpellum in Hoek's Siboga report, pp. 85 to 120, besides various other allied forms, previously known, which need not be enumerated here. There is a distinct tendency in certain forms of Arcoscalpellum towards the evolution of a phylum which will have only eleven plates, by elimination of the inframedian latera. In iDarnacles of the group of * Arcoscalpellum is exactly equivalent to Holoscalpelhon Pils.. Bull. 60, U. S. N. Mus., p. 25, published a few days later than Hoek's work. 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Scalpellum aurivillii these latera are very much reduced, and in some cases are displaced, lying free over the adjacent rostral latus, which actually comes in contact with the carinal latus. ^ The considerable number of species showing this reducting of the inframedian latera gives ground for the belief that an 1 1-valved type of Scalpellum will eventually be evolved, if indeed it does not already exist. The following groups with partially calcified valves have been derived from the Arcoscalpellum stock. The section Mesoscalpellum Hoek, type S. javanicum Hoek, consists of partially calcified barnacles which are shown by their ontogeny, now known pretty fully in a few forms, to be descended from fully calcified forms of Arcoscalpellum, like S. idioplax or S. carinatum. The evidence at hand indicates the existence of several collateral lines, probably derived from as many normal species, so that the group is a polyphyletic one. The early post-larval stages in at least two species, which I have worked out and figured («S. larvale and S. japonicum), are indistinguishable from Arcoscalpellum. Mesoscalpellum will include, for the present, besides the forms described in Hoek's Siboga report, the group of S. intermedium (S. intermedium, S. nipponense, S. laccadivicum) , the group of S. japonicum, the group of S. larvale, and that of S. gruveli {S. gruveli, S. imperfectum, S. sanctcebarhane) . The section Neoscalpellum Pilsbry, type S. dicheloplax, contains the most modified of the imperfectly calcified forms, — bizarre, skeleton- like creatures with all the paired plates reduced to narrow, diverging rami. The early stages are not known, but half-grown individuals show an approximation to the condition of adults of the S. japonicum group, so that a common origin is probable, and it may be found superfluous to retain Neoscalpellum as a separate section. The species are widely scattered geographically, and all inhabit abysmal depths. S. edwardsi Gruvel. Azores, 4,255 meters. S. dicheloplax Pilsbry. Off Eastern United States, 1525-1544 fathoms. S. phantasma Pilsbry. Off California, 2196 fathoms. ;S. marginatum Hoek. Off New Guinea, 5640 fathoms. The nearly simultaneous publication of some 32 new species of Sccdpellum by Dr. Hoek and 38 by myself, in 1907, has resulted in See Bull. 60, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 65, fig. 26. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill several homonyms. Tavo species require new names. Both belong to the subgenus Arcoscalpellum. Scalpellum cMliense n. n. ScalpcUum gracile Pilsbry, Bull. 60, U. S. Xat. Mus., p. 60, fig. 23 (November 9, 1907). Not S. gracile Hoek, Siboga-Expeditie, Cirripedia Pedunculata, p. 105, PI. 8, fig. 8 (October, 1907). Scalpellum bellum n. n. Scalpellum jormosum Pilsbry, Bull. 60, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 58, fig. 22 (Novem- ber 9, 1907). Not S. jormosum Hoek, Siboga-Expeditie, Cirripedia Pedunculata, p. 110, PL 8, figs. 11, llo (October, 1907). 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, GENERIC TYPES OF NEARCTIC REPTILIA AND AMPHIBIA. BY ARTHUR ERWIN BROWN. By the adoption of the new Article 30 of the International Zoological Code at the Boston meeting of the seventh Congress in August, 1907, the methods of nomenclature are brought measurably nearer to uniformity; perhaps as near as is possible under any set of rules, for it must always be true of inelastic rules — and fortunate that it is so — that they cannot excuse the individual from the exercise of independ- ent judgment in cases such as those where diverging opinions may fairly be held as to their application. Absolute agreement is not likely to be reached until, in respect of the past, names themselves are formally adopted by general accord, instead of rules. So completely representative a body as the International Zoological Congress having unanimously adopted the new Article, the way is made easy for the minority of zoologists who are dissenters as to some of its provisions, for they may now be willing to yield their practice to so great a preponderance of opinion in matters which are those onl}' of convention. For this reason the Code is here followed in all essential details, even to the acceptance of undefined genera, such as those of Fitzinger in the System Reptilium, in place of others which in the author's own opinion have a better claim to be preferred. But it is not now profit- able to discuss the question. For most of the genera here included types have been ascertained from time to time as necessity required, but the whole list has now been re\dsed in accordance with the present rule. No full synonymy of the genera has been attempted, the names cited as equivalents being only those that have been in recent use for the whole or a part of the contents of the one adopted. REPTILIA. The name was first used by Laurenti (1768) for his three divisions, (I) Salientia, (II) Gradientia, (III) Serpentes, and included all reptiles and amphibians. The correct limits of the class were first laid down by Gray (Annals of Philosophy, (2), 10, p. 194, 1825). 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 CROCODILINI. First separated as a distinct order, under this name, by Oppel {Ord. and Fam. Rept., p. 19, 1811). By Linnaeus they were placed in his genus Lacerta. By Laurenti in Gradientia with lizards and tailed amphibians. By most other early authors under "sauriens" or saurii, usually with lizards. "Emydosauriens" was used by Latreille (1801) and Blainville (1816). This w^as Latinized into Emydosauria by Gray (1825). Loricata Merrem (1820) was used twenty-eight years earlier for a subdivision of edentate mammals by Vicq. d'Azyr {Syst. Anat. des Anim., 1792). Crooodilus Laur. (Syst. Rept., p. 5.3, 1768). Type by tautonomy Crocodilus niloticus Laur. (= Lacerta croco- dilus Linn. part.). Alligator Cuvier (Ann. du Musee, X, p. 63, 1807). Type by elimination Crocodilus lucius Cuv. (= Crocodilus missis- sippiensis Daudin). TESTUDINATA. Oppel (Ord. and Fam. Rept., p. 3, 1811). Turtles were placed in the genus Testudo by Linnaeus. They were not mentioned by Laurenti. According to Dr. Stejneger they were named Testudines by Batsch (1788). They were called "cheloniens" by Brongniart, Daudin and Cuvier. Chelonii by Latreille {Hist. Nat. des Salamandres de France, etc., p. xi, 1800) and Dumeril (1806). Cataphracta Link (1807). Dr. Stejneger properly objects to the use of the mere plural of the generic terms Testudo and Chelonia, and accepts Oppel's name rather than resurrect the obscure Cataphracta Link, four years earlier. ATHECE. DERMOOHELID^. Dermochelys Blain. (Bull. Soc. Philom., 1816, p. 111). This genus was based upon the "tortue a cuir" (= Testudo coriacea Linn.). = Sphargis Merrem (1820), same type. THECOPHORA. CHELYDRID^. Chelydra Schweig. (Prod., p. 23, 1814). Monotype TestuAo serpentina Linn. = Chelonura Fleming (1822). Same type. 8 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Maoroolemmys Gray (Cat. Sh. Kept., I, p. 48, 1855). Monotype Chelonura temminckii Holb. = Macrochehjs Gray (1856). Same type. OINOSTERNID^. Cinostemum Spix (Spec Nov. Test., p. 17, 1824). Founded upon Kinosternon longicaudatum and K. hrevicaudatum. Both being synonyms of Testudo scorpioides Linn., the genus is mono- typic. > Thyrosternum Agass. (1857). Type Cinostemum pennsylvanicum. > Plafythyra Agass. (1857). Type Cinostemum flavescens. Sternothoerus Gray (Ann. of Philo.s., 1825, p. 193). Type by ehmination S. odoratus Daudin. Also by designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., p. 29, 1843). Stemothceriis as cited by Gray from Bell's manuscript contained S. odorata and S. pennsylvanica. The last belonging strictly to Cino- stemum Spix, odorata becomes the type. This use of the name ante- dates by a short time Sternothoerus Bell (Zool. Jour., 11,305, 1825). Aromochelys Gray (1855) also has odorata for type. TESTUDINID^. Chrysemys Gray (Cat. Tort., p. 27, 1844). Founded on Emys picta Schweig. and E. belli Gray. Gray retained ■picta as the type {Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 191). > Pseudemys Gray (1855). Type Pseudemys concinna. > Ptychemys Agass. (1857). Type Ptychemys concinna. '^ Trachemys Agass. (1857). Type Trachemys scabra. > Deirochelys Agass. (1857). Type Deirochelys reticulata, y- CaUichelys Gray (1863) . Type Emys ornata. Halaooolemmys^ Gray (Cat. Tort., p. 27, 1844). Monotype Testudo concentrica Shaw (= Testudo terrapin SchoepfT). > Graptemys Agass. (1857). Type Graptemys geographica. Clemmys Ritgen (Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Car., XIV, pt. 1, 272. 1828). Type by elimination Emys punctata ( = Testudo guttata Schn.). = Chelopus Rafin. (1832). Same type. = Nanemys Agass. (1857). Same type. > Calemys Agass. (1857). Tj-pe Calemys muhlenbergi. > Giyptemys Agass. (1857). Type Glyptemys insculptus. > Actinemys Agass. (1857). Type Actinemys marmorata. Emys Oppel (Ord. Fam. Rept., p. 11, 1811).= Oppel cited three species : ' Written Malaclemys by Gray, but stated by him to be a mistake. ^Emys Dum^ril {Zool. Anal, p. 76, 1806) 'is not used in a properly generic sense and has no standing. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115 "Sterno antice mobile — E. lutaria." ''Sterno cmciforme j '^'P'^'f,^;; ^^f ^/'" ^^ ^^^^^ ( longicoUis < Chelodina Fitz., 1826. Emys lutaria was also designated as the type by Fitzinger in 1843, under the name of Emys europcea Schw. = Ermjdoidea Gray (1870). T>T)e Emys Blandingii. Ttrrapene Merrem (Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 27, 1820). Type T. clausa Merr. ( = Testudo Carolina Linn.). By designation of Gray (Ann. of Philos., X, 1825, p. 192). Cistudo Fleming (Phil. ZooL, II, p. 270, 1822), often used for these turtles, is wanting in definition and in any case is an exact synonym of Terrapene Merrem, two years its senior, both being founded on Cuvier's "tortues a boite." Didicla Rafin. (Atl. Journal, 1832, p. 64) has T. dmisa for type and is also a synonym. Testudo Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 197, 1758). Type Testudo graeca Linn. By designation of Fitzinger (Syst. RepL, 29, 1843). > Gopherus Rafin. (1832). Type Testudo polyphemus. > Xerobates Agass. (1857). Type Testudo herlandieri. CHELONID^. Chelonia Latreille (Hist. Nat. Kept., 1, p. 22, 1802). Type Testudo mydas Linn. By original designation. This genus is often attributed to Brongniart (Bull. Soc. Philom., 11, p. 89, 1800). In that place, however, it rests upon these words onl)% "G. Chelone- Chelonia (ce sont les tortues de mer)," and is a nomen nudum. Caretta Rafin. (SpeccioSci. (Palermo), 11, 66, 1814). Monotype C. nasuta Raf. (= T. caretta Linn.). Rafinesque's words are "Caretta nasuta Raf., Testudo caretta Linn." = ThalassochelysY'iiz.{\S'ib). Same type. Eretmoohelys Fitz. (Syst. Rept., p. 30, 1843). Type Chelonia imhricata Cuv. By original designation. TRIONYOHID^. Platypeltis Fitz. (Ann. Wien Mus., 1, pp. 120, 127, 1835). Type Platypeltis ferox Schweig. The two species named by Fitzinger, Trionyx brongniartii Schw. and T. ferox Schw. are identical, and the genus is therefore monotypic. The same species was designated by Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., 30, 1843). Amyda Oken (1816). Type Trionyx euphraticus. Aspidonectes Wagl. (1830). Type Trionyx cegypticus. 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, SQUAMATA. Correctly outlined by Merrem {Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 39, 1820) with groups (I) Gradientia, (II) Repentia, (III) Serpentia. Oppel used Squamata in 1811 with groups (I) saurii, (II) ophidii, but he included crocodiles in saurii. LACERTILIA. Authors previous to Owen either included with lizards the crocodiles, or omitted serpentiform lizards, under the names Gradientia, "sau- riens," or saurii. They were first correctly delimited under the name Lacertilia by Owen {Rep. Br. Ass. Adv. of Sc, 1841, p. 162). GEOKONIDuE. Phyllodactylus Gray (Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 3, 1830). Monotype Phyllodactylus pulcher Gray. Sphfflrodaotylua Wagl. (Syst. Amph., p. 143, 1830). Type Sphcerodactylus sputator Sparr. By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., 18, 1843). It was also the only one of Wagler's species retained in the genus by Gray (1831) and Dumeril and Bibron (1836). EUBLEPH ARID^ . Coleonix Gray (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 184,5, 162). Type Coleonyx elegans Gray. By designation of Boulenger {Cat. Liz. Br. Mus., 1, p. 234, 1885). IGUANID^. Anolis Daudin (Hist. Nat. Rept., IV, p. 50, 1803). According to Dr. Stejneger {Herp. of Porto Rico, 625, 1904) the type of Anolis is A. hullaris. But the pertinency of this name to any known species is far from certain. Lacerta hullaris linn, rests on Catesby's plate 66, "Lacerta viridis jamaicensis ," whose recognition is chiefly an act of faith. No other of the early authors added exactness to its use. A. hullaris Daud. {I. c, p. 69) is based on L. hullaris Linn., adding thereto Catesby's plate 65, "Lacerta viridis carolinensis /' and another unassignable Linnean name, L. strumosa. Dumeril and Bibron (Vol. 4, pp. 117, 120) divide A. hullaris Daud. into A. chloro-cyanus and A. carolinensis, considering the first of these species to be questionably L. hullaris Linn. As A. carolinensis D. and B. rests on a firm basis in Catesby, it would seem that this name should not be disturbed, and that hullaris of authors should be permitted to remain in obscurity. 1508.] NATUKAX, SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 Ctenosaura Wiegman (Isis, 1828, p. 371). Monotype Ctenosaura cyduroides Wieg. (= Lacerta acanthura Shaw). Dipsosaurus Hallowell (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, 92). jMonotype Crotaphytus dorsalis B. and G. CrotaphytUS Holbrook (No. Am. Herp., II, p. 79, 1842). Monotype Agama collaris Say. Sauromalus DuoKiril (Arch, du Mus., VIII, 535, 1856). Monotype Sauromalus ater Dum. Callisaurus Blainville (Nouv. Ann. du Mus., IV, 286, 1835). Type Callisaurus draconoides Blain. By original designation. Uma Baird (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253). Monotype Uma notata Bd. Holbrookia Girard (Proc. A. A. A. Science, IV. 201, 1851). Monotype Holbrookia maculata Gir. Uta Baird and Girard (Stans. Exp. Gr. Salt Lake, 344, 1852). Type Uta stanshuriana B. and G. By original designation. Soeloporus Wiegman (Isis, 1828, p. 369). Type Sceloporus torquatus Wieg. By designation of Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 17, 1843). PhrynoBoma Wiegman (Isis, 1828, p. 367). Subgenus Phrynosoma Wieg. Type Lacerta orhicidare Linn. By designation of Wiegman {Herp. Mex., 18, 1834). Subgenus Anota Hallowell {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 182). Monotype Anota Mccallii Hallow. HELODERMATIDiE. Heloderma Wiegman (Isis, 1829, p. 627). Monotype Heloderma horridum Wieg. ANGUID^. OpMsaurus Daudin (Hist. Rept., VII, 346, 1803). Monotype Anguis ventralis Linn. DiploglosSUS Wiegman (Herp. Mex., 36, 1834). Type Tiliqua fasciata Gray. By designation of Dum. and Bib. {Erp. Gen., V, 588, 1839).^ Subgenus Celestus Gray (Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1839, p. 288). Monotype Celestus striatus Gray. ^ The subgenus Diploglossus is extra limital. 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Apfil, GerrhonotUS Wiegman (Isi?, 1828, p. 379). Subgenus Gerrhonotus Wieg. Type Gerrhonotus tessellatus Wieg. ( = G. liocephalus Wieg.)- By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., 21, 1843). Subgenus Barissia Gray {Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1838, p. 390). Type Barissia imbricata Gray. By designation of Stejneger {Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,XUI, 183, 1890). XANTUSIIDiE. XantUBia Baird (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255). Monotype Xantusia vigilis Bd. Zablepsis Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1895, p. 758). Type Xantusia henshawi Stej. B}'^ original designation. Amoebopsis Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1895, p. 758). Type Xantusia gilberti Van Den. By original designation. TEIID^. Cnemidoplieraa Wagler (Syst. Amph., 154, 1830). Subgenus Cnemidophorus Wagl. Type Seps murinus Laur. By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., 20, 1843). Dr. H. Gadow, in an interesting analysis' of this genus (P. Z. S. London, 1906, 1, p. 288), makes reference to C. sexlineatus as being the type. But in no way could this be, for it is not one of the species enumerated by Wagler. Subgenus Verticaria Cope {Proc. Am. Phil. Sac, 1869, p. 158). Type Cnemidophorus hyperythrus Cope. By original designation. SOINOIDuE. LygOSOma Gray (Zool. Journal, III, 1827, p. 228). Monotype Lacerta serpens Bloch ( = L. chalcides Linn.). Subgenus Liolepisma Dum. and Bib. {Erp. Gen., V, 742, 1839). Monotype Scincus telfairi Desj . = Oligosoma Girard (1857). Type Mocoa zelandica. PlMtiodon Dum. and Bib. (Erp. Gen., V, 697, 1839). Type Lacerta quinquelineata Linn. By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. Rept., p. 22, 1843). Eumeces Wiegman {Herp. Mex., p. 36, 1834) can not be used for this genus. Wiegman included in it three species : 1. Scincus pavimentatus Geofi. < Plestiodon D. and B., 1839. 2. Scincus rufescens Merreni = type of Eumeces Fitz., 1843. 3. Scincus punctatus Schn. = type of Eumeces D. and B., 1839. The selection of S. punctatus Schn. (not Riopa punctata Gray, 1839) 1008.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 as type by Dumeril and Bibron (Vol. Y, p. 630) ties Eumeces to a sec- tion of skinks with iinseparated pterygoids. The available name for the present genus seems to be Plestiodon. ANELYTROPID^. AnelytropsiS Cope (Proc. Am. Phila. Soc, 1885, p. 3S0). Monotype Anelytropsis papillosus Cope. ANNIELLID^. Anniella Gray (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1852, p. 440). Monotype Anniella pulchra Gray. EUOHIROTID^. Euchirotes Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1894, p. 4.36). i\Ionotype Euchirotes biporus Cope. AMPHISBuS3NID ^ . Rhineura Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 75). Type Lepidosternum floridana Bd. By original designation. OPHIDIA. Serpentes Linn, included snakes, amphisbsenians and csecilians, as also did Serpentia Laiir. (1768) and Ophidii Daudin (1803). Serpentes Dumeril (1806) included csecilians. Ophidii Oppel (1811) and Ser- pentia Merrem (1820) included amphisbsenians. The serpents were first cleared of unrelated forms by Ciray, using the name Ophidii (Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 204). LEPTOT YPHLOPID^ . LeptOtyphlops Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 24, 1843). Type Typhlops nigricans Schlegel. By original designation. = Glauconia Gray (184.5). Type Typhlops ?iigricans. > Rena B. and G. (1853). Type Rena dulcis B. and G. > Siagonodon Veters (1881). Type Typhlops septetnstriatus Schn. BOIDiE. Lichanura Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 304). ^lonotype Lichanura trivirgata Cope. Charina Gray (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., p. 113, 1849). Monotype Tortrix hottce Blain. = Wenona B. and G. (1853). Type Wenona plunibea B. and G. 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, COLUBRID^. Tropidonotus Boi(S (Isis, 1826, I, p. 204). Type Coluber natrix Linn. By designation of Boie {Isis, 1827, p. 518). = Natrix Laur. (Cope, 18SS). Not Cope, 1862. > Nerodia B. and G. (1853). Tj^pe Coluber sipedon Linn. > Regina B. and G. (1853). TyY>e Coluber leberis Linn. > Clonophis Cope (1888). Tj-pe Regina kirtlandii Kenn. The use of Natrix Laur. for this genus does not appear to me obliga- tory or excusable. The rule under which types of undefined genera are accepted does not constrain or even imply that, in the case of an originally defined genus, a species must be accepted as type having characters contrary to the definition. If it did so, the only consistent course would be to admit that the Code does not consider definitions at all. It was pointed out by me (Science, July 6, 1907, p. 117) that of the fourteen recognizable species cited by Laurenti under Natrix, now distributed among eight genera, the two belonging to the present genus are the only ones at diametric variance with " Truncus glabernitidus," which is the sole character of diagnostic value in the definition. Because Fleming (Philos. of ZooL, II, p. 291, 1822) chose to select an unconforming type for Natrix in T. torquata (= Coluber natrix Linn.), or because the rule of "type by tautonomy" could be applied to the case, it does not follow that we are compelled to use Natrix. It is still open to rejection for any group as a meaningless conglomerate. It is also questionable whether Fleming's citation of a species after some of the genera given by him constitutes selection of a type in accordance with paragraph llg of Article 30. As first published in a posthumous letter from Kuhl (Isis, 1822, p. 473) Tropidonotus is a nomen nudum. But four years later it was well defined by Boie (Isis, 1826, 1, 204), who credited it to Kuhl, and named under it Coluber natrix Linn, and viperinus Daudin. The following year he definitely fixed natrix as the type. Thamnophis Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., p. 26, 1843). Type Tropidonotus sauritus Schl. By original designation. = Eutcenia B. and G. (1853). Same type. > Atomarchus Cope (1883). Type Atomarchus multimaculatus Cope. > Stypocemus Cope (1875). Tj^pe Stypocemus rufopunctatus Coi>e, by substitu- tion for Chilopoma Cope, preoccupied. Tropidoclonium Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 76). Type Microps lineatiim Hallow. By original designation. Seminatrix Cope (Anier. Naturalist, 1895, p. 678). Type Seminatrix pygceus Cope. By original designation. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121 Helicops Wagler (S3-st. Amph., 170, 1830). Type Helicops carinicaudatus Wagl. B}^ designation of Fitzinger {Syst. RepL, 25, 1843). > Liodytes Cope (1885). T\-pe Helicops alleni Garm. Amphiardis Cope (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 391). Type Virginia inornata Garm. By original designation. Haldea B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 122, 1853). Type Coluber striatula Linn. By original designation. Storeria B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 135, 1853). Type Tropidonotus dekayi Holb. By original designation. = Ischnognathus Dum. and Bib. (1853). Same type. DrymarcllOll Fitzinger (Syst Kept., 26, 1843). T3'pe Coluber corais Daudin. By original designation. < Spiloies ^^'agle^ (1830). Type S. pullatus. = Compsosoma Cope (1895). No tj^pe. = Compsosoma Dum. and Bib. part. = Georgia B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber couperi Holb. Drymobius Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., 26, 1843). Type Herpetodryas margaritiferus Schl. By original designation. Callopeltis (Fitz.) Bonap. (Icon. Fauna Ital., Vol. II, and Mem. Acad. Torino (2), 11,401, 1840). Type Coluber leopardinus. By original designation of Fitzinger. = Coluber auctores. > Scofophis B. and G. (1853). Tjqje Coluber allegheniensis Holb. = Xatrix Laur. (Cope, 1862). Not Cope, 1888. Arizona Kenn. (U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 18, 1859). Monot3'pe Arizona elegans Kenn. < Rhinechis^licah. (1833). Type Rhinechis scalaris. Pityophis Holbrook (No. Am. Herp., IV, 7, 1842). Monotype Coluber melanoleu^us Daudin. Coluber Linn (Syst. Nat. Ed., X, 216, 1758). Type Coluber constrictor Linn. By designation of Fitzinger {Syst. RepL, 26, 1843). = Zamenis 'SXagler (1830). Type Xatrix gemonensis Laur. > Bascanium B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber constrictor Linn. y>Masticophis B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber flagelhim Shaw. ITnder the new Rule 30 we are no longer bound to Laurenti's notion, as first reviser, of the Umits of Coluber and are therefore freed from the consideration of Dr. Stejneger's proposal {Herp. of Japan, pp. 307, 443, 1907) to transfer the name to the genus otherwise known as Vipera I^aur. — a change which would have been serious in view of all the connotations of the word "coluber." The present shifting of the term to replace Bascanium, following Fitzinger's selection of a type, 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, long antedates Collett's designation of Vipera ferus and has the good fortune to preserve both the long established family names Coluhridce and Viperidce. Salvadora B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 104, 1853). Type Salvadora Grahamke B. and G. By original designation. = Phimothyra Cope (1860). Same type. Phyllorhynohus Stejneger (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. 1890, p. 151). Type PhyUorhynchus hrowni Stej. By original designation. Opheodrys Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., 26, 1843). Type Herpetodryas cestivus Schl. By original designation. < Le pto phis BeW (1826) . Type Leptophis ahwtuUa. <; Cydophis Gunther (1858). Type Herpetodryas tricolor. Liopeltis Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., 26, 1843). Type Herpetodryas tricolor Schl. By original designation. > Chlorosoma B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber vernalis DeKay. Contia B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 110, 1853). Type Contia mitis Bd. By original designation. Pseudoficimia Bocourt (Miss. Sci. au Max., 572, 1883) Monotype Pseudoficimia pulchra Boc. Conopsis Giinther (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., 6, 1858). Monotype Conopsis nasus Giinth. Toluca Kennicott (U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 23, 1859). Monotype Toluca lineata Kenn. DiadopMs B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., 112, 1853). Type Coluber punctatus Linn. By original designation. Lampropeltis Fitzinger (Syst. Rept.,25, 1843). Type Herpetodryas getulus Schl. By original designation. = Ophibolus B. and G. (1853). Type Coronella sayi Holb. > Osceola B. and G. (1853). Type Calamaria elapsoiclea Holb. Stilosoma A. Brown (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 199, 1890). Monotype Stilosoma extenuatum A. Brown. CarphopMs Gervais (Diet. Hist. Nat. d'Orbigny, III, 191, 1843). Monotype Coluber amoenus Say. > Carphophiops Gervais (1843). Type C. vermifortnis. = Celuta B. and G. (1853). Type Coluber amoejius Sav. = Brachyorros Holbrook (1842). Same type. Not of Boie (1827). Faranoia Gray (Zool. Misc., p. 68, 1842). Monotype Farancia Drummondi Gray (= Coluber abaciirus Holb.). Abastor Gray (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., p. 78, 1849). Monotype Helicops erythrogrammus Wagler. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 Virginia B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., p. 127. 1853). Type Virginia Vcdcrice B. and G. By crrigmal designation. Ficimia Gray (Cat. Sn. Br. Mus., p. 80. 1849). ^lonotype Ficimia olivacea Gray. Chilomeniscus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1860. p. 339). ^lonotype Chilomeniscus stramineus Cope. Cemophora Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 244). Type Coluber coccineus Blum. By original designation. Rhinochilus B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., p. 120, 1853). Type Rhinochilus Lecontei B. and G. By original designation. Hypsijlena Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 246). Type Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha Cope. By original designation. Rhadinea Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 10). Type Tceniophis vermiculaticeps Cope. By original designation. Prof. Cope subsequently (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 132) named R. melanocephala D. and B. as the type, and again {Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1898, p. 754) he says the type is R. obtusa Cope. The genus was, however, distinctly founded upon T. vermiculaticeps on its first publication in 1863. Heterodon Latreille (Hist. Nat. des Kept., IV, p. 32, 1800). ^Monotype Heterodon platyrhinus Latr. Trimorphodon Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 297). Type Trimorphodon lyrophanes Cope. By original designation. Leptodira Fitzinger (Syst. Kept., p. 27, 1843). Type Dipsas anmdatus Schl. By original designation. Sihon Fitz. {Neue Class Rept., 1826, p. 29) can not be used for this genus of opistho- glyph snakes. It has, by tautonomy, f or type Coluber nebulatus Linn. (= Coluber sibon Linn.), which is the type of Petalognathus Dum. and Bib. Manolepis Cope (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, 1885, p. 76). Type Tomodon nasutus Cope. By original designation. Concphis Peters (Monats. Berl. Acad., 1860. p. 519). jMonotype Conophis vittatus Peters. Erythrolamprus Boie (Isis. 1826, p. 981). Monotype Coluber venustissimus Pr. Max. = Coniophanes Hallow. (1S60). Type C. fissidens. Scolecophis Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 25, 1843). Type Calamaria atrocincta SchL By original designation. 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Tantilla B. and G. (Cat. No. Am. Serp., p. 131, 1853). Type Tantilla coronata B. and G. By original designation. = Homalocraniuni Dum. and Bib. (Erp. Gen., YIl, 855, 1854). Type H. planiceps (not of Dum. and Bib., Mem. Acad. Sci., 1853, p. 490. Tj-pe Calamaria hrachyorros Hallow.). Elaps Schneider (Hist. Amph., II, p. 289, 1801). Type Ela'ps lemniscatus linn. By designation of Gray (Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 206). Fleming (Philos. ZooL, II, p. 295, 1822) mentions Elaps lacteus, but it does not appear that in this work types are selected as required by the present rule. VIPBRID^. Anoistrodon Beauvois (Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, IV, p. 381, 1799). Monotype Agkistrodon mokasen Beau. (= Boa contortrix Linn.). Beauvois says (p. 381) under Agkistrodon, "In this last division should be arranged the mokasen," which on p. 370 he refei"s to as Agkistrodon mokasen. Sistrurus Garman (No. Am. Rept., p. 110, 1883). Type Crotalus miliarius Linn. By substitution. Crotalus Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 214, 1758). Type Crotalus horridus Linn. By designation of Gray (Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 205). A.AIPHIBIA. According to Dr. Stejneger Batrachia was used for the first time by Batsch (1788) as an exact synonym of Salientia Laurenti (1768), for which reason he thinks it should not be used for a di\ision of wider scope. Brongniart (1800) had very nearly an exact conception of the contents of this class, for he even suspected that the csecilians belong to it, but he used only the vernacular '' batraciens." All other authors omitted csecilians down to 1811, when Oppel used Nuda for the class, with orders (I) Apoda, (II) Ecaudata, (III) Caudata. Merrem (1820) used Batrachia with (I) Apoda, (II) Salientia, (III) Gradientia. Amphibia Linn, included reptiles and amphibians, but was never used in exact form until Gray correctly applied it (Ann. of Philos. (n. s.), 10, p. 213, 1825). By strict priority the name would be Nuda Oppel, but fortunately it is not necessary to replace a well-known class name by one so obscure. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 SALIENTIA. Salientia Laurenti {Syn. Rept., p. 24, 1768) contained the genera Rana, Pipa, Hyla and Bufo, as well as Proteus, which seems to have been founded on a tadpole of Rana. It is therefore equivalent to and much older than Ecaudata Dumeril (1806). Anura, attributed by Cope to Dumeril, has no standing, as that author used only "anoures." RANID^. Rana Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. X, p. 354, 1758). Type Rana temporaria Linn. By designation of Gray (Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 214). ENGYSTOMATID^E. Engystoma Fitzinger (Neue Class Kept., p. 65, 1826). Rana oralis Schneider is the only one of Fitzinger's species retained in Engystoma by Dumeril and Bibron {Erp. Gen., 8, p. 741, 1841) and is consequently the type. Hypopachus Kerferstein (Gottingen Nachrichten, 1867, p. 352). ]\Ionotype Hypopachus Seebachii Kerf. (= H. variolosum Cope). OYSTIGNATHID^. Lithodytes Fitzinger (Syst. Rept., p. 31, 1843). Type Hylodes lineatus D. and B. By original designation. Syrrophus Cope (Amer. Naturalist, 1878, p. 253). Monotype Syrrhophus marnockii Cope. HYLID^. Chorophilus Baird (Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 60). Monotype Cystignathus nigritus Holb. Acris Dum. and Bib. (Erp. Gen., 8, p. 506, 1841). Type Hylodes gryllus DeKay. By designation of Baird (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 59). Hyla Laurenti (Syst. Rept., p. 32, 1768). T3q3e Hyla viridis ( = H. arhorea Linn.) fide Stejneger. Smilisca Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 194). Monotype Smilisca daulinia Cope (= Hyla haudinii Dum. and Bib.), BUFONID^. Bufo Laurenti (Sy.st. Rept., p. 25, 1758). Type by tautonomy Bufo vulgaris Laur. ( = Rana bufo Linn.). 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, PELOBATID^. Soaphiopus Holbrook (No. Am. Herp., I, p. 85, 1836). ]\Ionotype Scaphiopus solitarius Holb. Spea Cope (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), VI, p. 81, 1866). Type Scaphiopus hombifrons Cope (= *S. hammondi Baird). By original designation. CAUDATA. Dumeril (Zoologie Analytique, 94, 1806), "les batraciens urodeles (caudati)." The following year {Nouv. Bull, des Sc, 1807, p. 36) he, definitely says ''order Caudati." Urodela is often based upon this reference, but Dumeril used neither it nor Anura in Latin form. PLEURODELIDuSJ . Diemyotylus Rafinesque (Ann. of Nature, 1820, No. 22, p. 5). Type Triturus viridescens. By original designat ion. DESMOQNATHID^. Desmognathus Baird (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1, pp. 282,' 285, 1850). Type Triturus fuscus Rafin. , PLETHODONTID^ Autodax Boulenger (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1887, p. 67). Type Anaides luguhris Baird. By substitution for Anaides Baird (1849), preoccupied. Gyrinophilus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 108). Monotype Salamandra porphyriticus Green. Spelerpei Rafinesque (Atlantic Journal, I, p. 22, 1832). Type Spelerpes lucifuga Rafin. (= Salamandra lorigicauda Green). By original designation. Mancalus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, pp. 95, 101). Monotype Salamandra quadridigitata Holb. Stereoohilus Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 100). Monotype Pseudotriton marginatum Hollow. Plethodon Tschudi (M^m. Soc. Neuchatel, 1838, pp, 59, 92). Type Salamandra glutinosa Green. By designation of Bonaparte {Fauna Ital, H, 131). Hemidaotylium Tschudi (M^m. Soc. Neuchatel, 1838, pp. 59, 94). Type Salamandra scutata Schl. By original designation. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 127 Batrachoseps Bonaparte (Fauna Ital., II, 131). Type Salamandra attenuaia Esch. By original designation. AMBYSTOMIDJE. Dioamptodon Strauch (Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Peters., (7), XVI, No. 4, p. 68, 1870). Monotype Triton ensatus Esch. Ambystoma Tschudi (Mem. Soc. Neuchatel, 1838, pp. 57, 92). Type Ambystoma subviolacea Tsch. (= Lacerta punctata Linn.). By original designation. > Linguelapsus Cope (1SS7). Type L. lepturus Cope. ChondrotUS Cope (Amer. Naturali-st, 1887, p. 88). Type Chondrotus tenebrosus. By original designation. CR YPTOBR ANOHID^ . CryptobrancllUS Leuckart (Isis, 1821, Litt. Anz., p. 260). Monotype Salamandra gigantea Barton (= Cryptobranchus alle- gheniensis) . AMPHIUMID^. Amphiuma Garden (Smith's Corres. of Linn*us, I, 599). Type Amphiuma means Gard. By original designation. PROTEIDiE. Necturus Rafinesque (Jour, de Phys., Vol. 88. p. 418, 1819). JMonotype Necturus macidatus. Rafinesque gave the names of six species under Necturus, of which macidatus is the only one recognizable, leaving the genus practically monotypic. SIRENID^. Siren Linn. (Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, p. 371, 1766). Monotype Siren lacertina Linn. Fseudobranchua Gray (Ann. of Philos., 1825, p. 216). Monotype Siren striata LeConte. 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, METHODS OF RECORDING AND UTILIZING BIRD-MIGRATION DATA. BY WITMER STONE. The custom of recording the dates of arrival of migrant birds has been practised for a great many years in various countries, and more recently attempts have been made to encourage the keeping of such records on a uniform plan and to gather them together for the purpose of study and comparison. In America this work was begun in 1884 under the direction of the American Ornithologists' Union, and since 1885 has been conducted by the Division of Biological Survey (formerly Ornithology and Mam- malogy) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. All the published records with which I am familiar represent the work of one individual at each station, and until very recently there has been no attempt made to compare the records of several observers at practically the same locality. The meagerness of the data that it is possible for one individual to gather on bird migration, compared with the magnitude of the phenom- enon, must be apparent to all, and yet we are constantly attempting all sorts of estimates — as to the rapidity of flight, the relation of fluctu- ation of migration to temperature variation, etc. — based for the most part upon the records of individual observers. In 1901 the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club of Philadelphia organized a corps of observers for the study of bird migration in this vicinity. This corps now numbers sixty-three, of which thirty-five are located within ten miles of the center of Philadelphia. The study and comparison of the yearly records of these observers throws some interesting light upon the accuracy of individual records and suggests some methods by which a more correct index of the pro- gress of migration may be obtained. Many of the records are presented in detail each year in Cassinia the annual publication of the DelaAvare Valley Ornithological Club, and to these, as well as to the original schedules returned by the ob- servers, I am indebted for the data discussed in the present paper. In a paper read before the American Ornithologists' Union in New York City in November, 1905, and later published in The Condor, I 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 first called attention to the possibilities of combining a number of individual records, and later Prof. W. W. Cooke of the U. S. Department of Agriculture discussed the same question in a short paper in The Auk for July, 1907, p. 346. These are, I believe, the only papers dealing with this phase of the question. The well-known work of Mr. Otto Herman in Hungary, while probably based upon the most extensive series of data ever collected, does not, so far as I am aware, touch upon the comparison of individual records, at a single locality. Individual and Bulk Arrivals. One of the most important points for consideration in a bird-migra- tion record is an understanding of just what our date of arrival indicates, A migrating species is not a definite mass, like a railroad train, but a scattered host of individuals requiring weeks or even months to pass a given point and moving intermittently; consequently there may be a great many dates of arrival at that point, according to what part of the moving procession we are considering. In the schedules furnished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture the date of "first arrival" is called for, and in addition the date when the species was next seen and when it became common. The object being to differentiate between the arrival of the main flight or "bulk" ■of the species and that of individual early stragglers. With the exception of these schedules, nearly all the American migration records with which I am familiar deal only with the date of ■"first arrival," and in the publications that have been based upon the records of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, only one date is usually ^iven, presumably the date of first arrival. This would seem to indicate the unsatisfactory nature of the records of bulk arrival, as estimated by an individual observer, a fact which has impressed itself upon me after twenty-five years' experience in recording and tabulating bird migration data. It seems altogether too variable a quantity to be of practical value in making any sort of com- parisons except in special instances. Different species of birds vary in the way in which they become abundant at any point; some may come in considerable numbers on the very first day upon which they are seen or a day or so after the ■"first arrival," while others gradually drift in, a few each day, until all the usual haunts are populated, though it is impossible to say upon just which day they became common. In other cases large flocks may "be seen passing overhead some time before an}^ individuals establish themselves in their local summer haunts. It seems, too, that certain 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, species vary in their manner of arrival in different years, being con- centrated one season and scattered in another. The proper study of fluctuations in the numbers of each species at any point, such as would warrant an estimate of. bulk arrival, requires, except in a few cases, far more time than the majority of observers can possibly give to the work — if indeed the task is possible for one indi- vidual — and consequently where such an estimate has been attempted the personal equation enters to such an extent as to render the results of little value. It would seem that, with the comparatively small amount of time at the disposal of most observers, it would be better to suggest the recording of such occasional "bulk arrivals" as are so marked a feature of the migration as to become obvious, rather than to ask for a record of this sort for each species, which must from the nature of the case be in the vast majority of instances an estimate. At the same time, however, the date of the first arrival, often an early straggler, does not in itself give us a proper record of the migration of the species, and it is here that the combination of a number of local records proves invaluable and furnishes a far more accurate resume of the flight of the species than can possibly be obtained by any individual observer. For instance take the arrival of the Wood Thrush in the ten-mile circle about Philadelphia in the Spring of 1906. Thirty-one observers recorded it as follows : One on April 25, two on April 28, ten on April 29, five on April 30, eight on May 1, and one each on May 2, 3, 4, 10 and 12. This record obviously warrants us in saying that for this area pioneer migrants arrived on April 25 and 28, while the bulk of the migration occurred from April 29 to May 1, after which date it was impossible, on account of the presence of the bird at almost all points, to judge how much further transient migration was in progress. The dates upon which the "first arrivals" are massed are obviously the dates upon which the "bulk" arrived. The late dates are to some extent due to failure on the part of the observer to be in the field on the day on which the species first arrived, but in part they represent actual absence of the species from these particular localities, as it is a matter of record that on several occasions a species has been seen regularly for some days at one locality before a single individual has appeared at another station nearby, in spite of careful search at the latter place. The actual progress of the arrival of the Wood Thrush in 1906 within the Philadelphia ten-mile circle may be shown more graphically in the accompanying diagrams. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 Fig. 3. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Up to April 28 (fig. 1) the species had been observed at but three stations, two of these being to the north and northeast of the cit}^ and the other to the southwest. On April 29 (fig. 2) it was present at thir- teen stations, and by Maj' 1 (fig. 3) had been reported by all but three of our observers. Mr. Otto Herman's paper in Proc. Fourth Internal. Ornith. Congress, p. 163, was not received until after my diagrams had been prepared. In it he adopts practically the same plan in illustrating the migration of the Swallow in Hungary, and as his maps are based upon 5900 returns, it is needless to say they are far more convincing than mine. Comparison of Records. As already stated most migration records so far obtained are the work of one individual at each locality. Now when we come to com- pare the time of arrival of birds at two points or their arrival at the same point on successive years, it becomes very important for us to consider the extent to which such records reflect the actual progress of migration. The discussion on determining dates of bulk movements in the vicinity of Philadelphia has already shown that while a date of "first arrival" may be perfectly accurate for the limited area covered by an observer, it would differ very materially from the earliest date of arrival for the species in a circle of five or ten miles around that observer's station. The work of the Delaware \^alley Ornithological Club for the past seven years has shown that within the Philadelphia ten-mile circle, covering an area with but little variation in altitude, we can detect no constant difference in the time of arrival of a species at any two points dependent upon their geographic position. The eariiest record is just as likely to come from the northern portion of the circle as from the southern portion. At one time the records seemed to show a slightly earlier date of arrival immediately along the Delaware river, as compared with stations a few miles back on slightly higher ground, but further data showed this difference to be purely fortuitous. Therefore we can take the records of any one station within this circle as representing the progress of migration at Phila- delphia, just as well as those of any other station within the same radius, and presumably the average dates of arrival of a species for a number of years at several stations within the circle will be the same. For certain species which are very conspicuous and which usually arrive in force on the first day of their appearance this is true, but in the majority of species it is by no means so. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133 Selecting three localities within the ten-mile circle, at each of which the Club has had several accurate observers for the past seven years, we have the following dates of first arrival. I = Moorestown, N. J.; II = Media and Swarthmore, Pa. ; III = Haverford and Ardmore, Pa. Chaetura pelagica (Chimney Swift). I. 1901 April 27 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 21 19 24 21 14 23 Average ". April 21 Tozostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher). 1901 April 22 1902 " 22 1903 " 5 1904 '' 17 1905 " 22 1906 " 21 1907 " 28 II. April 27 " 22 ' 19 ' 24 ' 20 ' 12 ' 25 April 21 April 28 " 22 " 20 " 23 " 14 " 16 ' ' 26 III. April 28 ' 19 ' 19 ' 24 ' 21 ' 12 " 26 April 21 April 24 " 12 " 15 " 14 " 26 Average April 19 Piranga erythromelas (Scarlet Tanager). 1901 May 5 1902 " 2 1903 " 18 1904 " 6 1905 " 5 1906 " 10 1907 " 12 Average May 8 Sayomis phoebe (Phoebe). 1901 1902 Mar. 30 1903 " 17 1904 April 3 1905 Mar. 26 1906 April 8 1907 Mar. 17 April 21 May 12 " 1 April 18 May 4 Mar. 11 23 6 20 16 12 15 May May 7 Mar. 17 " 23 li 15 " 19 " 19 April 1 Mar. 16 Average ^lar. 27 Mar. 15 Mar. 20 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Or, tabulating the averages obtained as above for eleven species, we have: No. of days I. II. III. difference. Chimney Sivift April 21 April 21 April 21 Phoebe Mar. 27 Mar. 15 Mar. 20 12 Chipping Sparroiv " 29 April 1 "29 3 Scarlet Tanager Mav 8 May 4 May 7 4 Barn Swallow April 19 April 19 April 22 3 Black-throated Blue Warbler. May 5 Mav 2 May 3 3 Ovenbird " 1 April 29 April 30 2 Maryland Yellow-throat April 25 " 26 Mav 2 7 Catbird " 28 '•' 25 April 30 5 Brown Thrasher " 19 " 21 " 18 3 Wood Thrush " 30 " 27 '' 29 3 This demonstrates conclusively that the average date of arrival for a number of years, based upon the observations of a single individual, varies materially from the average date obtained by another equally accurate observer stationed but a few miles distant. The amount of difference in the case of individual observers is even greater than that shown above, as in these cases the record given for each of the three stations is the result of the combined work of several observers. I called attention to the percentage of error in the records of indi- vidual observers in a paper read before the American Ornithologists' Union at New York in November, 1905, and during the Spring of 1907 Prof. W. W. Cooke made some experiments along the same line, and his results showed that, compared with the combined work of twenty- three other observers, in the immediate vicinity of Washington, D. C, in this single season his dates of arrival averaged one and three- tenths of a day late, and this in spite of the fact that he spent more time in the field and covered a greater variet}: of country. In my summary given above a single station averages one and nine-tenths of a day later than the earliest average date recorded for the species. This information, however, does not help us in using the record of a single observer for comparative study, either as between different years or different stations, and we are forced to the conclusion that results based upon such individual records are really of but little value for comparative work, so great is the possibility of error. For instance, quoting from Prof. W. W. Cooke's papers on the Migration of Warblers and Thrushes, as recorded in the schedules of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,^ we have the average dates of the arrival of the following species at Germantown, Pa., a suburb of Philadelphia, and at Washington, D. C. : 1 Bird Lore, 1905-1907. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 Germantowi) . Washington. Difference. Wood Thrush May 1 April 26 5clays. Black-throated Blue Warbler May 6 May 2 4 " Ovenbird May V April 23 8 " Maryland Yellow Throat April 29 April 21 8 '' These dates being the averages of a number of years, would seem to be sufficiently accurate for the purpose of estimating the time of flight of the species mentioned between Washington and Philadelphia, and by comparing them we find that it is respectively five days, four days, eight days and eight days. The Germantown records quoted from Prof. Cooke's papers are based upon schedules which I filled out for the Department of Agriculture from 1883 to 1890. I now find that my dates vary from those obtained by other observers in the neighbor- hood of Philadelphia from 1901 to 1907, just as the latter have been shown to vary from each other. Had any of the other records from the vicinity of Philadelphia been used in place of the Germantown series, as would have been perfectly justifiable, a very different result would have been obtained; and there is no doubt but that the dates of several individual observers in the vicinity of Washington would show just as much diversity as is shown in our Philadelphia series, which would still further vary the results. In a number of instances moreover the difference between the average date of arrival at Washington and Philadelphia, as given in Prof. Cooke's papers, is no greater than that between two stations well within the Philadelphia ten-mile circle. In comparing the dates of arrival of species for several consecutive years we also find a considerable variation in the records of nearby stations which we should expect to show uniformit5^ For instance, taking the eleven species given in the table on page 134, and computing the average dates of arrival for the six years 1901 to 1906 at each of the three stations, and then comparing these with the dates of arrival at each cf the stations in 1907, we find that at station No. I the 1907 dates averaged three days late, while at station No. II they averaged one day late and at station No. Ill they averaged exactly normal, and yet each one of these stations was represented by several accurate observers, and there is nothing in their relative geo- graphic position to warrant any difference. Combination of Individual Records. After discrediting the value of individual records, one must natur- 2 Omitted in Prof. Cooke's paper, and supplied from my own memoranda. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, ally suggest some method of recording migration by which results sufficiently accurate for comparative work are to be obtained. This, I think, is to be found by securing a large number of observers in a limited area and by combining their results, as has been done by the Delaware Valley Ornitliological Club in the vicinity of Philadelphia. If we had seven-year records kept by thirty-five individuals within ten miles of Washington, and a similar series within ten miles of Boston for comparison with the Philadelphia series, then I think we should be able to estimate with some degree of accuracy the progress of migration between these points. In a composite record of this kind it is especially worthy of note that more or less fragmentary records are of great value, as an observer who only records a hmited number of species may note some of them earlier than any other observer, while species which he fails to record are noted by others. The way in which a number of indvidual records from one vicinity are to be combined in order to get the most reliable results is quite a problem. Take, for example, the Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus, for the years 1905, 1906 and 1907, as recorded within ten miles of Philadelphia by respectively thirty, thirty-two and thirty-four observers — the number of the observation corps varying somewhat from year to year. We find that in 1905 it arrived at one station on April 25; at another on April 28; at eight stations on the 29th, ten on the 30th, etc., i.e. : 1905— April 25, 28, 29 (8), 30 (10), May 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 (2), 8, 12 (2). 1906— April 28 (2), 29 (7), 30 (4), May 1 (5), 2 (3), 3 (4), 4 (2). 5 (3), 8 12 1907— April 26 (2), 27, 28 (4), 29 (5), 30 (2), May 1 (5), 2 (2), 5 (4), 6, 8, 11 (4), 12, 13, 15. If we select the earliest date for each year as the basis of our com- parison, we shall say that 1905 was the earliest season and 1906 the latest. The objection to this is that it considers only the earliest stragglers, whose movements may or may not reflect those of the bulk of the species. If we select the average of all the dates for each year we shall have for 1905 May 2, 1906 May 2, 1907 May 3, or 1905 earhest and 1907 latest. The objection in this case is that some at least of the late dates of arrival represent errors of observation — i.e., failures to detect the species until it had been present for some days — while others are for stations which are not congenial haunts of the species under considera- tion and at which it is only occasionally seen, and by including these in our computation we obviously make the resultant date too late. 1908.] , NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137 After consideratin-j; many methods it seems that the best date to select is that upon Wiiich the species had arrived at half of the stations, leaving out of consideration entirely the last quarter of the stations that recorded the species, in order to eliminate the probably erroneous or misleading dates. Dropping the last quarter of the stations in the case of the Ovenbird, we shall have left for consideration in the three years twenty-three, twenty-four and twenty-six records respectively, i.e. : 1905— April 25, 28, 29 (8), 30 (10), May 2, 3, 4. 1906— April 28 (2), 29 (7), 30 (4), Mav 1 (5), 2 (3), 3 (3). 1907— April 26 (2), 27, 28 (4), 29 (5), 30 (2), May 1 (5), 2 (2), 5 (4), 6. The dates by which the species had reached half these stations will then be 1905 April 30, 1906 April 30, 1907 April 30. This is perhaps a poor example as the Ovenbird is such a regular migrant. Indeed a mere glance at the records will show that the bulk of arrivals occurred in 1905 on April 29 and 30, in 1906 on the same days and in 1907 on April 28 and 29, which represents almost the same thing.^ In other cases,. however, the massing of arrivals upon a few days is by no means so evident, and some such method as the above is absolutely necessary. For example: Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Towhee). 1905— March 24, April 11 (2), 12 (2), 14 (3), 18, 19, 20, 21 (2), 22 (2), 23(3),24, 25(3),26(2),29, 30. 1906— March 6, April 7, 12, 15 (3), 16, 17, 19 (4), 20, 21 (5), 22 (3), 23, 24, 25 (2), 27 (2), 30 (2). May 8. 1907— March 23, 30 (2), April 3, 4, 6, 14, 16, 20, 24, 26 (5), 27 (3), 28, May 1, 4, 5, 6. Rejecting the last quarter of the records in each year and selecting the middle one of those remaining, as before, we get: 1905 April 19, 1906 April 19, and 1907 April 20. Hirundo erytlirogastra (Barn Swallow). 1905— April 7, 20 (3), 21, 23 (3), 24, 25 (3), 27, 29, 30 (4), May 6, 7, 9. 1906— April 11, 12, 14, 17, 19, 21 (2), 22 (3), 25 (4), 26, 28 (2), 30, May 3, 6, 19. 1907— March 27, April 6, 20, 21, 22 (2), 24 (3), 26 (2), 27, 28 (3), 30, May 1, 2, 4, 5 (3), 8 (2), 10, 11, 12, 14. 1905 April 23, 1906 April 22, 1907 April 26. Toxostoma rufum (Brown Thrasher). 1905— April 9, 13, 14 (2), 16, 18 (2), 19 (2), 21 (2), 22 (6), 23 (3), 24 (4), 25(2),26,29, 30, May3. ' While the migration of 1907 was ver_y late, so far as most of the April and all the May migrants were concerned, a wave just at this time brought the Oven- birds at their normal date. 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 1906— March 9, April 10, 16, 17 (2), 19 (3), 20, 21 (4), 22 (3), 24 (2), 25 (2), 26, 27, 28 (2). 30, Mav 1 (2), 5. 6. 1907— March 13, 17, April 20, 23. 25, 26 (6), 27 (7), 28 (2), 29 (2), 30 (2), Mav 1 (3), 2, 3, 4'(2), 5, 8, 11 (2). 1905 April 22, 1906 April 21, 1907 April 27. The above plan gives us a definite date for all sorts of comparisons and one which is independent of the personal equation. The term "became common" may mean a different thing to each individual, but the date upon which a species reached half of the stations at which it was observed represents a definite 'point in the increase of its abundance, and is a matter of record and not of opinion. As so little has been attempted in the way of combining local migra- tion records, I find it difficult to discuss the comparative value of dif- ferent methods. Some casual allusions by Prof. Cooke to the methods employed by him form indeed the only contribution to the subject with which I am familiar. He recognizes the clanger of including the latest dates of arrival in computing averages and rejects them, just as I have advocated above, but in deciding how many to reject his method seems to lack clefiniteness and to involve the personal equation. He says {Auk, 1907, p. 347), "When using migration records for the calcula- tion of average dates of arrival, I usually discard dates that are more than six days later than the probable normal date of arrival." This would seem to imply an arbitrary selection of "the probable normal" date before any averaging is done, which seems to be a dangerous method. Again, in referring to the combination of the observations, of twenty-three observers at Washington, D. C, in the Spring of 1907, he says, "Many of the notes were duplicates or of no value, but after all these had been eliminated," etc. [Italics mine]. This is exactly the reverse of my method, instead of rejecting "duplicate" records, these seem to me to be of the utmost value as pointing to the dates upon which the greatest migration took place. It must, however, be borne in mind that Prof. Cooke in this instance is ascertaining the earliest date — not the date of bulk arrival which, as just explained, seems to me a more reliable basis for comparison of migration between two distant points, but one which, as I have also explained, is practically impossible in the absence of a large corps of observers at each point. Graphic Representation of Migration. In the Auk for 1889 (p. 139) and 1891 (p. 194) I pubhshed some papers on the Graphic Representation of Bird Migration, based in part upon records of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club for 1890. The attempt was made at this time to record tke actual number of individuals or the relative abundance of certain species, as noted each 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 day by five observers, and by plotting the daily totals a chart was obtained representing the fluctuations of the migration, which was shown to correspond to rises and falls in the curve of temperature variation for the same period. In my Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1894 (p. 28), a like method was employed. Similar and probably much more accurate results may be obtained by plotting a curve based upon the total "first arrivals" within the ten- mile circle as reported by our Philadelphia migration corps for each day of the Spring. In the following diagrams such curves are shown for the years 1902 to 1907, accompanied by curves of temperature variation based upon the mean daily temperature at Philadelphia as recorded by the United States Weather Bureau, together with an indication of the days upon which rain or snow fell. For this meteorological data I am under obli- gations to Mr. T. F. Townsend, Director of the Pennsylvania Section, U. S. Weather Bureau. In the early part of the season it will be noticed that "waves" of migration follow closely after marked rises in temperature, but later on at the height of the May migration the great "waves " or " rushes " often occur without any corresponding temperature increase. It is well known that birds do not start to migrate on a rainy night, so that it is natural to expect sudden drops in the migration curves to be correlated with spells of rainy weather, and such is often the case. Inasmuch as birds are sometimes overtaken by rainstorms after starting on a clear evening, they often arrive at a locality simultane- ously with the rain, and as. it is not possible to indicate in the diagrams the exact time and extent of the daily precipitation allowances must be made for some apparent discrepancies in this respect. In the following diagrams the vertical lines represent the days from February 15 to ]\Iay 18, while the horizontal lines denote five degrees difference in the temperature curve and ten units difference in the migration curve; a unit in the latter curve being a "first arrival" record at some one of the stations within ten miles of Philadelphia. Thus if the migration curve reaches ten on a certain day it means ten first arrivals, i. e., one species recorded for the first time at ten stations, two species at five stations each, or ten differezit species each recorded at a single station as the case may be. Periods of rainy weather are indicated by the broken line immediately below the diagram, marked "rain." Each migration is divided into two sections placed opposite to each other, so that the curves run across both pages, with the comments below. In each chart the upper curve represents tempera- ture variation, the lower migration. 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, I >. IS tlaul |Vl«r. 1^ Mar. 3 erf ik. i /^ k id- i S / V ^ r V A \ ^ r > / \ I > / ^^ \ / \ f * ^ ' \ w *\ct ■ / ■ i J \ i f 3cr- ■- -^ * ^ \ > \ J \4 f^ J ,r k ^ Is !=a „ tf s a ^ ^ H m B c ■■ ^ ^ 5 ai ^ ^ \ m ■^ _^ ■ ^ •*■ Ro»n — In 1902 the temperature rose steadily from Februar}^ 19 to March 1, and a marked migration occurred February 27 to March 1, consisting mainly of the bulk movement of Purple Grackles and Robins. The mean temperature during March was 46°, six degrees above the normal; the highest figures being on March 1, 12, 16, 23 and 29. Marked migratory movements occuri-ed on March 10-11, ]\Iarch 23, and March 1903 Wfar.i^ Rain In the season of 1903 there was an almost unbroken rise in tempera- ture from February 19 to February 28, most rapid from the 25th to the end of the month. The bulk movement of Robins and Purple Grackles took place on the 27th, accompanied this year by a considerable migra- tion of Fox Sparrows. The mean temperature during March was 49°— unusually high and 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141 \SoZ /lj»f« / /::-:;;?== = FlIIKIIIItitH-tlHyiljj 29, the Fox Sparrow being a characteristic species of the first move- ment, the Chipping Sparrow and Phoebe of the other two. April was but httle above the normal temperature, the marked increase being on the 11th, 23d and 30th, with corresponding migration on April 12, 13, 21-22, 26, and May 1. The May movement continued until the 4th, broken on the 3d by rain. only equalled once in the previous thirty years. There was only one well-marked wave during the month, on the 15th, following the high temperature which culminated on the 14th. In April the coincidence of migration waves and increases in temper- ature will be noticed on April 9, 19, 25 and 30, with the great May movements on May 5 and 8. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 1904- Mar. I Kam — — The early warm wave in 1904 occurred February 22-24, but brought only the first arrival of Robins, with no evidence of migration in other species. The rain which prevailed at the time no doubt checked any general movement. The weather during March was normal and the rises in temperature, which culminated on March 3, 7, 13, 20 and 26, 1905 FcLfS mar, ' Mar. IS- t j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 v-^ Ay= /'r- V^ / K y^ y* 3 V J ^ ^^ u^^^^^ J^ \^ ,«- ^ "^ ^ZS ^H^_>Sl ± ^\7 ^^ 30 / Y ^^ ^Z /.,»» i t\ ^0 r/ it: zr A\- 4\. ^ \ ■/ V _ — -- — _______ ^5^^--?3^^5=-^::--a In 1905 there was no February migration. The rise in temperature on March 8 brought the first migratory movement which was checked by rain, but resumed again on March 11. High temperature :\Iarch 16-19 brought two migratory movements. Rain in April at the time of sudden rises in temperature seems to have broken up the regularity of the migration or held it in check, and perhaps had something to do 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143 /Way/8 __ Rdtn were followed by migrating movements on March 5, 8, 13, 20 and 27. In April the principal movements on the 10th and 25th corresponded to marked increases in temperature, while the great May waves occurred on the 1st and 6th. with the proportions of the wave of April 30, which followed the last spell of rainy weather and was the most extensive April movement that our records show\ The ]May waves occurred on the 3d and 7th. The correspondence in the migration curves for 1904 and 1905 is remarkable, the movements being about the same in number and extent and nearly the same in time of occurrence. 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, \9oe Fcb.tS W\ar.\ Mar. IS htar.Sf 1 1 _ KCf J\ JK ^^ ii 40' f ^-^>s J- > ^""^N^ n^-- '^^S, t \ i ^i#' ^«i. 1 ao** 7 5^ ^^ -. ^^\r. .^ 7 ^vZ ^ ^Z ■}a' s '^ ^ --- Ji4bL ^'S?- .^m^-- In 1906 the steady rise in temperature February 15 to 21 caused one of the most extensive February migrations of which we have record. In March, on the contrary^, there was no movement of conse- quence, notwithstanding two considerable temperature increases culminating on the 4th and 26th. The explanation of this is to be found in the fact that birds that usually form the early March waves had already advanced with the \So7 Feb. 15 3P' 20' ^^^^^^ r^fm^Mii-y :^ffl ftcun In 1907 there was no February migration whatever. March was rather warmer than usual, and the fivewell-marked waves correspond with unusual exactness to temperature increases. The phenomenal cold of early April brought migration to a standstill, followed bv marked waves on April 21, April 26 and May 1, following increases in tempera- ture culminating on April 26 and 30. The continued cold weather of May delayed the great migratory movements of that month until May 11-12 when the birds went through in a great throng, irrespective 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145 I906 great February movement, and there were no species ready to respond to the favorable conditions in March. High temperature on April 5 was accompanied by rain and migra- tion was not apparent until April 6 to 8 when there was an extensive movement. Another occurred on the 1.3th, while the high tempera- ture of April 21 was followed by a wave on the 22d, which was resumed on April 25 after a cold rain. The greatest movements were April 29-May 1 , May 3 and May 5. 1907 Apr. I Api^-'^ Mof/I. MatftSf of falling temperature with frost on the morning of May 12. The last May wave did not occur until the 19th. In this season we have an example of the difficulty of characterizing an entire migration as early or late. The beginning of the movement was late, while most of the jMarch dates of arrival were remarkably early; early April migrants were late, but the great movements at the close of the month brought conditions nearly to the normal, while the May migrants were phenomenally late. 10 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Waves and Their Components. Accepting the fact that the migratory movement advances by ."waves" or "rushes," — that is to say that the bulk of the migration at each locality occurs on certain nights or series of nights, — ^the question naturally arises: To what extent are the several ''waves" in successive years composed of the same species? A study of the migration curves will show that there are from eleven to fourteen prominent waves during the Spring, taking into considera- tion only those which show ten or more arrivals* in Februar}^ and March, fifteen to twent}'- in April, and thirty to one hundred in May. These seem to me to be the only movements worthy to be styled waves, although some have used the term to indicate far less marked move- ments, while others use it only for the most extensive migrator}^ flights.-'^ Selecting forty-seven common species for which we have the fullest data, and noting such migrator}^ activity'' as is indicated by each on .the wave-days for the years 1904 to 1907, we find a remarkable corre- spondence in the species which make up each wave. And the same ''wave" may be recognized through a number of years by its com- ponent species, though its date may vary considerably. Sometimes a movement may be interrupted by unsuitable weather and be resumed again later, making two apparent waves in one year which correspond to one in other years. Or when conditions are exceptionally favorable early in the season, the species which usually compose Wave II, for instance, may push forward and form part of Wave I; and although conditions at the normal time of occurrence of Wave II may be favor- able there will be no movement, simply because all the species usually migrating at that time have passed on. It seems then that certain species migrate together, advance strag- glers of some accompanying the bulk movements of others, and that each species is ready for migration at approximately the same time each year., the exact date depending upon a favorable combination of meteorological conditions. The following tables will show which of the forty-seven selected species composed the various waves for the four years for which Ave '''Arrival" here has the same significance as explained on page 193. ^ Cf. Twenty-five Years of Bird Migration at Ann Arbor, Micliigan, by N. A. Wood, Eighth Anmial Report Mich. Acad. Sci. " Usually only the "first arrival" -nithin the Pliiladelphia circle and the one or more marked bulk movements are considered, but sometimes when the first arrival was a very early straggler the second arrival is also noted. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 have the fullest data. Many other less common species arrived on the various " wave-days," but their inclusion in the tables would only tend to confusion and would obscure the point that I wish to demon- strate. Where a species has been omitted in any year it is because it failed to arrive on one of the wave movements, or because the bulk movement was scattered and not concentrated on a "wave-day." The scarcity of such omissions, however, illustrates to what an extent the migration is concentrated on a comparatively small number of daj^s. "First arrival" in these tables denotes the first individual to be reported anywhere within the ten-mile circle. 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, pq § S & 3 o M o 03 1907. rch 14-16 arrow. Sparrow. nged Bl Crackle. ^ ^^ a lioebe, yrtle ermit ed-wi bird, urple obin. fS> SSW P^ ^K O r^ ^ - ^ 7 03 , — 1 1^ 3 S 1 o .^ ^ £ § i 1^' 2 ^ III X g^ 35 '^ o o) P^ fe> Ji ^^ ^ "" 13.2 2 >' S o 1^ Purple C Robin. Red-win bird. o ^ o -< ^ o ci O ^ d ID o ;-. o — ■ CD c -— :: o p:3 pi.P^ pq -^ ^-H 'S^ ^ o 5 3 c o ^ I It 6 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 f-. • o ^ a .5 S 0 03 02 >< O fa . O o !^ a g pq -73 fi G 53 fi 02 W) ^ ^ S ^ 5 ^' g i I a g fe^C-P;=lcuSg 8 w .B' \rj\ ^ ^ 2 ^ 8 «^3 « T3 Of bJO S >0 CIhPh > 1 2 c3 ^ &c 03 CC CC 1^ d ^4 ^ 3^ U 8 ^ _&, ^ 0 1 1 i i s 8 l5 i 1 (L 1 0, 1 fa Ph 1 1 1 1 a; 1 J 0^ 1 r^ ^ '« S "g 'E o •^ fc X :§ ^ ^ -^ •1: f "cc 8 ^.Q' fa>o cq fcn 150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, 2> CO .3 o 2 ^ o "^ C5 -^ (50 ill ^ _, r3 W 03 .-H •(-; C I o s-i ^ K^ p^s 1 • ^ c M ^ C ^ ^ r^ ^ CS ^ H^ o •II s^ o'o ?50 W^ p:5 . >~i CO HH ^ WP^§ fi a ^ .I--5 2 e3 O O o:p:== ^ _5? w ^ !-. C3 O O P50 WO>H>H . e: ^ X pqopqpq S >H ,^ h^ o tS 03 2^ fc. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151 Wave VIII. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. April 23-26. April 22-25. April 21-25. April 26-28. First Arrivals — Nine species have arrived on this wave in at least three of the four years, i.e., Scarlet Tanager, Yellow Warbler, Black-throated Green Warbler, Ovenbird, Water Thrush, House Wren, Catbird, Wilson's Thrush and Wood Thrush. Five othei-s arrived in two out of the four seasons, i.e., Rose-breasted Giosbeak, White-eyed Vireo, Redstart, Maryland Yellow-throat and Yellow- breasted Chat. Bulk Movement — The bulk of this wave comprised the same seven species in each of the four years, i.e., Chimney Swift, Barn Swallow, Black-and-Wliite Warbler, Myrtle W^arbler, Maryland Yellow- throat, Brown Thrasher and House Wren. To these are to be added the Yellow Warbler in 1904 and the Ovenbird in 1907. Wave IX. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. April 29-Mayl April 29-30. April 29-May 1. May 1-3. + May3. First Arrivals — Six species arrived on this wave each year, i.e., Balti- more Oriole, Kingbird, Red-eyed Vireo, Blue- winged Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Parula Warbler, and in three of the four years Great Crested Flycatcher, Indigo-bird, Yellow-throated Vireo, Black- throated Blue Warbler. Bulk Movement — Seven species were abundant during this wave in each of the four years, i.e.. Black-throated Green Warbler, Redstart, Water Thrush, Ovenbird, Catbird, Wilson's Thrush and Wood Thrush, and in three of the four the Yellow Warbler and Scarlet Tanager. Wave X. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. May 5-8. May 3 + 7. May 5-6. May 8 + 10-12. First Arrivals — Species usually arriving on this wave Chestnut-sided Warbler, Blackburni an Warbler, Canada Warbler, Black-poll Warbler, Wood Pewee, Hummingbird, Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Bulk Movement — In all four years Baltimore Oriole, Wood Pewee, Great Crested Flycatcher, Indigo-bird, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Scarlet Tanager, Red-eyed Vireo, White-eyed Vireo, Yellow-breasted 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, Chat, Chestnut-sided Warbler. In three of the four years Blue- winged Warbler, Black-throated GreeA Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Black-poll Warbler, Kingbird. Wave XI. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. Maij 10-11. May 12. May 12-13. May 19. Bulk Movement in all four years — Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Hummingbird, Wood Pewee, Magnolia Warbler, Blackburnian Warbler, Black-poll Warbler and Canada Warbler. Six Years Records at Philadelphia. The following tables present a summary of the arrival dates of the ninety species which are printed upon the schedules of the Delaware Valley Ornithological Club for the years 1902 to 1907, based upon the records of from twenty-five to thirty-five observers for each year, all located within ten miles of the center of Philadelphia. Under "first arrival" is given the average date of the first observa- tion reported by any of the observers, and also the earliest and latest first arrival for the six years under consideration. Under ''bulk arrival" is given the date for each year when the species had been reported at half the stations, computed as explained on page 137, and also the average of these six dates. In some cases the data were too meager to warrant this computation, in which instances the 'dates are omitted and only first arrivals given. In a few species, marked by an asterisk, dates which obviously referred to winter residents have been rejected, while in the case of the Long-billed Marsh Wren, Pine Warbler and perhaps a few others the data are probably not sufficient to give accurate results, the species being rare or local. 1908. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153 cj ci^ cj c3 cS <^ 1^ ^ o3 s § (M t> ^ l> '^ CO Ol OC r-< < Ti (M s §; § s;s I s in" >. SS 05 O lO (N : OS X CO c; cc :■; c; c-i cj >-.>.>. !g<■ u t,' tH >> !>-. t." >^ ^ >^ c3 oj 03 03 =3 o3 03 CLi 03 o3 o3 d, c3 c3 03 §gsss s§ C 03 03 03 Ji, o3 03 o3 03 03-3- 03 03 >.>>>> -J t; t, 03 c3 o3 a Cm C Oh ^ lu t: -t- >, >. t. fc. 03 03 03 o3 o3 o3 o3 t. Si L. tH ;h a 03 o3 o3 CI, fcn U fc< >-> >> U U o3 o3 03 03 o3 o3 o3 03 a, c3 ^<'. 03 a, 03 03 03 -r'co '*' i-<' s^ t-<' CO IC CO C5 N. rH ^. fc, t> !h >i >5 t< t< 03 o3 03 03 03 o3 o3 Cl, 03 c3 03 a &. o3 o3 o3 cIh o3 o3-^ o3 03 03 03 03 o3 !h tH ^2 fc, Sh iH Cl, o3 o3 CL o3 CL IM C-1 C-) O IC O (M !M o3o3o3CI.rt&) M< iM "^ "" ~" ■ c3o3(r)03o3o3fljC3o3 a. rHi-H O'-iQC'OaiooctH co iM (>1 CO OM>M>A^ ^ i-H J <.g w^ wa wj CO sJ >i tn' tj t-* !^ C ti' Sh* 53 (J CL,o3C^o3CL&QhCIi Clt'^Pn ^1^ s e 2 o- =:.i; i: £ -S s b^-^f^'S PI. tils 3 3 ill _! so "^ CO ^-^^ CL-'- ;:C X 03 ^ So > a ^S6 ^^^ s a,o3 s -r g 3 s i; ?5' '-^.i ^ o o o e^.s S ^.S T^"^ ; :£ E^ p: ^ g 1 1 '^ = c ^ - -f ->: -£ cQ ^ ^ -J ~-^ <^ ^ <^ 9. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 OCC05C0O ClOTjto rt CO^ O CO (N (M CO (N ,-H T-4 ^ ^ tj >, i; ^' >> >> tH* >» t-' >^ >>>> b b (M T-( t-H CO (N s s c; C! C3 CL t^iMOCOl:^ OCOCO o3o3clo3q, c3c3o3cl c3Ci.33 c3o3 e3 c3 Ci< o3 o3 p, 2 8< c3 03 Q, rt Q, 03 03 03 03 c3 a, o3 >■. t: >. t*. >> SS 1^ S CL 03 Q< 03 CL §< ^ ^ S § 05 l-(OI>! tJ b b b ^^ Cu ^ c3 ^ CU C303C1< c3ji,c3 c3o3 s :s >> >^ fcj tH tH ra 03 Qj CL Qj o3o3^Cl irfQ^oS w^ <| <; -< > tJ t<' 53 t. t, ^h' (H tj' ^ ftft =3 aftftftft f^sl^ 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [April, >i >5 >> tn' U tn' a^^ cu &, a, ■^1; >i >i >, >. tn' U a ci cz ci cl cl lO (M i-H Oi i-H lO ^ ^ ^ Ih' u u TO TO 03 Qj CLi Cu Cu rt JS c3 cOI> >) >i ^ iH fcH ^H ^^ Cloaca, >. >. >> c c c i-hOOt-iO: OOIGOO tn' tn' >J >i >> t; U t-' CL Cli Ci C3 03 Q^ Ci 03 TO C3 03 03 CL CLi ^ C CO O -f o fH C<1 M CO ^^^<<- : 00^ tH tg tn o3 fi^ 03 03 CO(M ^ Q^C^ a, C3 ^ & OJ 0) PROC. ACAD. NAT SCI. PHILA. 1908. COLTON. HOW FULGUR AND SYCOTYPUS EAT OYSTERS, ETC PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1908. COLTON. HOW FULGUR AND SYCOTYPUS EAT OYSTERS ETC. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1908. COLTON. HOW FULGUR AND SYCOTYPUS EAT OYSTERS, ETC. PROC ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1908. PLATE IV. COLTON. HOW FULGUR AND SYCOTYPUS EAT OYSTERS, ETC. PROC. ACAD NAT. SCI. PHILA. 190S TuLGUR PERVERSA B n \ \ /* ^ -1 •-"^ \ \ * V Hi \ ^ 7 \ ^BU } 00 6 / m / \ \-i i-i c ^ ,-^5> ^ B «s * B I) Bi B 6 \kL 1 1 FUL-GUR CARICA ^ 7 B£2 \ J^ 7/ -- -— ^ \ \ \\ ^ ^ *^ , 7 r «'A ^ Bjl ^HTs ' 19 ^ ^ Bso Sycotypus canaliculatus 5and Beach Rocks Watefi 4in.Deej= Oysters 5and Water 3 ft. Deep COLTON HOW FULGUR AND SYCOTYPUS EAT OYSTERS, ETC PFIOC ACAD. NAT SCI TRUE ON RHABDOSTEUS LATIRADIX Cope. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1908. PLATE VII. PiJtjCr>-f,dfL PILSBRY ON SUCCINEA OVALIS. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 May 5. ' Arthur Erwin Brown, ScD., Vice-President, in the Chaii-. Thirty-four persons present. On the nomination of the Council, Profs. Henry F. Osborn, Amos P. Brown, Richard A. F. Penrose, Jr., Frederick Prime and the President of the Academy were appointed on the Hayden ^Memorial Committee. The death of Henry B. Aledlicott, a Correspondent, April 6, 1905, was reported. Dr. Spencer Trotter made a communication on points in the anatomy of the Apes, special attention being given to divergencies in the musculature. (No abstract.) May 19. Arthur Erwin Brown, Sc.D., Mce-President, in the Chair, Thirty persons present. John W. Harshberger, Ph.D., made a communication on the geo- graphical study of bud opening in connection with isothennal lines. (No abstract.) 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN SPIDERS OF THE FAMILY LYCOSIDJE. by ralph v, chamberlin. Table of Contents. PAGE Introduction 158 Lists of described North .Ajmerican Lycosidae 163 The Family Lycosidse 165 Key to Genera 169 The Genus Pardosa: Definition 170 Key to species 172 Description of species 174 The Genus Schizocosa; Definition...^ 210 Key to species 212 Description of species 212 Tlie Genus Lycosa : Definition 220 Key to species 223 Description of species 226 The Genus Allocosa: Definition 284 Key to s5)ecies 285 Description of species 285 The Genus Sosippus : Definition 292 Description of species 293 The Genus Trabea : Definition 295 Description of species 296 The Genus Sosilaus : Definition 298 Description of species 298 The Genus Pirata: Definition 299 Key to species 301 Description of species 301 Explanation of Phates '. 316 Introduction. The Lycosidce form one of the most successful of all families of spiders. Their common names of wolf and running spiders indicate their dominant traits. All live close to the earth, roaming freely and boldly, and with rare exceptions capturing their prey by the chase rather than by means of webs or other strategy. They are among the most familiar and widely distributed of spiders. The Piratas and 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 159 most of the small and excessively active Pardosas keep close to the water, when alarmed running out freely over the surface, in adaptation to which action their tarsi are specially modified in the arrangement of hairs and bristles. The larger Lycosas may mingle their colors with those of the dried leaves and twigs of the woods, lurk beneath the stones of roadside and field, wander in the open or burrow in the sand of the seashore or the soil of the plain. Every- where they are familiar; not because of large number of species, nor because of their bold open habits, but especially because of the excessive abundance of individuals resulting from successful adapta- tion to conditions widely available. All true spiders depend upon living animals, mostly insects, for food. Since they ingest only the body juices of their prey, what seems at first an amazing quantity of insects is required to satisfy their nutritive needs. Most spiders have met this requirement through the develop- ment of instinct and skill, accompanied of course by those structural modifications necessary for their effective exercise, in the construction of webs. The line of divergence of the Lycosidce, however, has been in the direction of capacity for taking prey by the chase. The high arched cephalothorax and the long stout legs plainly bespeak strength and speed. But strength and speed alone would be quite ineffective without the simultaneous development of the sensory system, to enable the spiders to detect and with some certainty to follow their prey. Such development has affected strongly the sight; other senses, except- ing touch, being seemingly but feebly developed. This is manifest in the differentiations in size and arrangement of the eyes. It has been shown that the arrangement of the eyes is such as to make the animal aware of movements within its limit of vision in front, at the sides and through a considerable arc behind, the arc directly forward being covered particularly well. The eyes fall very clearly in three rows. The first row, situated across the lower part of the face, is composed of four small eyes placed in different planes; the second of two eyes, large in size and directed antero-laterally ; the third of two medium-sized eyes situated farther back on the pars cephalica and directed latero- caudally. This arrangement of the eyes is apparently associated with the characteristic elevation of the pars cephalica. The high dorsally narrowed cephalothorax and the placement of the eyes m three distinct rows as described are features by which the Lycosidce are usually to be detected at a glance. Other characters serving with those mentioned to distinguish members of this family are the three claws of the tarsi, the notching of the trochanters at the outer end 160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [-^lav, beneath, and the excavation of the posterior piece of the superior lorum of the abdominal pedicel. Most of the wolf spiders build no webs of any kind for ensnaring their prey. A few forms {Sosippus, Hippasa), however, construct sheet webs over stones and low bushes with central, funnel-like retreats, much like those of some Agelenidce. In these web-constructing forms there is a strong development of the superior spinnerets, similar to that in the latter family. The females without exception enclose their eggs in cocoons, Avhich they carry about attached to their spinnerets until the young hatch. After hatching the young are carried about on the back of the parent until able to shift for themselves with some degree of safety. In making these cocoons the spiders first spin upon the ground a circu- lar disk, which they enlarge usually until its diameter is about equal to -the length of their bodies. A suitable scaffolding of threads is con- structed preliminary to the spinning of the disk. After the basal disk is completed the spider presses out from the genital ducts upon the center of the disk a drop of viscid fluid, into which the eggs are allowed to fall. She then spins over the eggs a covering sheet, fastening its edges to the basal disk. The cocoon is then cut loose from its attach- ments by means of the chelicerae, the ragged edges are neatly taken up and fastened to the wall of the cocoon, and over the whole fresh threads are spun while the cocoon, held beneath the cephalothorax by means of the third legs, is rotated by chelicerse and palps. The result is a neat egg-sac, lenticular in form and showing a distinct seam {Par- dosa), or spherical in form and either -wath a less distinct seam at equator (Pirata) or without a seam evident (Lycosa). As a rule the Lycosids born during any season pass the succeeding winter in the half-grown condition, not reaching maturity until the following summer or late spring. The smaller members of the family live but a single year, and during this time build no retreats for them- selves. The larger Lycosas, however, are known to live for several years. Many of these, build burrows, which they close upon the approach of winter by means of plugs or lids. These burrows may ])e mere shallow, nest-like excavations loosely lined with silk or may be deeper, more skilfully executed tunnels. In some cases a rampart or turret is built up about the opening of the burrow, apparently to prevent the drifting in of debris, etc. This rampart may be composetl of particles of sand or earth, or of pieces of straw, grass or sticks. superposed and bound together by means of silk. The same burrow may be occupied by a spider for several seasons, the occupant remodel- 1908.] i NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 ling the burrow if injured by accident, or enlarging it if outgrown (see L. fatifera, etc.). The number of species and genera of Lycosidce is very much smaller than would at first thought seem probable. These bold wanderei"s, with their strong, long legs, the black spines upon which standing out threateningly during excitement suggest their aggressiveness, spread out persistently in e^•ery direction. Isolation of any part of a species for a long time would be expected to be rare, and the establishment of distinct forms, therefore, so far as dependent upon this factor, in- frequent. There are comparatively few species of wide distribution, rather than a large number of limited range. This wide range of species is accompanied naturally by a great deal of fluctuating vari- ability in many of their features. A result has been a surprisingly large number of synonj^ms, consecjuent wpon examinations of limited number of specimens from widely separated localities. For example, species that range from New England to the West and far South become lighter and lighter in coloration. In several species the brightly colored individuals that prevail in Texas would appeal to one at first as surely specifically distinct from the darker forms of the North. But all gradations are found when sufficient material is studied, especially in that from intermediate regions, while apparently no sig- nificant differences at all appear in less variable structural features. Important variations are discussed in detail in the present work under the respective species. In this connection a main source of difficulty has been, indeed, the placing of too great reliance upon purely relative characters that undergo greater variation than has been recognized. Even in the treatment of genera this purely relative nature of the characters commonly used has left much room for diversity in opinion and usage. It is not, therefore, really surprising to find that genera accepted without question by one student are unhesitatingly denied by others. Some genera that have from time to time been proposed are clearly artificial, having, it would seem, been erected with a view to convenience rather than in an effort to express genetic relationship. All of the characters that have been conmionly used in separating, e.g., Pardosa and Lycosa, somewhere become uncertain, the result having been many incorrect references of species. And so, also, is it with other genera. My own studies of the Lycosidce long ago convinced me that the clearest and most definite characters for limiting not only the species but the genera of the Lycosidce as well, are those presented in the copulatory organs. In the present contribution much reliance 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Way, is placed upon these characters as indices of relationship. They have not previously been used in the definition of genera. It has been necessary to introduce a provisional terminology, perhaps sufficient for present descriptive purposes, for parts of the copulatory organs. Careful comparative studies on the morphology of the palpal organs of male spiders are much needed to give us a consistent general terminology. As here considered the portion of the family Lycosidce in the fauna of America north of Mexico includes eight genera: Allocosa, Pardosa, Schizocosa, Lycosa, Trahea,Sosippus, Sosilaus and Pirata. Lycosa is more comprehensive than the other genera and its species fall into a number of natural but mostly intergrading groups. Of these groups one in pari corresponding to Trochosa of some authors is most divergent and compact. (See further under Lycosa.) Altogether, in the neigh- borhood of one hundred and fifty specific names have been erected for the forms under these genera ; but of these not more than half are really "good." The species that I have been able to regard as distinct and recognizable are distributed among the genera as follows: Trahea, Sosippus and Sosilaus, e&ch with one; Allocosa, five; Schizocosa, three; Pirata, nine; Pardosa, seventeen ; Lycosa, thirty. Of the material studied mention should be made first of the section of Lycosidce in the rich collection of Aranea. at Cornell University, for the privilege of using which and for other unfailing courtesies I am deeply obliged to Prof. J. H. Comstock. The Cornell collection includes not only species from New York State and other parts of the North, but also a good representation of forms from the South and a number of species from the West. My own collection consists of specimens collected in California, Utah and New York by myself, and of a large number from many different localities obtained through others. Among those to whom it is a pleasure to make acknowledgments for specimens are the following: M. Simon, France (specimens from Florida); Rev. F. O. P. Cambridge, England; Mr. B. H. Guilbeaux, Louisiana; Miss Annie Jones, Georgia; Mr. A. M. Bean, Iowa; Mr. C. O. Crosby, New York; Mr. T. H. Scheffer, Kansas; Mr. G. W. Peckham, Wisconsin ; Dr. O. M. Howard, Utah; Prof. T. H. Montgomery, Texas. For the loan of specimens and collections for study I owe my thanks to Mr. J. H. Emerton, Boston; Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Boston; Prof. C. M. Weed, New Hampshire; Prof. John Barlow, Rhode Island ; ]\Ir. Charles Fuchs, of the California Academy of Sciences; Prof. M. T. Cook, Indiana; and Dr. W. M. Wheeler, of the American Museum of Natural Histoi-v, New York. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 163 For the privilege of studjdng the Marx collection in the U. 8. National Museum and various types in his own private collection, I am much indebted to the courtesy of Mr, Nathan Banks. List of Described North American I.ycosid.e, Genera. Allocosa Bks. Ardosa C. Koch = Lycosa J^atr. Aulonia Emerton {auranliaca) Trabea Simon. Geolycosa Mtg. = Lycosa Latr. Leimonia C. Koch = Pardosa Koch. Lycosa Latr. Pardosa C. Koch. Pi rata Sund. Scaptocosa Banks == Geolycosa Mtg. ScHizocosA Chamb. SosiLAUS Simon. Sosippus Simon. Trabea Simon. Trochosa C. Koch = Lycosa. degesta Chamberlin. evagata, sp. nov. ? exalhida Becker. funerea (Hentz). Species of Allocosa. nigra (Stone) = rugosa (Keys.). parva (Banks). rugosa (Keyserling). siiblata (Montgomerv) = funerea (Hentz). Species of Lycosa. albohastata Em. antelucana Mtg. = apicala Bks. apicata Bks. arenicola Sc aspersa Hentz. avara Keys. bahingtonii Bl. = helluo W. baltimoriana Keys, (var.) beanii Em. hrunneiventris Bks.= A'oc/ui Keys. carolinensis H. cinerea Fab. coloradensis Bks. crudelis Bks. = helluo W. communis Em. = erratica H. epigynata Mtg. = gulosa W. erratica H. exitiosa Bks. = aspersa. fatifera H. florid.ana Bks. floridiana Bks. frondicola Em. fumosa Em. grandis Bks. gulosa W. helluo W. helvipes Keys. = helluo W. inhonesta (Keys.) = aspersa H. insopita Mtg. = gulosa W. immaculata Bks. = aspersa H. kochli Keys. latifrons (Mtg.) = fatifera H. lenta H. lepida Keys. = erratica H. littoralis H. = cinerea Fab. maritima H. = cinerea Fab. milherti W. = ? carolinensis W. missouriensis Bks. = fatifera H. modesta Keys. modestaTh. = frondicola Em. nidicola Em. = helluo W. nidi f ex Mx. = arenicola Sc. nigroventris Em. = frondicola Em. 164 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, oblonga Bks, = aspersa H. perdita. perniunda Chamlx pikei Mx. = arenicola Sc. piulens ^Ix. = frondicola Em. pictilis Em. pilosa Gir. = carolinensis W. philadelphiana W., invalid. polita Em. = rubicunda Keys. pratensis Em. pidchra (Keys.). = gtdosa W. purcelli ^Itg. = gulosa W. propinqua Bl. = erratica H. puuctulata H. quiuaria Em. riparia Hentz. rubicunda Keys. rufiventris Bks. = avara Keys. ruricola H. = lenta H. sepidchralis Mtg. = modest a Keys. sagittata H. = erratica H. scalar is Th. = erratica H. scutulata Htz. sa?/i W. = ? /leZ/wo W. si?nilis Bks = /leZ/wo W. texana Mtg. = carolinensis W. (var.) tigrina McC. = aspersa H. m/raC. K. = ?/ieZZwo Walck. vidpina Em. = aspersa H. Walckenaek's Names of Species of Lycosa of the Abbott and Bosc Manuscripts. ammosa. avida. discolor. encarpata. grossipes. georgiana. qeorgicola. (Described in Ins. Apt., Vol. 1.) impavida. infesta. mordax. suspecta. triton. vehemeris. These names are all invalid, the descriptions havinc the unpublished drawings of Abbott and Bosc. been based on Species of Pardosa. albomacidata Em. = grcenlandica Th. anmdata Bks. = saxatilis Bl, atra Bks. banksi Chamb. brumiea Em. = var. of modica Bl. californica Keys. canadensis Bl. = milvina H. coloradensis Bks. = sterncdis Th. (Jrs.). distincta Bl. dorsalis Bks. ^77iackenziana Keys. dro?7ioeaTh. = grcenlandica Th. emertoni Chamb. flaripcs Keys. = 7nilvina Htz. florida7ia Bks. = banksi Chamb., ^ar. fuscula Th. = modica Bl. furcifera Th, = modica Bl. glacialis Th. = modica Bl. groenlandica Th. impavidaTh. = xerampelina Keys. indigatrix Th. = grcenlandica Th. intrepida Marx = groeidandica Th, iracimda Th. = grcenlandica Th. labradorensis Th. lapidicina Em. longispinata Tullg. luteola Em. = distincta Bl. littoralis Bks. = banksii Chamb. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 165 mackenziana Keys. mercurialis Mtg. = lapidicina Em. iiiilvinaHtz. minima Keys. = saxatilis H. modica Bl. m(psta Bks. montana Em. = xeram'peUna Keys. nigropalpis Em. = niilvina H. 'pallida Em. = emertoni Chamb. parvida Bks. = saxatilis H. (var.) pauxilla Mtg. saxatilis Htz. scita Mtg. = milvina. sinistra Th. = groenkmdica Th. steriialis Th. tachypoda Th. = xerampelina Keys. texana Bks, = lapidicina Em. ^m/is Th. = grce7ilandica Th. uncata Th. = mackenziana Keys. venusta Bks. = lapidicina (Jrs.). xerampelina Keys. Species of Pirata. «(7«7rs Bks. = montanus Em. aspiraiis Chamb. bilobata (Tidlg.). •elegans Stone = montanus Em. -exigua Bks. = minuta. febriculosa Becker. humicolus Montg. insularis Em. ^i6er Montg. = insidaris Em, marxi Stone. minuta Em. montana Em. montanoides Bks. = insularis Em. nigromaculatus Montg. = mon- tanus Em. prodi^iosa Keys. piratica (CI.) var. sedentarius Mtg. Beck. ivacondana Schef. (Beck.) utahensis, new, = febriculosa = febriculosa Species of Schizocosa, bilineta (Emerton). ■charonoides Mtg. = saltatrix H. gracilis (Banks) = saltatrix H. humilis (Banks) = saltatrix H. ocreata (Hentz). ■ocreata pulchra (Montg.) = bi- lineata. relucens (Montg.) = venustida (Hentz). rufa Keys. = ocreata Hentz ( 9 ). saltatrix stonei jMontg. = ocreata Hentz. vemistula (Hentz) = saltatrix H. verisimilis (Montg.) = saltatrix H. spinig-er Smion. iloridanus Simon. aurantiaca (Emerton). Species of Sosilaus. Species of Sosippus. Species of Trabea. The Family Lycosid.e. Cephalothorax elongated, much longer than wide, attenuated anter- iorly. The pars thoracica high and subprismatic, narrow above and oval 166 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, in outline, with the posterior border truncate and concave at the middle; a distinct fine median sulcus which is rather long always present, as are also more or less distinctly impressed radiating striae. Pars cephalica elevated and arched, distinctly separated from the par's thoracica by cervical furrows which unite at an angle at the median dorsal line, these more rarely indistinct above; pars cephalica with front truncated or more or less obtusely rounded. The face high, trapeziform or, less commonly, with the sides subparallel; in profile vertical, or at least very steep. Eyes all of the diurnal type; always distinctly arranged in three rows, of which the first is composed of four eyes and is located upon the lower part of the face, the second composed of two eyes at the upper part of the face or semidorsal in position, and the third, also com- posed of two eyes, in a strictly dorsal position; eyes of the first row small and comparatively close together, in a straight, procurved or rarely recurved row, the lateral eyes on more or less evident tubercles and with their visual axes directed antero-ventrally ; eyes of second row very large, occupying a transverse space, in most cases wider than that of the first row, less commonly of the same length or shorter, their visual axes directed antero-laterally ; eyes of third row large, almost always more widely separated than those of the second row, with which they thus outline a trapeziform area (quadrangle of posterior eyes), their visual axes directed more or less caudo-laterally. Clypeus com- paratively narrow, always narrower than the width of the area out- lined by the first and second rows of eyes (quadrangle of anterior eyes). Chelicerce long and robust, always vertical in position in both sexes ; at base a well-marked and rather large lateral condyle; both upper and lower margins of furrow armed, the upper with two or, more commonly, with three teeth, of which the median is much the largest, and the lower margin with from two to four stout conical teeth; posterior face always marked with a distinct oblique stria, along the inner side of which, especially in the middle region, is a well-developed, often dense, pilose band ; upper margin of furrow bordered with a subdense pilose band or fringe. Labium free; the ventral surface flat or, much more commonly, convex; more or less attenuated anteriorly, with front margin truncate or obtuse; from longer than wide to wider than long; much shorter than the endites. Endites longer than wide, more or less excavated within and fitting over the sides of the labium, externally roimded and never much narrowed at base; erect, never obliquely inclined; dorsal surface flat or a little concave; distally the supra-external border with 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 167 a fine serrulate line or serrula ; siipero-internal border with a dense pilose band or scopula. Sternum longer than wide; large, subcordiform, being truncated in front, rounded at the sides and attenuate to a point caudally. Legs long or moderately long, the fourth longest, then the first, the third shortest in the great majority of cases ; but there are exceptions in which the third legs are longer than the second, and others in which the second are longer than the first. The femora, tibiae and metatarsi and usually also some or all of the patellae armed Avith spines ; the anterior tibise with three pairs of spines beneath, less commonly with two (Pirata), and sometimes with as many as five (SosUaus); these and other spines of the anterior legs often much reduced and sometimes absent. In some small species the tarsi are beneath, all simply and rather sparsely setose, but in most they are at least in part more or less provided with scopula composed uniformly of fine, flat lanceolate and slenderh^ pointed hairs, never of distally enlarged hairs; in the smaller species these scopulsB may be present only along the sides of the ventral faces of the anterior tarsi ; but in the larger species {Sosippus and most Lycosas) the entire ventral surface of the anterior tarsi is densely scopulate, and the metatarsi are usually similarly or less densely scopulate, and the tibiae are also sometimes scopulate distally; in these larger forms the posterior tarsi are scopulate, but have their scopulae divided by a median line or band of setae; never with dense fasciculae at base of claws. Tarsi bearing three claws, of which the superior are strong and broad basally, and bear a series of teeth from five to seven, rarely more, in mmiber, these being mostly confined to the basal half of the claws; the unpaired claw small, bent abruptly downward, almost always naked, rarely with a single tooth. Trochan- ters invariably notched or excavated at distal end beneath. Superior lorum of the pedicel of the abdomen composed of two prin- cipal, very unequal pieces, of which the smaller posterior one is trun- cated or somewhat concave behind, and in front is notched or exca- vated for the reception of the angularly or roundly attenuated posterior part of the longer anterior piece; at each side of the principal plates is a slender, anteriorly attenuated piece. Spinnerets six in number; the anterior ones short and relatively stout, contiguous or subcontiguous ; the posterior more or less sepa- rated from each other, mostly more slender than the anterior and either of the same length or longer, composed of two articles, of which the second is short and rounded and usually subject to retraction within IBs PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^I^y, the fii-st. or less commonly longer and conical (Sosippus) ; median pair slender, of moderate length. Body clothed with simple hair, or more rarely with some of plumose ty]3e intermixed (Sossipus and some Pardosas). Genital plate or epigynum of the female mostly simple ; either a simple iinfurrowed plate or a plate depressed or furrowed longitudinally and with the depressed area divided by a ridge-like elevation (guide), which in the large majority of cases extends laterally on each side at its posterior end. The transverse portion of the guide often (Lycosa sens, str.) distinctly more elevate than the septal portion immedi- atel}' in front of it and extending on each side to behind the openings of the spermathecse ; median piece of guide posteriorly and the transverse pieces on anterior side with the upper free edges mostly more or less •extended horizontally in plate-like expansions, which are usually narrow but may be wide (lateral plates or alee of guide). Palpus of the male long, differing uniformly from that of the most nearlj' related families {e.g., Pisauridce and Agelenidos) in never having femur, patella, or tibia armed with any manner of process or apophysis. Tarsus or cymbium comparatively simple, boat-shaped; completely covering the bulb, the alveolus occup5dng usually not more than two- thirds of the ventral area; terminal part of the tarsus acuminate and bearing one, two, or rarely three mostly stout, always untoothed spines (transformed claws), occasionally imarmed. Bulb compara- tivel}- simple and compact; embolus only rarely exerted, in most h'ing upon a special fold (lectus) at front of the larger basal lobe or division, this fold in many with a lobe {auricida) extending forward in front of its exterior end ; lobe of the conductor bearing one to several chitinous processes (tenacula); either an erect and conspicuous apo- physis (Pirata) or transverse, and appressed ; basal division of bulb bear- ing strongly chitinized fokl or apophysis (scopus) in a median (Pardosa) or exterior position (Lycosa), or with such fold or apophysis absent or but weakly developed (Pirata), its absence or weak development being correlated with the absence of furrow and guide in the epigj'-num of the female; a chitinous plate or area (lunate area) at base of bulb practically alwa3's exposed, the area being of varying size in the differ- ent genera, but of quite constant relative extent and position in each. The most simple and generalized condition is shown in Pirata. Svn. — 1817. Citigradce Latr. (ad. max. part.), in Cuvier, Regne Animal, ' 3, p. 95. 1823. Cursores Sund. (ad. max. part.). Gen. Aran. Suec, p. 20. 182,5. Citigradw Latr. (ad. max. part.), Fam. Nat. de Regne Animal, p. 316. 1833. Lyrosirfes Sund. (ad. max. part.), Comp. Arachn., p. 25. onn. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 1850. Lijcosides C. Koch (ad. max. part.), Ubersicht d. Araclm. Syst. ^ 1852 Venatores Dolesch. (ad. max. part.), Syst. Verz. Oesten. Sp., p. ^. 1869. Lycosoidce Thorell (ad. max. part.), On European Spiders p. ISS. 1876. Lycosidoe Simon (excl. Dolomedes and Ocyale), Arachn. France, .3, p. 223 . ' Lycosoidce Keyserling (excl. Dolomedes and Ocyale), Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, p. 610. 1877. Lycosoid^ Thorell, Bull. U.S. G.S.Terr., 3, p. 504. 1885. Lycosidoe Em. (excl. Dolomedes, Oxyopes and Ocyale), Trans. L Acad.Sci., 6,p. 481. ■ , ^ , x t^ t- o at ^.r i.-, 1890. Lycosidoe Marx (excl. Dolomedes and Ocyale), Proc. L. S. i\. M., l^, p 560 1892. Lycosida Banks (excl. Pisauridoe), Can. Entomologist, xxiv, p. 97. 1898. Lycosida; Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign, 2, p. 317. 1903. Lycosidre Comstock, Classif. of N. A. Spiders. 1905. Lycosida Banks, American Nat., p. 300, 318. Key to North America Genera of Lycosid.e. 1. Anterior tibia? armed beneath with five pairs of very long spines; anterior eyes subcontiguous, in a recurved row clearly longer than the second, .• Sosilavs. Anterior tibis armed beneath with less than five pairs of spmes ; anterior row of eyes straight or procurved, 2 2 I^ower margin of furrow of chelicera armed with four stout conical teeth, • • • SosiPPL-s. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera armed with two or three teeth, never with four, ' ' '^' 3. Anterior row of eyes very strongly procurved, the median eyes much farther from the lateral than from each other, Trabea. Anterior row of eves not strongly procurved, the median eyes little or mostly 'not at all farther from the lateral than irom each other, Z ' / /• • 4 Cephalothorax glabrous or very nearly so, smooth and shming, dark in color and without definite light markings, Allocosa. Cephalothorax not glabrous, when but sparsely pubescent having a distinct light colored median stripe, ....... 5. 5 Distal pair of ventral spines of anterior tibia? never apical in posi- tion- cephalothorax with a median pale band enclosing in its anterior portion a dark V-shaped mark. (Epigynal plate unfur- rowed, i.e., without a guide; true scopus absent or but faintly indieatfed in male palpus), • • PiRATA. Distal pair of ventral spines of anterior tibise apical m position; median pale band of cephalothorax when present not enclosing anteriorly a dark V-shaped mark. (Epigynum with a distinct guide; scopus well developed), ^• 6 Scopus median in position and more or less erect; guide of epigy- num weakly or not at all developed anteriorly, the spermatheca opening into comparativelv deep, open, basin-hke fovea?, which when continued forward as furrows are distinctly less depressed anteriorlv ; labium wider than long with basal exca- vations short, . : • Pardosa Scopus exterior in position; guide of epigynum well developed 170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, anteriorly ; labium longer than wide with the basal excavations long 7^ 7. Transverse arms of guide divided from the distal end more or less mesally; auricula of lectus very long, reaching or nearly reach- ing the anterior margin of alveolus; the embolus distinctly elbowed at base of auricula ; conductor conspicuously elevate and usually more or less produced into a horn-like process extending beyond front margin of alveolus, . Schizocosa. Transverse arms of guide not divided from apex mesally ; auricula of moderate size or small, not attaining front of alveolus; embolus evenly curving, not elbowed at base of auricula; conductor not conspicuously elevate or produced above into a horn-like process extending beyond front margin of alveolus, IjYCOSA. FABDOSA C. Koch, 1848. (Subgenus sub LYCOSA. Die Arachn., Vol. 14, p. 100.) Entire body densely clothed with pubescence. Anterior tibise armed beneath with three pairs of spines, of which the basal and median pairs are very long, much longer than the diameter of the joint, the third pair apical in position and reduced in size. Anterior row of eyes always shorter than the second and procurved ; eijes small and subequal or with the median a little larger; median eyes nearly always a little farther from each other than from the lateral ; clypeus high, twice as wide as the diameter of an anterior lateral eye; eyes of the second row large and divergent, situated at the outer angles of the face above, their diameter or more apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes trapeziform, wider behind than in front. Labium at least as wide as long, usually wider; basal excavation short, only very rarely more than one-fourth of the total length of labium. Spinnerets short, the posterior pair a little longer than the anterior, the apical segment being short and rounded. Epigynum with a distinct guide which is but weakly or not at all developed anteriorly; the openings of the spermatheca protected; the spermathecum on each side opening into a relatively large and deep fovea or pit, the furrows becoming nar- rower and shallower anteriorly. Posterior lobe of mah palpus bearing a Scopus in a median position; scopus more or less erect, free except at base where it has a spur or process on the exterior side; scopal fold low; when a true lectal fold is indicated never showing an auricle or f orwardly directed lobe ; lower furrow of conductor relatively extensive, bearing at its inferior margin a variously formed and often lobed or dentate tenaculum. Syn. — 1804. Lycosa Latceille (ad. part.), Nuov. Diet. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 135 1832. Lycosa Heutz (ad. part ), Sill. J. Sci. Arts, 21, p. 106. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 171 1842. Lycosa Hentz (ad. part.), J. Bost. Soc. N. H., 4, p. 22S. 1848. Lycosa subg. Leimonia C. Koch, Die Arach., 14, p. 99. . Lycosa subg. Pardosa (noni. preocc), ibid., p. 100. 1875. Lycosa Hentz. (ad. part.), Sp. U. S., pp. 11 and 24. 1876. Pardosa Simon, Arachn. Fr., Vol. 3. 1876. Lycosa Keyserling (ad. part.), Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien., p. 610. 1877. Lycosa Thorell, Bull. U. S. G. S. Ten-., 3, p. 504 et seq. 1885. Pardosa Emerton, Tr. Conn. Ac. Sci., 6, p. 494. 1898. Pardosa Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign., 2. 1902. Pardosa Montgonierj' (ad. part, max.), Proc. Ac. Sci., Phila., p. 536, 1903. Pardosa Comstock, Classif. of N. A. Spiders. 1904. Pardosa Chamberlin, Can. Ent., xxxvi, p. 176. Pars cephalica moderately narrow, the sides steep, gently declined anteriorly; face elevated, its sides straight and very steep, subvertical. Quadrangle of posterior eyes one-fourth or more the length of the cephalothorax. Seen from above the posterior eyes are at most but very little more than their diameter removed from the margins of pars cephalica (PI. VIII, fig. 2). Chelicerce in the great majority of cases with but two teeth on the upper margin of the furrow, the lower margin with three, of which the third is usually much reduced (PI. VIII, fig. 1). Legs long and especially the metatarsi and tarsi slender. Anterior tarsi scopulate, laterally the median ventral face occupied by a setose band (PI. VIII, fig. 7), posterior tarsi simply setose; metatarsus of fourth leg relatively long, most commonly longer than the tibia + patella (especially so in d^ ) , more rarely of same length or a little shorter ; tibia + patella of fourth legs always longer than the cephalothorax. The color markings frequently due in large part to the arrangement of the pubescence in spots and streaks without corresponding marks in the tegument, such markings', of course, being evident only in the living or dry specimens. The cephalothorax in this genus has always a more or less evident light median stripe of a characteristic dagger form. In nearly all species, although the mark- ings may be much obscured in some, there is on the dorsum of the abdomen a pale basal mark which runs to a point near the middle, each side of the apex and also usually each side of the middle of which is an angular pale spot, having a dark dot at its center; posteriorly a series of such ocellate spots more or less united at the middle line into chevrons. Il^ Spiders of small or less commonly of medium size, all characterized by excessive agility. The males are commonly smaller than the females; but do not differ much in coloration. As in Lycosa and other^, genera, however, the anterior legs of the male are often distinguished by some peculiar development of color structure. Pardps^s build jio .retreat, wandering about during the cocooning 172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^lay, season as well as at other times. The cocoon is more or less lenticular inform, and shows a distinct seam about the equator, along which the break is made when the spiderlings issue to mount the parent. The cocoon is typically greenish-yellow or greenish-black, but only very rarely white. The individuals of this genus rarely live more than one year. Key to Species of Pardosa. Females, 1. Epigynal plate or area widest at anterior end, distinctly narrowing^ posteriorly; guide wider anteriorly than toward apex (PI. XIV, fig. 3), xerampelina (Keys.). Not as above, 2. 2. Epigynum presenting each side of the guide posteriorly a sharply delimited, relatively small fovea as long as wide, the anterior region of epigynum scarcely depressed, 3. Not as above, 4. 3. Posterior fovese angular in outline; posterior ends of lateral ridges separated by a distance much greater than their width; guide behind with transverse arms (PI. XIII, fig. 5), . sternalis Th. Posterior fovese smoothly rounded in outline; posterior ends of lateral ridges not farther apart than their diameter ; guide with out transverse arms (PI. XIII, fig. 8), atra Bks. 4. Lateral furrows with the shallow anterior fossae short and narrow, behind these deepening and abruptly widely expanding, becoming widest near middle of epigynum; septum of guide elevate, its more depressed tranverse arms extending into excavations in theinnerfaceof the lateral ridges, 5. Not as above, 7. 5. Transverse arms of guide bending backwards, septum of guide widest at posterior end, becoming gradually narrower toward the anterior end, its sides substraight or but little curving (PI. XIV, fig. 6), groenlandica Th. Not so, 6. 6. Transverse arms of guide bending more or less forward; septum abruptly widest immediately behind region of anterior fossae, from there narrowing to end (PI. XV, fig. 3), modica var. brunnea Em. Transverse arms bending more strongly forward ; septum widest behind the middle of its length, typically expanded into a broad plate-like form over the origins of tranverse arms which it usually in large part covers (PI. XV, fig. 1), modica Bl. (type form). 7. Face of septum of guide abruptly expanded behind into a large nearly circular plate, the diameter of which is clearly greater than the length of the part of epigynum in front of it (PI. XIV, fig. 1), emerloni Chamb. Not so 8. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELrHIA, 173 8. Epigynal area wider than long, 9. Not so, 10. 9. Distinct lateral ridges enclosing posterior portion of guide both at sides and also behind except for short median space between ends of ridges (PI. XV, fig. 8), distincta Bl. No enclosing ridges at sides or behind, guide extending com- pletely over margins of plate of epigynum posteriorly (PL XIV, fig. 5), californica (Keys.). 10. Over anterior and median portion of epigynum a narrow and very shallow fossa passing behind into a large transversely elliptical depression which is completely occupied by the expanded guide, the lateral ends of which lie in excavations in the side ridges (PI. XV, fig. 5), mackenziana (Keys.). Not so, 11. 11. Transverse arms of guide narrowest mesally, widening toward their outer ends (PI. XIV, fig. 7), . . . . lapidicina Em, Not so, 12. 12. Lateral plates extending along guide for much of total length of epigynum, gradually narrowing in width anteriorly, . . . 13. Not so, the lateral plates mostly confined to transverse arms, abruptly narrowing and extending forward but a short dis- tance on septal piece, 15. 13. Guide becoming very narrow toward its anterior end; outer margin of epigynum presenting a small abrupt shoulder on eacli side just below middle (PI. XIII, fig. 9), . . pauxilla Mtg. Guide of moderate width at its anterior end, being much wider than the fossa at each side; outer margin of epigynum present- ing no shoulder below middle (PI. XIII, fig. 7), banksi Chamb. 15. Posterior fovea? clearly wider than long; septum of guide very narrow over middle region, at front end strongly expanding in fan-like form; front margin of anterior depression straight and moderately wide (PI. XIV, fig. 9), moesta Bks. Not so, 16. 16. Sides of epigynum protruding into an angle in front of middle; no distinctly defined lateral ridges in middle region of sides, the sides gradually convexly rounding from middle to outer margin (PI. XIII, " fig. 1), \ . . . . . . saxatilis {B..). Sides of epigynum not angulate in front of middle ; more or less distinct lateral ridges along middle region (PI. XIII, fig. 3), milvina (H.). The key to females above does not include P. longispinata (Tullg.) and labradorensis (Th.)^ of which specimens have not been examined by the author. Males. 1. Scopus short and stout, not at all or but slightly longer than broad, 2. Scopus several times longer than broad, 7. 12 174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, 2. Anterior depressed lobe of bulb separated into two furrows by an elevated narrow fold extending from above obliquely dow^nward and outward, externally from its lower end being two uncate tenacula and at the corner opposite its upper end a lamellate, inflexed chitinous angle (PI. XI \^, fig. 8), . . lapidicina Em. Not so, 3. 3. Anterior division of bulb presenting a large, trilobed thickening transversely across its upper border from base of embolus out- ward, the ends of lobes recurved over the furrow posteriorly from them (PI. XIV, fig. 4), californica (Keys.). Not so, 4. 4. Embolus extending across bulb almost to outer side of alveolus (PI. XV, fig. 4, var. brunnea; PI. XV, fig. 2, type form), modica (Bl.). Apex of embolus scarcdy extending beyond scopus, groenlandica Th. 7. Scopus extending obliquely forward and outward quite to or some distance beyond margin of alveolus, 8. Not so, 10. 8. Scopus curving forward with convexity external and apex directed forward, emertoni Chamb. Not so, 9. 9. Embolus strongly bent into an S shape; scopal spur turned forward at apex (PI. XIII. fig. 6), sternalis (Th.). Embolus but little curved, extending nearly straight transversely; scopal spur turned backward at apex (PI. XIII, fig. 2), saxatilis (H.). 10. Scopus above bent outward and then strongly backward, becom- ing nearly parallel with basal part (PI. XV, fis;.9), distincta Bl. Not so, ^ .... 11. 11. Scopus dentate at apex; the spur nearly straight, subcorneal (PI. XV, figs. 6 and 7), mackenziana (Keys.). Scopus not dentate at apex, 12. 12. Spur short and stout, abruptly turned posteriorly at apex into an acute hook (PI. XIII, fig. 4), milvina (H.). Spur cylindrical, longer, pauxilla Mtg. Males of the following species are either unknown or are too imperfectly known to the author to be included in the foregoing key : atra, banksi, lahradorensis, longispinata, moesta, xerampelina. Pardosa saxatilis (Hentz), 1844. (J. Bost. 8oc. \. Hist., p. 392, PI. XVIII, figs. 9, 10.) Female. — Sides of cephalothorax deep brown to black crossed with lighter radiating lines ; a median reddish yellow band which anteriorly sends a short narrow process between eyes of the third row, behind which it abruptly widens, constricted midway between the eyes and the doi'sal groove, behind which it is strongly narrowed, sides of band 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 175 in region of median groove dentate; on each side a yellow supra- marginal stripe usually divided by two or three dark cross-lines and limited below by a narrow black marginal stripe which is more or less broken into spots ; clypeus yellow, with a triangular black spot below each anterior lateral eye, the apex of the spot being at the eye and the base on the front margin of the clypeus; the light part of cephalo- thorax in life clothed with dense white hair, that of the supramarginal stripes extending also over the black marginal lines, the light side stripes consequently appearing wider in live than in alcoholic speci- mens, Chelicerce yellow, with some dusky markings. Labium and endites and coxce of legs beneath yellow. Sternum black, usually with a narrow median pale line in front; often with a row of black dots along each lateral margin, and a central black stripe narrowed behind and anteriorly geminated by a pale line, elsewhere being yellow. Legs yellow with black annuli on all joints excepting the tarsi, the dark annuli of the femora wide and predominating over the yellow, those of the tibia3 of same width as the yellow bands, while those of the metatarsi are distinctly narrower. Abdomeyi blackish to dark gray above, sometimes of a greenish tinge; a yellow to brown lanceolate stripe at base having at each side of its apex a similarly colored angular spot with minute black dot at its center; on posterior portion of dorsum a series of light cross-marks, each formed by the lateral confluence of from two to four spots similar to those at sides of apex of basal stripe ; dorsum elsewhere with many minute light dots; sides like lateral portions of dorsum but with the light dots larger; venter yellow to light reddish brown, with a row of irregular dark and partly confluent marks along each side and a short median row of similar marks behind the epigynum; in life the abdomen is densely clothed with gray and brown hair. Spinnerets light brown, Epigynum light brown, the posterior fovese appearing as darker blackish spots, Cephalothorax relatively higher in front than usual, highest at third eye row, from there slanting downward to the posterior declivity, concave at the dorsal groove, plane of quadrangle of posterior eyes not much declined. Face as high as the length of the chelicerse or slightly higher, protruding above over its lower portion ; sides slightly convex or straight, sub vertical. Anterior row of eyes of the usual length and curvature; anterior median eyes three-fourths their diameter apart, half as far from the lateral eyes, their diameter from eyes of second row; anterior lateral eyes three-fourths or more as large as the median, more than twice their diameter from the front margin of clypeus and than their diam- 176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, eter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row their diameter or a little more apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes more than one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Labium wider than long (4.25 : 4) ; basal excavation one-fourth the total length; strongly attenuated anteriorly, the sides for most of length convexly rounded, becoming straight toward anterior angles; front margin slightly convexly rounded. Legs with the metatarsus of the fourth pair clearly longer than the tibia -h patella; tibia H- patella of the first pair of the same length as the cephalothorax; first two pairs of spines of the anterior tibiae very long and overlapping as usual; lateral scopulse of anterior tarsi very thin. Epigynum without distinctly defined lateral ridges in the median region; sides strongh^ angulate in front of middle; guide usually pointed just in front of posterior foveae, between the anterior portions of which it is not concavely depressed as it is in flavipes, descending from the higher transverse ridge in a more nearly straight line than in the latter species. (PI. XIII, fig. 1.) Total length, 5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.4 mm.; width, 1.8 mm. Length of leg I, 7.3 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.4 mm. ; met., 1.5 mm. Length of leg II, 7 mm. Length of leg III, 7 mm. Length of leg IV, 10.5 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 3.5 mm. Male. — Darker than female and the light and dark markings more strongly contrasting; entire eye region black; supramarginal light stripes of cephalothorax often obscure; femora of first legs entirely black, those of second pair pale over most of ventral surface, the black of dorsal surface more or less interrupted with yellow ; posterior femora with dark rings which are more broken or interrupted than in female; distal joints of all legs yellow, without any dark annuli. Palpi entirely black except the patellae and the tips of the tarsi which are yellow or, in life, bright white. Tibia of palpus a little longer than the patella, becoming thicker distally, tarsus as long as the two preceding joints together. Scopus resembling that of milvina, but reaching to or beyond the exterior side of the alveolus; lower border of the inferior furrow of anterior lobe developed at the exterior side into a dorsally concave, boat^shaped structure which at the exterior end is keeled and bears below a short rounded flap, the upper margin of the furrow with a strongly chitinized triangular process or tenaculum directed caudally toward the process of the inferior margin as in milvina. (PI. XIII, fig. 2.) 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 177 Total length, 4.6 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.3 mm.; width, 1.9 mm. Length of leg I, 7.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.5 mm. ; met., 1.8 mm. Length of leg II, 6.6 mm. Length of leg III, 6.5 mm. Length of leg IV, 10.3 mnL ; tib. + pat., 3.1 mm. ; met., 3.2 mm. Syn. — 1876. Lycosa minima, Keyserling,Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 26, p. 614. 1885. Pardosa albopatella Enierton, Trans. Conn. Oc. Sci., 6, p. 497, PI. 94, figs. 2 to 26. 1890. Lycosa minima, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12, p. 562. . Pardosa albopatella, Marx, ibid., p. 565. 1890. Pardosa albopatella. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 42, p. 431 . 1891. Pardosa minima, Bank.s, Ent. News, 2. 1892. Pardosa albopatella, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. WT, 2, p. 161. 1892. Pardosa albopatella, Banks, Proc. U. S. N. M., 44, p. 70. . Pardosa annulata. Banks, ibid., p. 68, PI. 1, fig. 41. 1895. Pardosa minima. Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 3, p. 91. 1900. Pardosa minima, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., p. 539. 1902. Pardosa albopatella, Enierton, Common Sp. of U. S., p. 83, figs. 205-207. 1902. Pardosa minima, Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 571, PI. 30, figs. 35, 36. Type locality. — Alabama. Known localities. — Illinois!, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island!, New Hampshire!, District of Columbia!, Pennsylvania, New Jersey!, Alabama, Kansas!, Indiana. While the males are easily distinguishable, the females of this species and of milvina are much alike both in general appearance and in the structure of the epigyna. Aside from the differences in the epigyna, which are difficult to state, the cephalothorax of saxatilHs is relatively higher in front and slopes more decidedly caudally and the face protrudes above more strongly. There are constant differences in the proportions of the legs. The markings of saxatilis are finer. Pardosa milvina ( Kent z), 1844. (Sub Lycosa, J. Bost. S. N. H., Vol. IV, p. 392, PI. XVIII, fig. 8.) Sides of cephalothorax deep brown to black; eye region deep black, a yellow to brown median band beginning as a rather narrow process at or behind third eye row, expanding a little posteriorly on each side and then again constricted in front of middle, expanding about dorsal groove and then narrowing again down posterior declivity; on each side a submarginal light band which in some is obscure anteriorly, but is usually distinct to clypeus in front; clypevis yellow or brown with a triangular black spot below each anterior lateral eye; sides of cephalothorax with brown pubescence, the light stripes with yellow, 178 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, the clypeus with yellow and some white. Chelicerce yellow to brown each with a short black median mark at base, clothed with whitish pubescence and sparee long brown bristles. Endites, labium and coxce of legs yellow to brown. Sternum usually black, often with a lighter median line in front, clothed with yellow or yellowish-white pubescence; sometimes lighter, dark brown or even yellow with or without dark spots. Legs yellow with dark rings on all joints except the tarsi, clothed ^vith whitish and some short darker pubescence. Abdomen above at base with a yellow to reddish-brown stripe ending in front of middle; opposite apex of basal mark an angular pale spot with dark dot in center, and behind a series of transverse rows of similar spots more or less confluent transversely as usual; often a yellow line close to and parallel with the margin of the basal mark on each side; dorsum laterally black with numerous small yellow dots; dorsum clothed with brown and white pubescence, the white in part in angular spots at sides and in transverse lines between the pale marks of tegument; sides yellow with many spots and mottlings of brown or above of black, in life covered with pubescence in intermixed spots and streaks of white and brown; venter pale, rarely dark, densely clothed with light gray pubescence. Spinnerets yellow or light brown. Epigynum brown, darker, reddish at margins. Face relatively high, nearly of same height as length of chelicerae; sides nearly straight, subvertical. Cephalothorax high, the posterior declivity very steep, in profile nearly level from third eye row to posterior declivity, slightly depressed at median furrow, sides steep. Anterior row of eyes much shorter than the second, only slightly procurved; anterior median eyes nearly three-fourths their diameter apart, evidently closer to the lateral eyes ; anterior lateral eyes visibly smaller than the median, of usual distance from eyes of second row and from the front margin of clypeus; eyes of second row not quite once and a half their diameter apart. Quadrangle of posterioV eyes more than one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Labium a little wider than long (6.25 : 6) ; basal excavation more than one-fourth the total length of labium; sides substraight, strongly converging anteriorly ; front margin slightly convex. Legs slender; metatarsus of fourth pair of same length as tibiie and patella together; spines of anterior tibiae as usual; anterior tarsi with but very sparse scopulae at sides, posterior tarsi setose and spinulose as usual. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 179 Epigynum with more or less evident lateral ridges, margins usually not angulate in front of middle; septal piece of guide not pointed at front of foveae, more depressed between fovese than in saxatilis. See PI. XIII, fig. 3. Total length, 6 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.4 mm.; Avidth, 2 mm. Length of leg I, 9 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.3 mm. ; met., 1 .7 mm. I>ength of leg II, 6.9 mm. Length of leg III, 6.8 mm. Length of leg IV, 10.3 ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 3 mm. Male. — Darker in color than female, the cephaloihorax often nearly entirely black, especially anteriorly, with the side stripes obscured and the median light mark not extending forward beyond front end of dorsal furrow. Abdomen often entirely black above, with light mark- ings absent or but faintly indicated. Tarsus of palpus always black, the other joints often so, and always darkened by black pubescence. Tibiae of the palpus longer than the patella and distinctly broader, broadest anteriorly. Scopus long, bent outward above but not reaching margin of alveolus; basal spur short, bent down at apex, not covered ; margin of inferior furrow of anterior lobe with a single short and stout tenaculum. (PI. XIII, fig. 4.) Total length, 5.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax. 2.8 mm.; width, 2.1 mm. Length of leg I, 9.9 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.2 mm. ; met., 2.4 mm. Length of leg II, 9.4 mm. Length of leg III, 8.9 mm. Length of leg IV, 12.9 mm. ; tib. + pat,, 3.8 mm. ; met., 4.2 mm. Syn. — 1.S71. Lycosa canadensis, Blackwall, Ann. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, pp. 4.30, 431. 1876. Lycosa flavipes Keyserling, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, 26, p. 616, PI. 7, fig. 4. 1885. Pardosa nigropalpis Enierton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 6, p. 497, PI. 48, fig. 3 to 3b. 1890. Pardosa nigropalpis, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12. — — . Pardosa nigropalpis, Stone, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 42, p. 430. 1892. Pardosa nigropalpis. Banks, Trans. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44, p. 70. . Pardosa pallida, Banks (ad. part, in Coll. in Univ. Cornell), ibid., p. 68. . Pardosa nigropalpis, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. W., p. 161. 1893. Pardosa flavipes, Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1, p. 125. 1894. Pardosa flavipes, Banks, op. cit., 3, p. 91. 1900. Pardosa milvina, Banks (ad. part, max), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 539. 1902. Pardosa nigropalpis, Montgomery, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 569, PI. 30, figs. 32-34. . Pardosa scita Montgomery, ibid., p. 573, PI. 30, figs. 37, 38. . Pardosa nigropalpis Emerton Common Sp. of U. S., p. 83, figs. 205-207. 180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Type locality — Alabama. Known localities. — Maryland!, Illinois!, Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, Rhode Island!, New York!, District of Columbia!, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina!, Georgia!, Alabama!, Louisiana!, Mississippi!, Kansas!, Indiana!. One of the commonest and most widely distributed of North Ameri- can Pardosas. Specimens from the South are lighter than those from the North, the sternum being frequently yellow or white without marks, and at other times being covered in varying degrees with black dots, the dots in some covering entire sternum, except for the anterior median light stripe, and in others found only in a single row along each margin. In the same locality all gradations may be found between dark, typically colored individuals and the pale forms. Pardosa pauxilla Mtg. Female. — Sides of cephalothorax blackish brown or deep chocolate color; a rather wide yellow or pale brown band along each lateral margin extending forward to the clypeus which is of the same light color; eye region black; back of eyes a median dagger-shaped light brown stripe of usual character. Chelicene yellow. Labium, endites and coxce of legs beneath yellow or yellowish brown. Sternum yellow- ish brown, blackish toward margins and with scattered black spots over the middle portion. Legs also yellow or yellowish brown with numerous dark annuli which are deep and distinct on the femora and tibiae, but are less strong or sometimes indistinct on the metatarsi; of these annuli there are four on each femur and tibia and three on each metatarsis; each patella has a median annulus with indications in some of darkened ends. Abdomen with dorsum black to deep brown minutely dotted with yellow; at base a yellow lanceolate stripe with an angular spot each side of apex as usual, followed behind by a series of wide chevron-marks of the ordinary character; because of the extent of the yellow markings in some the dorsum appears to be occupied over its middle region from base to spinnerets by a yellowish band which narrows caudally and encloses rather indistinct dark markings; sides of abdomen dark like the lateral portions of dorsum, but the yellow dots larger, becoming more and more extended and confluent ventrally, finally passing into the inmiaculate yellow or yellowish white venter. Spinnerets pale brown. Epigynum reddish brown. Anterior row of eyes of the usual relative length and curvature; anterior median eyes fully their diameter apart, much closer to the smaller lateral eyes, their diameter or a little more from the eyes of 190S.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 181 second row ; anterior lateral eyes twice their diameter or a little more from the front margin of clypeus, their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row one and one-fourth times their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes longer behind than in front in ratio of 9 : 1, considerably more than one-fourth as long as the cephalothorax (1 :3.5). Spines of tibiae of legs and clothing of tarsi as usual. Epigi/num in shape roughly like a very wide-necked decanter, though more angular in outline; posterior foveas not sharply limited, the lateral furrows gradually narrowing cephalad to a mere line at the anterior end, the sides bulging in correspondingly on each side; guide somewhat anchor-shaped with the transverse pieces relatively short and stout, the median piece with lateral plates along entire length, these continuously narrowing cephalad until the septum at its anterior end is very narrow. (PI. XIII, fig. 9 .) Total length, 5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; width, 1.8 mm. Length of leg I, 7.2 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.6 mm. ; met., 1.5 mm. . Length of leg II, 7 mm. Length of leg III, 6.9 mm. Length of leg IV, 10.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.2 mm. ; met., 3.3 mm. Ma/f?.— Considerably smaller than female. Legs yellow, entirely without rings or markings excepting the femora of the first two pairs which are black on the basal half, the black more or less interrupted by yellow laterally and below. Palpi entirely black, clothed with dense black hair. Median stripe of cephalothorax obscure. Abdomen entirely black without light markings in the tegument, but in life with a row of white spots formed of bunches of hair on each side behind, with narrow transverse lines of white hair extending between the spots; venter yellow with a dark median mark more or less dilated in front of the spinnerets, clothed with white hair. Chelicerce black except along disto-mesal side, clothed with deep brown pubescence except distally where it is gray and longer. Bulb of palpal organ very convex, protruding conspicuously from alveolus ; scopus similar in form to that of milvina, but the basal spur cylindrical and relatively longer than in that species ; there are consider- able differences in the conductors of these two species. Total length, 4.1 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.1 nun.; width, 1.3 mm. Length of leg I, 5.2 mm. Length of leg II, 5 mm. 182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May^. Length of leg III, 5 mm. Length of leg IV, 7.7 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.3 mm. ; met., 2.6 mm. Locality. — Austin, Texas !. Fardosa banksi Chamberlin, 1904. (Canadiitn Entomologist, Vol. XXXVI, p. 175.) Female. — Eye region and sides of cephalothorax black or brownish black; on each side a distinct supramarginal yellow band which reaches to the clypeus in front; a less clearly marked median dagger- shaped band of brown along dorsum from posterior margin to the third eye row, this band but little wider than the lateral bands except at its expanded anterior end, where, however, its lateral portions are obscure; clypeus yellow, marked below each anterior lateral eye with a triangular black spot, the apex of which is at the eye, and the base upon the front margin of clypeus. Chelicerce smoky yellow, with a dark line running down near the inner side and bending obliquely outward across the front face distally, there becoming indistinct; a black -line along each margin of the lateral condyle. Sternum light brown with a black median lanceolate stripe which is divided anteriorly by a short yellow line. Legs clear yellow or pale brown of a greenish hue, or with faint traces of rings on the posterior ones, otherwise entirely without markings. Abdomen above black with a reddish yellow lanceolate stripe at base, with a similarly colored quadrate spot with black dot at center each side of apex, and a series of transverse yellow marks behind formed of similar spots united in pairs; an indis- tinct light mark joining the basal lanceolate stripe on each side near its base and another one joining it near the middle on each side, these marks formed of rows of small dots ; sides of abdomen black like the dorsum except for a yellow spot or stripe in front below each antero- lateral angle; venter yellow with a brown spot enclosing spinnerets and a median dark line extending from this spot forward to the epigy- num. Anterior spinnerets brown, the posterior ones more yellow. Epigynum light reddish brown. Face as high as the length of the chelicerse or very nearly so; sides straight and subvertical. Cephalothorax highest a little behind third eye row, from where in profile the dorsal line is straight to the posterior declivity. Anterior row of eyes shorter than the second, of the usual relative length, gently procurved; anterior median eyes fully three-fourths their diameter apart, closer to the lateral eyes, a little more than their diameter from eyes of second row; anterior lateral eyes about three- 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 183 fourths as large in diameter as the median, twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus, once and a third their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes a little wider in front than long, fully one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Lower margin of furrow of chelicerce with three teeth, of w-hich the third is but little shorter than the fii^st two ; upper margin with three teeth of the relative proportions more common in the genus Lycosa. Tibia + patella of fourth legs of same length as the metatarsus; tibia + patella of the first pair of legs shorter than the cephalothorax; spines of the anterior tibias of usual arrangement and proportions ; all tarsi setose and spinulose, the anterior ones but thinly scopulate laterally. Transverse piece of guide of epigynum of moderate length; septal piece evident foi-ward to the anterior end of the epigynum, with well- developed lateral plates along its entire length, these being behind as wide as the transverse piece of guide and gradually and continuously narrowing anteriorly. (PI. XIII, fig. 7.) Total length, 5.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.7 mm.; width, 2.1 mm. Length of leg I, 7 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.4 mm. ; met., 1.5 mm. Length of leg II, 6.8 mm. Length of leg III, 6.7 mm. Length of leg IV, 9.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 3 mm. Male.— "The male palpus from the side shows three black, rounded projections, the lower one the smallest." (Banks.) Length, 5 mm. Syn.— 1896. Pardosa littoralis Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 4, p. 192. (Nom. preocc.) Tijpe locality.— J. ong Island, N. Y. (Mill Neck). Habitat.— Long Island (Mill Neck!, Sheepshead Bay!), Florida!. Found in salt marshes. The type specimens were found in the marshes near Mill Neck in June. The description above is based on two females from Sheepshead Bay, taken in August, 1903, (C. R. Crosby). Pardosa moesta Banks, 1892. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44, p. 70, PI. 3, fig. 44.) Female.— Cephalothorax dark reddish brown with radiating lines of black, a pale median band which becomes darker and more obscure anteriorly; entire eye region black; in some scarcely paler above lateral 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, margins, in others (southern specimens) with a marginal pale stripe more or less evident on each side. Clypeus reddish yellow, the yellow area higher on each side. Cheliceroe reddish yellow; a blackish line bordering the condyle on each side, the two lines uniting at its lower end and extending down the front of the chelicerae, Endites yellow. Labium dark brown, paler distally. Coxce of legs beneath yellow. Sternum black. Legs reddish yellow; the femora marked with dark rings which are mostly incomplete below, above often more or less diffused, the annuli thus often more or less confluent dorso-laterally, especially on the front femora; patella? and tibiae also marked with incomplete dark rings, the first tibiae darker than others, almost wholly black. Abdomen above black, densely minutely punctate with reddish yellow; dorsum with a faint basal spear-shaped stripe of a dusky reddish yellow color; sides of abdomen like the dorsum, but the light dots larger and more elongate; venter light reddish brown; a narrow, irregular^ edged stripe or line of black on each side, the two converging caudad, and a similar stripe along median line behind the epigynum, this stripe running to a point posteriorly, Epigynum brown of a light reddish tinge. Face with its sides straight and nearly vertical, the chelicerae in length about one and one-fourth times longer than its height; face protruding above the eyes of the second row being borne at the ends of a bulging transverse ridge. Cephalothorax highest at the third eye. row, in profile the dorsal line slopes gradually to the posterior declivity, but is gently concave at the dorsal groove. First row of eyes much shorter than the second, not fully extending from center to center of eyes of second row, procurved in usual degree ; anterior median eyes fully three-fourths their diameter apart, half as far from the lateral eyes, a little more than their diameter from eyes of second row ; anterior lateral eyes three-fourths or more as large as the median eyes, twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus, one and one-third times their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes as wide in front as long, half as wide again behind as in front or nearly so, the cephalothorax only 3.5 times as long. Lower margin of the furrow of the chelicerce with three teeth, of which the first two are stout and subequal but the third much reduced ; the upper margin of the furrow with two teeth of the usual proportions. Legs with the metatarsus of the fourth pair longer than the tibia -I- patella; tibia 4- patella of the first pair of the same length as the cephalothorax; spines of anterior tibiae of common form, the two first 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 pairs very long and overlapping ; tarsi with scopulae on sides of anterior ones, the posterior simply setose and spinulose. Labium longer, wider than long, strongly attenuated anteriorly, the front margin subtruncate. Epigyman with transverse piece of guide rather wide, the guide plates along its front side with the free margin wavy; the posterior foveas wide and conspicuous ; septal piece of guide low and narrow for most of length, extending to the anterior depression where it expands fan shape. (PI. XIV, fig. 9.) Total length, 5.7 mm. Length of the cephalothorax, 3 mm. ; width, 2.2 mm. Length of leg I, 8.8 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 2.2 mm. Length of leg II, 8 mm. Length of leg III, 8 mm. Length of leg IV, 13.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4 mm. ; met., 4.2 mm. Male. — Unknown. Type locality. — New York (Ithaca). Known localities. — New York (Ithaca!, Lake Keuka!), District of Columbia!. Specimens I have seen from Washington, D. C, are paler through- out than indicated in the description above, which is based on indi- viduals from Ithaca and Penn Yan, N. Y., including one of the types. The species is in some respects much like saxatilis. Pardosa sternalis (Thorell), 1877. (Sub Lycosa, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 3, p. 504.) Female. — Sides of the cephalothorax and the dorsal eye area black ; a median band of brown color of reddish caste beginning back of eyes and passing posteriorly over dorsal groove and narrowing down the posterior declivity to a line; the median band at its anterior end is nearly always bifurcate, the two slender divergent processes embracing between them a similarly colored spot, with which they are connected each by a narrow line; a light brown band along each lateral border, limited below posteriorly by a black marginal line and geminated for its entire length by a second black line; the lateral bands are continu- ous and attain the clypeus in front which is of the same color; median light stripe with some white pubescence, but with brown hair predomi- nating for most of its length; sides with brown pubescence; marginal light stripes clothed above and below the geminating dark line with white pubescence, the dark lines with sparser brown hair. Chelicera> reddish yellow or light brown, normally with a blackish line along the 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, antero-mesal line of each chelicera, this hne distaUy turning obhqiiely outward and reaching the outer side; clothed mostly with white hair except distally where brown hair and bristles are intermixed. Labium and endites light brown, paler at tips. Coxce of legs beneath light brown. Sternum with ground color brown, mostly with a row of black spots along each lateral margin, and occupied over the middle region by a large black area divided by a median light line; sometimes the black area is much reduced and the yellow or brown color then predominates, but usually the black covers all but a rather narrow stripe toward each side and the mesal light line; subdensely clothed with long white or light gray hairs. Legs light brown, all joints except tarsi marked with black annuli which^are close together on the proximal joints, which in consequence often appear very dark; the metatarsus has three well-separated dark annuli and appears paler Uke the tarsi; black rings of femora more or less broken ventrally. Abdomen above blackish; a very distinct yellow or pale brown lanceolate median stripe at base, mth an obliquely placed yellow angular spot of usual type each side of apex, and behind a series of four or five similar and obliquely placed pairs of spots, the pairs more or less confluent mesally, into anteriorly pointed chevron-shaped cross-bands ; a yellow mark each side of base of the median lanceolate stripe; dorsum for the most part covered with brown pubescence, but each side of lanceolate mark a row of spots formed by bunches of white hair, and behind but more widely separated two similar rows of lateral white spots with sometimes a median row of similarly formed white marks; sides below yellow or pale brown clothed with brown pubescence intermixed in spots and streaks with white, which becomes more abundant below and entirely clothes the venter; tegument of venter yellowish, sometimes with four rows of small brown dots which converge posteriorly. Spinnerets brown. Epigi/num light reddish brown, darker marginally. Sides of face steep, but little rounded and slanting outward below; moderate in height, the chelicerse once and a half as long as its height or nearly so. Dorsal line of cephalothorax nearly straight and level to the posterior declivity. Anterior row of eyes considerably shorter than the second, reaching but little beyond centers of eyes of the latter, slightly procurved ; anterior median eyes fully their diameter apart, half so far from the but slightly smaller lateral eyes, their diameter or slightly less from eyes of second row; anterior lateral eyes not fully twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus, rather more than their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 Upper margin of furrow of chelicerce with three teeth as in Lycosa; lower margin with three teeth, of which the median one is stoutest and some longest, the first well separated from it but the third contiguous with it at base, the latter tooth reduced but not so much as in most Pardosas. Labium clearly wider than long (6.5 : 6) ; basal excavation one-fourth the total length; strongly attenuated anteriorly, the sides straight or toward the middle weakly concave, anterior mar- gin truncated or very slightly convex. Legs with tibia + patella of fourth pair of same length as the meta- tarsus ; tibia + patella of the first legs of same length or a little shorter than the cephalothorax ; tarsi clothed as usual ; spines of anterior tibiae as usua. (PI. VIII, figs. 7 and 9.) Epigynum pentagonal in form, its anterior portion triangular; posterior foveas relatively small, abruptly depressed, each roughly pentagonal in shape with the longest side along the septal piece of guide ; lateral ridges behind narrow, converging but rather widely sep- arated behind, not bent abruptly inward toward each other as in atra. (PI. XIII, fig. 5.) Total length, 7 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3 mm. ; width, 2.3 mm. Length of leg I, 8.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.8 mm. ; met., 1.9 mm. Length of leg II, 8.1 mm. Length of leg III, 9 mm. Length of leg IV, 12.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.7 mm. ; met., 3.7 mm. Male. — Cephalothorax darker than in the female, the median band obscure and usually not at all evident except caudally and about the dorsal furrow; lateral pale bands narrower and more obscure and the marginal dark line or stripe wider. Chelicerce black or brownish black except distally and along the mesal surface. Sternum entirely black. Abdomen above entirely black, showing no markings; venter dusky brown to gray black; pubescence, as also of cephalothorax, as in female. Legs with femora above black or nearly so except distal, also usually paler beneath; more distal joints of two anterior pairs of legs pale, with faint annuli or entirely unmarked, the corresponding joints on the posterior legs darker but also with markings faint. Palpi entirely black except the patellae which are light brown. Tibia of palpus a little longer than the patella and stouter distally. Scopus very long, curving obliquely forward and outward quite across the bulb. (PI. XIII, fig. 6.) Total length, 6.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3 mm.; width, 2.1 mm. Length of leg I, 8.7 mm. ; tib. -f pat., 3 mm. ; met., 2.2 mm. 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Length of leg 11, 8.3 mm. Length of leg III, 8.3 mm. Length of leg IV, 11.4 mm, ; tib. + pat., 3,5 mm. ; met., 3.5 mm, Syn.— 1890. Lycosa sternalis, Marx, Proc. U. S. N, M., 12, p. .563. 1894. Pardosa sternalis, Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 2, p. 51. 1894. Pardosa coloradensis Banks (at least ad. part, magn.), J. N. Y. Ent, Soc, 2, p. 51. 1895. Pardosa coloradensis Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., S, p. 429 (Jrs.). 1895. Pardosa luteola, Banks, but not Emerton, loc. rit. 1904. Pardosa sternalis, Chambeilin, Can. Ent., pp. 147 and 175. Type locality. — Colorado. Known localities. — Colorado!, Utah!, Idaho!, Kansas!, Iowa!, A strongly marked species very common in the West. Specimens of coloradensis Bks, in Mr. Banks' collection, which he kindly permitted me to study, are the not fully mature individuals of the species above described, Pardosa atra Banks, 1894. (J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. 2, p. 52.) Female. — Cephalothorax brownish black, lighter brown along the middle, and with a few indistinct paler marks at borders especially behind, not rarely a pale transverse stripe entirely across the posterior margin; eye region deep black; median light band constricted in front of dorsal groove, becoming anteriorly very dark or obscure. Cephalo- thorax with median band and side marks in life clothed with whitish or light gray pubescence, the hair elsewhere dark brown ; the entire eye region with numerous long dark bristles which project forward. Chelicerce blackish, reddish brown distally. Labium and endites deej) brown to blackish. Sternum black, Coxce of legs beneath brown suffused with blackish. Legs blackish, paler distally; the femora witli a few mottlings of reddish brown, the other joints indistinctly or obscurely annulate with the same color; legs densely pubescent and with numerous long erect black bristles. Dorsum of abdomen black ; a paler reddish-brown spear-shaped mark at base; the basal stripe con- tiguous at its apex with a large pale spot on each side, these spots with the characteristic black dot at center; posteriorly two rows of similar spots which are confluent at the mesal line in pairs, thus forming a series of wide chevron-formed marks; dorsum at sides with rather large reddish brown dots or spots, the entire dorsum often appearing reddish brown covered over with an irregular network of black; sides similar to lateral portions of dorsum but light color more abundant venter of abdomen brown except along sides where are some irregular black marks. Epigynum and spinnerets fuscous. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 189 Face of average height and shape. First row of eyes but shghtly prociirved, much shorter than the second ; anterior median eyes about their diameter apart, only half so far from the lateral eyes, of usual distance from eyes of second row; anterior lateral eyes situated as usual; eyes of the second row more than their diameter apart, half as far again from the eyes of the much wider third row; quadrangle of posterior eyes not entirely one- fourth as long as the cephalothorax. Labium much wider than long (8.25 : 6.5) ; basal excavation very short, scarcely more than one-sixth the length of the labium ; labium anteriorly strongly attenuated, sides rounded just above basal notch, but above nearly straight for most of length; antero-lateral angles widely rounded; front margin gently widely incurved. (PI. YIII, fig. 3.) Legs with the tibia + patella of the fourth pair of the same length as the metatarsus ; tibia + patella of the first pair clearly shorter than the length of the cephalothorax; spines of anterior tibiae of usual form and arrangement; tarsi of anterior pairs Avith thin scopulse at sides. Eipigynum a strongly chitinized suboval area which is truncate behind ; the posterior foveas relatively small, circular, deep and abruptly delimited; lateral ridges bent inward toward each other behind, the space between their ends occupied by the posterior end of the short clavate guide which separates the foveae; the anterior and greater area of the epigynum scarcely depressed each side of the median line. (PI. XIII, fig. 8.) Total length, 9 mm. Length of the cephalothorax, 3.S nun.; width, 2.9 mm. Length of leg I, 9.8 mm., tib. + pat., 3.3 mm.; met., 2 mm. Length of leg II, 9.7 mm. Length of leg III, 9.6 mm. Length of leg IV, 13.4 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4 mm. ; met., 4 nmi^ Type locality. — Colorado. Known localities. — Colorado!, Utah!, In some respects this species is like granlandica. The cephalothorax is smaller with the head narrower and more elevated. It is also darker and its markings are less distinct. The epigynum seems con- stant in its form and is easily distinguished from that of grcenlandica. The median piece of guide at times is similarly soiuewhat elevated anteriorly. 13 190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADE^IY OF [May, Pardosa emertoni Chamberlin, 1904. (Can. Entomologist, Vol. XXXVI, p. 175.) Cephalothorax with a deep brown longitudinal band enclosing the eyes of each side and extending to the posterior end of cephalothorax, the two leaving between them and also along each border a yellow band, the two dark bands and the three yellow bands being of approxi- mately the same width ; each marginal band is bisected posteriorly by a dark siipramarginal line; the median band often of a reddish tinge; the lateral dark bands united in front across the face, enclosing the eyes of the first and second rows, the median pale band narrowing and ending in a point between the second and third eye rows; marginal bands continuous in front with the j^ellow clypeus; in life the yellow bands covered with white pubescence, which extends also from median band forward between ej'^es to clypeus ; sides of cephalothorax covered with brown pubescence. Chelicerce yellow, with sparse white hair and long dark brown bristles. Labium brown. Endites and coxob of legs beneath yellow. Sternum yellow, with four rows of black spots which converge posteriorly, the two inner rows uniting posteriorly into a single line ; clothed with white hair. Legs yellow to brown ; the femora above dark, blackish, or with blackish streaks, but pale beneath ; tibiae and tarsi of posterior pairs sometimes darkened; clothed with white pubescence and some sparser dark hairs. Abdomen with a black band across the anterior face which extends backward on each side across the antero-lateral angle as a narrow stripe which reaches to the spinnerets, the two black stripes leaving a wide reddish yellow median band which is widest in front; in the basal portion of the dorsal yellow band are two black lines or rows of black dots which meet in a point at the middle forming thus a spear-shaped outline; behind the dorsal band is more or less indistinctly divided by narrow transverse lines into segments which contain each two minute black dots; sides of abdomen pale yellow with numerous small black spots which are more scattered ventrally and which are absent from a spot beneath each antero-lateral angle; venter pale or whitish yellow with two rows of black spots converging from the genital furrow to the spinnerets; abdomen with the dark bands and spots clothed with brown hair, else- where densely clothed with white hair which gives its color to the abdomen in life or when dry. Spinnerets yellow. Epigynum yellow, darker marginall}-. Cephalothorax highest between eyes of second and third rows, con- cave between eyes of third row and the posterior declivity. Face high, as high as the length of the chelicerce which are small and nar- rowed distallv. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 191 First row of eyes much shorter than the second, hardly or not quite extending from center to center of the eyes of the latter row, a little procurved; anterior median eyes three-fourths their diameter apart, somewhat closer to the smaller lateral eyes ; anterior lateral eyes twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus, once and a half their diameter from eyes of second row; anterior median eyes more than their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row some less than once and a half their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes rather more than one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Labium evidently wider than long (5.75 : 5) ; basal excavation about one-fifth the total length of labium; labium in front of excavations broadly cordate, the sides converging to a rounded point in front (PL VIII, fig. 6), in middle region substraight but above convexly curving to the middle point. Legs slender, metatarsus longer than tibia + patella of the fourth pair; the two latter joints together clearly longer than the cephalo- thorax ; tibia -\- patella of first legs of nearly same length as the cephalo- thorax ; spines and scopulse of usual character. Septal piece of the guide of the epigynum in front rather narrow with sides subparallel, but posteriorly abruptly and widely expanded into a circular lobe which covers over most of the caudal portion of the epigynum. (PI. XIV, fig. 1.) Total length, 6.3 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.9 mm. ; width, 2.1 mm. Length of leg I, S.S mm. ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 2 mm. Length of leg II, 8.6 mm. Length of leg III, 8.2 mm. Length of leg IV, 12.4 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.8 mm. ; met., 4 mm. Male. — Male palpi black distally; front legs and head darker than in the female, but otherwise there is not much difference between them. The scopus of the palpal organ is very long and wide and curved obliquely outward across the bulb. Syn. — 18S5. Pardosa -pallida Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 6, p. 496, PI. 49, figs. 3 to 3c. (Nom. preocc. by P. pallida Walck., 1837.) 1890. Pardosa pallida, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. N., 12, p. 56.5. 1892. Pardosa pallida, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44, p. 68. 1903. Pardosa pallida, Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 653, PL 29, fig. 3. Type locality. — New Hampshire. Known localities. — New Hampshire!, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York!, District of Columbia!, Ontario!, Manitoba!. 192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^^ay, Pardosa distincta (Blackwall), 1846. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, pp. .32, 33.) Female 6 mm. long; light yellow with brown markings. The cephalothorax has two wide brown longitudinal stripes united at the front of the head where they are nearly black, and a fine dark line each side next the legs. The sides of the abdomen are brown, with a very distinct light spot over the dorsal vessel, and a row of transverse light spots behind. The sternum is brown with a light spot in the middle. The abdomen is light beneath with a narrow brown stripe half its length on each side. The epigynum is bright orange brown, and the front pair of spinnerets are black. The legs are spotted with brown, the spots sometimes grouped in rings; the tibiae are the darkest parts of the legs. The epigynum has the guide short and wide, but this part is trans- parent and the overlapping sides are not easily seen, so that it aj)- pears narrow. (PI. XV, fig. 8.) In the male the cephalothorax and abdomen are darker, and the legs lighter except at the base, where the upper sides of the coxae and part of the femora are darker than in the female. The head and palpi are black, with the patella and tibia a little lighter on top and probabl}^ having some light hairs when alive. The male palpi are large, the tarsus being about as long as tibia and patella. The palpal organ is dark colored and projects a little from the bowl of the tarsus. The basal hook is rounded in the middle and curves in a hook toward the base. (PI. XV, fig. 9.) This species is about the same size and color as P. pallida Emerton of New England. The sternum is dark with a light median stripe on its front half, while in pallida the sternum is light with four dark lines or rows of spots converging behind . In the males the palpi, mandibles and maxillae are darker than in pallida. The epigynum resembles that of pallida, but is shorter and wider. The male palpi have the scopus short and turned down at the point, while in pallida it is long and slender, and extends across the whole width of palpus. (Emerton.) Svn. — 1894. Pardosa luteola Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. 9, p. 427 " PI. 3, fig. 7. Locality. — Canada. Pardosa californica Keyserling, 1887. (Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 37, p. 483, PI. 6, fig. 44.) Female (type). — Sides of cephalothorax dark brown, the eye region black; a ihedian light yellowish brown band of the usual dagger shape, 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 193 produced anteriorly as a tongue-like process between the eyes of the third row, this process divided by a median black line produced back- ward from in front; behind the third eye row the median band is abruptly extended laterally on each side, the widened region being nearly though not fully as wide as the third eye row, the band then again abruptly narrowed until but half so wide, continuing of this width about the dorsal furrow, then passing down the posterior declivity and narrowing to an acute point near the posterior margin; on each side a marginal light band which extends for the entire length and attains the clypeus in front, the band interrupted and sometimes obscured by brown spots; clypeus pale, but with a triangular black spot below each anterior lateral eye, the apex of the spot, as usual, being upward and contiguous with the black surrounding the eyes. ChelicercB light reddish yellow; each at base with a black mark or line which passes obliquely outward and distally, and with a larger mark parallel with the first beginning at the inner side near the middle and running obliquely outward and distally. Labium and endites with yellow background, which in each case is nearly covered over by a central black area. Sternum yellow with a large black spot on each side extending from the middle to the front margin, leaving the median area yellow; behind with numerous minute dark dots. Coxm of legs beneath smoky yellow. Legs reddish yellow, all joints except the tarsi with rather heavy black rings, these rings being incomplete on the femora along the postero-inferior face except at the distal end. Palpi colored like legs, but annuli less heavy. Abdomen above and on the sides black with numerous minute reddish yellow dots; dorsum at base with a reddish-yellow spear-shaped stripe reaching caudad to the middle; near each lateral margin of the basal stripe toward the front is a row of two or three black spots, and each side of its apex is an obliquel,y placed angular light spot enclosing a central black spot; on the posterior portion of dorsum a series of several chevron-marks, each seemingly formed by the coalescence at the mesal line of two black centered, angular light spots such as found each side of apex of the basal mark; venter yellow, darker about the sides and caudad and with a median dark stripe as wide as epigynum in front, but narrow- ing to a truncate end behind and not reaching to the spinnerets. Epigynum light reddish brown. Sides of face nearly straight, steep but not vertical, in height con- siderably shorter than the length of the chelicerse. Anterior row of eyes much shorter than the second, not extending more than between the centers of eyes of the latter, gently procurved ; 194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, anterior median eyes more than three-fourths their diameter apart, about two-thirds as far from the scarcely smaller lateral eyes, fully their diameter from eyes of second row; anterior lateral eyes twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus, slightly more than their dia- meter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes as wide in front as long, wider behind than in front in the ratio of 4 : 3, some more than one-fourth as long as the cephalothorax. Chelicerce with furrows armed below as usual with three teeth, of which the middle is a little longest, the third not very much reduced ; the upper margin with three teeth of which the first is minute. Tibia + patella of fourth legs of same length as the metatarsus; tibia + patella of first pair of same length as the cephalothorax; legs of fourth pair four times as long as the cephalothorax; tarsi as usual in the genus, those of the first two pairs of legs being scopulate laterally, those of the posterior pairs simply setose; tibia) of first and second pairs of legs with three pairs of spines below as is normal, the two first pairs of these very long and overlapping; all tarsi straight or nearly so. Epigynum presenting no distinct lateral ridges posteriorly; lateral plates of the guide very wide, extending laterally to or nearly to the ends of the transverse piece and nearly as wide in front as behind, covering over nearly completely the posterior half of the epigynal area. (PL XIV, fig. 5.) Total length, 6.8 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.9 mm. ; width, 2.1 mm. Length of leg I, 8.4 mm. ; tib. + pat., 2.9 mm. ; met., 1.9 mm. Length of leg II, 8 mm. Length of leg III, 8 mm. Length of leg IV, 12.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.6 mm. ; met., 3.6 mm, Male (type). — Cephalothorax in color drab brown, with the head region black; a narrow and short, inconspicuous median stripe over the dorsal groove but not distinguishable in front of it, narrowing behind as in female, not reaching posterior margin; marginal pale bands nearly as in the female but obscured anteriorly. Clypeus not pale, black like head region. Labium and endites blackish, pale distally. Sternum nearly as in female. Palpi entirely black. Legs yellow, the femora with inconspicuous black marks above, other joints with dark circular lines about bases of the spines but otherwise unmarked. Abdomen much as in female but with the markings much obscured, Scopus of palpal organ short and blunt, much as in lapidicina; anterior margin of conductor much thickened, presenting three fleshy lobes with apices projecting backward over the furrow. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 195 Syn. — 1890. Pardosa californica, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12. 1904. Pardof.a californica, Chamberlin, Canadian Ent., p. 14fi. Tijpe locality. — California. Known localities. — California!, Utah!. This is a common Pardosa on the Pacific Coast. Specimens from Utah are lighter colored than those which I have seen from California (including Keyserling's types, described above, which have of course darkened in the alcohol). In the Utah specimens the lateral yellow stripes are wide, with the upper margin sinuous and with a black line along the lower, a somewhat indistinct and irregular black line dividing the stripes longitudinally; endites yellow; labium and sternum brown, the latter usually not showing the black markings as described above for the type; chevron-marks of dorsum containing each from two to four black dots, as if formed by the confluence of as many light, black- centered dots; sides gray black with numerous minute brown dots; venter immaculate light gray or with a few small dark dots back of epigynum and at each side; spinnerets pale yellow, Cephalothorax in life clothed with light gray and brown hair, the sides with brown, the median band especially posteriorly with gray, and the lateral stripes with gray except along the geminating dark line, the median stripe in front with brown and gray pubescence intermixed. Chelicerce with light gray hair and long brown bristles. Sternum and legs with light gray hair, the latter with longer brown bristles. Abdomen clothed above with chiefly light brown hair, light gray or white hair in spots on each side and forming some transverse lines posteriorly, scattered longer dark brown bristles; sides of abdomen with brown and gray pubescence intermixed in streaks and spots; venter with hair unmixed gray. Pardosa lapidicina Emerton, 1885. (Trans. Conn. Acad., 6, p. 491, PI. 48, figs. 5 to 5c.) Female. — Sides of the cephalothorax black; a lighter, though some- times indistinct or even obscure median band of dark reddish brown color which begins as a narrow process between the posterior eyes, behind the third eye row abruptly widens and is constricted in front of dorsal furrow, at the caudal end of which it is strongly narrowed, its margin more or less dentate; on each side, at least posteriorly, a row of supramarginal light spots which are sometimes obscured , but in others are long and distinct; eyes surrounded with black; labium black, not paler than sides of cephalothorax; sides of cephalothorax clothed densely with rather long gray or brownish gray to blackish pubescence, 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, which quite eonceals the Ught markings of the tegument and gives the cephalothorax a uniform grayish black a])pearance. Chelicerce reddish brown to reddish yellow, usually with a black median mark at base, clothed densely with white pubescence, with sparse longer dark brown bristles. Endites yellow or light brown, paler apically, often dusky. Labium deeper colored than endites, dark brown to black. Sternum black, clothed subdensely with short whitish or light gray pubescence. liBgs yellow to brown; on all joints except the tarsi with black annuli which are broadest proximall}', being on the femora often confluent below and laterally, leaving light spots only above ; the legs have usually a bluish or greenish-gray hue proximally, especially on ventral surface. Abdomen with tegument above and over sides bluish black, a black- margined lanceolate mark at base above, followed on each side behind by a row of irregular pale spots; the median region behind, in some with, but in others without, irregular light chevron-marks, enclosing the characteristic dark spots, in some pale specimens entire dorsum and sides with many light spots, irregularly connected above into a network; venter light brown, of bluish to greenish gray cast, rarely black, in some a dark median band behind spinnerets; dorsum and sides covered with brown and grayish pubescence, the venter with grayish. Face moderately high, the sides substraight and very steep, nearly vertical. First row of eyes much shorter than the second, but little procurved ; anterior median eyes fully three-fourths their diameter apart, evidently closer to the lateral eyes, than which they are slightly larger; anterior lateral eyes, as usual, twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus, their diameter from e3'es of second row; eyes of second row about once and a quarter their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes one- fourth as long as the cephalothorax, a little wider in front than long. Chelicerce armed as typical for the genus, having two teeth above and three below with the third reduced. Labium wider than long in ratio of about 9 :8.25; basal excavation one-fourth total length, strongly attenuated anteriorly; the front margin nearly straight, slightly incurved mesally. Legs long and slender ; metatarsus of fourth pair longer than tibia + patella of same pair; spines below on anterior tibiae as usual; scopulae of typical form. Epigynum with the guide inversely T-shaped ,the median piece pointed anteriorly and not extending into front portion of depression, which is thus undivided ; transverse arms widest distally ; lateral plates of guide verv narrow. (PI. XIV, fig. 7.) 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 197 Total length, 9.3 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3.7 mm.; width, 3 mm. Length of leg I, 13.1 mm. : tib. + pat., 4.8 mm. ; met., 3.5 mm. Length of leg II, 12.5 mm. Length of leg III, 12.8 mm. Length of leg IV, 7.3 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5.3 mm. ; met., 5.5 mm. Male.— Colov much as in female but darker and the markings more obscure ; the legs often almost entirely black, showing no annulations except distally or none at all. Tarsus of palpus black, as also the femur and often the tibia, the patella lighter. Smaller than female. Tibia of palpus with sides substraight, enlarging from base to apex, clearly narrower than the tarsus. Scopus very short, about as broad as long, distally rounded and a little uncate at exterior side; spur usually in front concealed by fold ; embolus short, extending but little beyond middle; conductor divided into two open furrows by a narrow chitinous ridge extending obliquely downward and outward, the posterior mar- gin of the exterior furrow with two short, uncate tenacula close together or in part overlapping. (PI. XIV, fig. 8.) Total length, 6 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3 mm. ; width, 2.3 mm. Length of leg I, 10.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.3 mm. ; met., 2.9 mm. . Length of leg II, 10.2 mm. Length of leg III, 10.4 mm. Length of leg IV, 13.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4.3 mm. ; met., 4.4 mm, Svn.— 1892. Pardosa lapidicina, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. W., 2, p. 161. — — . Pardosa lapidicina, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 6S. . Pardosa ohsolcta Banks, ibid., p. 71, PI. 3, fig. 4.5. . Pardosa venusta Banks, ibid., p. 69, PI. 1, figs. 42, 42a. 1894. Pardosa lapidicina Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 428. 1902. Pardosa lapidicina Emerton, Common Sp. U. S., p. 78, figs. 186, 187, 188. 1903. Pardosa lapidicina, Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., p. 652, PL 29, figs. 6, 9. 1904. Pardosa mercurialis Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., p. 270, PI. XIX, figs. 20, 21. . Pardosa iexana Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, p. 115, PI. V, fig. 4. Type locality. — Massachusetts and Connecticut. //abi'^o/.— Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island!, Canada, New York !, New Jersey !, District of Columbia !, Pennsylvania, Indiana !, Iowa !, Kansas !, Arkansas !, Texas !. A very familiar species in the Northern States, found among stones along streams and also to some extent remote from water in diy places. Its general dark gray color blends well with the color of the stones among which it lives . Specimens from the West and South are commonly much lighter than specimens from the Northeast, and in them the marginal 198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May^ spots on the cephalothorax form a band except for narrow dark cross-lines; the legs are more conspicuously annulate, the light rings contrasting more strongly with the dark. As other species having the same range as lapidicina undergo similar changes in brightness of color, and especially since the light form of lapidicina and all intermediate forms are not rare in the North, the Western specimens of this Pardosa ought not to be granted rank as separate species or variety. Type specimens of venusta Bks. that I have seen are not fully adult, and agree perfectly with immature specimens of lapidicina. Pardosa xerampelina (Keyserling), 1876. (Sub Lijcosa, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, 26, p. 622, PI. 7, fig. S.) Female. — Sides of cephalothorax and eye region black or deep brown; clypeus light brown; no distinct lateral light stripes, but sometimes a few obscure light spots above margin on each side posteriorly ; a median reddish brown band which is widest about the dorsal groove, behind which it is strongly and more or less abruptly narrowed, the light median band mostly dull and inconspicuous ; in life the cephalothorax is clothed along sides and on head and over median band behind by whitish pubescence, the other parts clothed with brown and black hair. Chelicerce reddish brown, each with a short longitudinal yellowish stripe above or at middle. Labium and endites brown, paler at tip. Sternum dark reddish brown to blackish brown, an obscure median pale line anteriorly; clothed with light gray pubescence. Coxce of legs beneath brown. Legs yellow to brown; all joints excepting the tarsi ringed with black; the femora dorsally are distinctly darker than the other joints; clothed with brown and light gray pubescence, the gray over the light parts, the brown over the darker. Abdomen above black or nearly so ; a lanceolate basal mark of brown ; basal stripe joined at two points on each side near its apex by the ends of a V-shaped mark the apex of which is directed laterally ; posteriorly a series of light transverse more or less chevron-shaped markings; all markings of dorsum more or less faint; sides of abdomen and part of the venter about the spinnerets black, the venter elsewhere being light brown; abdomen clothed above with brown pubescence with a row of small spots of whitish hair along each side; venter of abdomen clothed with light gray pubescence. Spinnerets brown. Epigynum brown, with the depression showing as a distinctly darker V-shaped figure with apex caudal. Face high, the chelicerte but little longer than its height; sides of face substraight, steep but a little slanting outward from above dowm^ ard. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 199 Dorsal line of cephalothorax in profile straight in front of the dorsal furrow, at which it is but slightly depressed. Anterior row of eyes shorter than the second in the usual degree, only slightly procurved ; anterior median eyes four-fifths their diameter apart, much closer to the but slightly smaller lateral eyes, their diam- eter from eyes of second row ; anterior lateral eyes fully twdce their diameter from front margin of clypeus, once and a half their diameter from eyes of second row; quadrangle of posterior eyes one-fourth as long as the cephalothorax. Margins of furrow of chelicerce armed as usual. Labium wider than long, strongly attenuated, anteriorly trimcated or a little concave. Legs with tibia + patella of the fourth pair shorter than the meta- tarsus; tibia + patella of the first pair shorter than the cephalothorax; spines of anterior tibiae as usual, the first two pairs long and overlap^ ping; tarsi clothed in the common manner, EpigTjnum clearly wider in front than posteriorly; guide widest anteriorly narrowing caudally, the transverse arms of guide short, the guide plates extending to their ends; lateral ridges but weakly elevated. (PI. XIV, fig. 3.) Total length, 8 nun. Length of cephalothorax, 3.7 mm.; width, 2.6 mm. Length of leg I, 10.2 mm. ; tib- + pat., 3.3 mm. ; met., 2.3 mm. Length of leg II, 9.5 mm. Length of leg III, 9.3 mm. Length of leg IV, 14 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4 mm. ; met., 4.3 mm. Male. — Smaller than the female but differing but little in coloration. "The male palpi are long and the joints scarcely enlarged." (PI. XIV, fig. 4.) Small specimens are 5 mm. long. Syn.— 1877. Lycosa impavida Thorell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur. Terr., Vol. 3, p. 513. 1878. Lycosa tachypoda Thorell, Am. Nat., June, 1878. 1885. Pardosa monlana Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 6, p. 498, PI. 49, figs. 5, 5a. 1890. lAjcosa xerampelina, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12. . Lycosa impavida, Mavx, ibid.. . Lycosa tachypoda, Marx, ibid. . Pardosa montana, Mar.x, ibid. 1892. ? Pardosa ynontana, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44, p. 70. 1894. Pardosa tachypoda, Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 427, PI. 3, figs. 6, 6a. 1895. Pardosa impavida, Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. 8, p. 430. 1902. Pardosa tachypoda and montana, Emerton, Common Sp. of U. S., p. 81, figs. 193 to 196. 1902. Pirata procursus Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 583, PI. 30, fig. 48. 200 PROCEEDIXGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Type locality. — Illinois. Known localities. — New Hampshire!, Massachusetts, Illinois, Color- ado!, Utah!, New York?, Pennsylvania, Canada. Essentially a Northern and mountain species. It is not unconnnon in Canada and in the ^^Tiite Mountains of New England, but does not occur commonly more southward. It also ranges south from Canada along the Rocky Mountains, and is common in Colorado and Utah. Pardosa groenlandica(Thorell), 1872. (Sub Lycosa, Ofvers. af. Vet. Akad. Forh., 29.) Fetnalc. — Cephalothorax black or nearly so; a lighter, brown median band beginning only a little in front of dorsal furrow, passing over the latter and then narrowing to a Hne on the posterior declivity ; from the front of the median band a horn-shaped yellow mark extends out- ward and forward on each side toward the corresponding eye of the third row, which, however, it does not reach; more rarely these horn- like marks are obscure or quite absent; a row of three or less commonly four curved light marks above the margin of each side; hair of cephalothorax long, brown and light gray or whitish intermixed, the whitish hair more or less unmixed with brown on the clypeus, the light supramarginal marks and on the median light area behind. Chelicerm reddish-yellow or brown above and black distally, the lighter color often reduced to a few spots; clothed with short light gray hair and longer brown bristles. Labium and endites brown, lighter at tips. Sternum black, clothed with gray hair. Coxa; of legs beneath brown. Legs brown, mostly of a reddish hue; all joints, excepting tarsi, with distinct black annulations; clothed with brown and whitish hair, chiefly over the dark and light parts respectively. Palpi brown; femora ringed with black; patella unmarked; tibise black at proximal end and the tarsi black at tips. Abdomen above black or blackish brown, the tegument either entirely without light markings or with a lanceolate basal mark of reddish-brown color ; each side of this mark at its base may be a spot of the same color, as also an obscure smaller spot each side of apex behind; more rarely there may be distinguishable posteriorly a lumiber of obscure light spots more or less confluent in pairs; abdomen covered above with brown hair, with bunches of white hair forming a row of white spots along each side; sides of abdomen above like the dorsum, below light brown with numerous darker, reddish-brown or rust-colored spots usually connected into a continuous network; sides covered with brown and white hair inter- mixed in streaks and spots and quite concealing the tegument and its 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 201 markings; venter brown, with in most a median and on each side a lateral stripe of reddish-brown or rust color behind genital furrow, these stripes formed by a close network; venter clothed with white hair. Spinnerets brown, the anterior ones frequently darker or even blackish. Epigynuju reddish brown. Chelicerae rather long for a Pardosa, once and a fourth or more times as long as the height of the face; sides of face nearly straight, steep. Anterior row of eyes much shorter than the second, slightly pro- curved; anterior median eyes their diameter apart or nearly so, rather less than half as far from the lateral eyes, their diameter from eyes of second row; anterior lateral eyes but slightly smaller than the median, twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus and their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row a little more than their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Chelicem with the lower margin armed with three teeth of usual proportions, the upper with two. Labium as wide as long or slightly wider (8 : 7.8); basal excavation about one-fourth or slightly more the length of the labium; strongly attenuated anteriorly; the sides rounded below but straight or substraight above; front margin straight or very slightly incurved. Legs with the metatarsus of the fourth pair longer than the tibia + patella ; tibia + patella of the first pair of the same length as the ceph- alothorax; spines of tibife as usual; tarsi clothed as common in the genus. Epigynum somewhat flask- or decanter-shaped, being narrow in front but widely rounded behind ; lateral furrows narrow and shallow in front, widely expanded behind; septum high, narrow in front and more or less clavately widening caudally, higher than the transverse arms, which are dark in color, more or less roinided above and bent backward distally, their ends fitting into excavations in the lateral ridges. ( PI. XIV, fig. 6.) Total length, 10.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4.2 mm.; width, 3.7 mm. Length of leg I, 13 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4.2 mm. ; met., 3 mm. Length of leg II, 12.5 mm. Length of leg III, 12.8 mm. Length of leg IV, 17.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5.4 mm. ; met., 5.8 mm. Male.— Color in general as in the female though rather darker; palpi entirely black and black-haired or with the patella paler above; legs darker than in female, the light markings being more reduced. The 202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^SiJ, cephalothorax is a little longer than the tibia + patella of the first legs. Legs a little longer relatively than in the female. Palpi thick and short; patella as long as the tibia which is gradually dilated distally; tarsus as long as the two preceding joints taken together. The scopus is short and blunt, its basal spur straight. Total length, 9.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4.5 mm.; width. 3.5 mm. Length of leg I, 13 mm. Length of leg II, 13 mm. Length of III, 13.5 mm. Length of leg IV, 17.75 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5 mm. Syn.— 1877. Lycosa tristis Thorell, Bull. U. S. G. Surv. Terr., Vol. 3, No. 2, p. 510. . Lycosa indigatrix Thorell, ibid., p. 512. . Lycosa iracunda Thorell, ibid., p. 514. . Lycosa sinistra Thorell, ibid., p. 517. 1878. Lycosa dromoea Thorell, Am. Nat., June. 1885. Pardosa albomaculata Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., U, p. 495, PI. 48, figs. 3 to 36. 1890. Lycosa groenlandica, tristis, indigatrix, iracunda, sinistra, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12, pp. 562, 563. . Pardosa albomacidala, Marx, ibid., p. 565. 1894. Pardosa groenlandica, Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 423, PI. 4, figs. 1 to 1/. . Pardosa indigatrix and iracunda. Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 2, pp. 51 and 52. 1895. Pardosa groenlandica and tristis, Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 430. 1902. Pardosa albomaculata or groenlandica, Emerton, Common Sp. of U. S., p. 79, figs. 189, 190. Type locality. — Greenland. Known localities. — Greenland, Canada!, New England (White Moun- tains) !, Colorado !, Utah !. "Bare rocks on the upper part of the White Mountains, running very rapidly and dodging under stones at slight alarm" (Emerton). A boreal species. Common in the mountains of Utah and Colorado, Pardosa modica (Blackwall), 1846. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, p. 33.) Female.— Cephalothorax deep brown or black marked by two lateral and a median longitudinal pale stripe; eye region deep black; median stripe reddish brown, widest just behind third eye row, narrowed and constricted at the front end of the dorsal groove and again immediately behind it, geminated in front of the groove by a median black line; lateral pale stripes supramarginal, narrow, reaching to the clypeus in front which is likewise pale; pale stripes clothed with w^hite hair, the 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 203 dark parts with brown. Chelicerce yellowish to brown over front face, darker at tips and along a narrow stripe extending down the mesal face and turning obliquely outward below; also a dark line along exterior face. Labium and endites brown, usually darker toward base. Coxce of legs beneath brown. Sternum brown, with a black stripe or row of black spots each side of the median line and a narrower black line or row of small spots along each lateral margin ; sometimes entirely black; clothed with grayish white hair. Legs brown; femora marked above and beneath with several longitudinal black lines or narrow stripes and with cross-marks on the sides; tibiae above with a trans- verse black band at the proximal end, and with a median longitudinal black line extending from this to the distal end, and also with a similar black line along each lateral face; the basal black band on posterior tibiae usually half as wide as the length of the joint, narrow on anterior ones ; at least the posterior patellae with a median longitudinal black line above and a similar one at each side ; metatarsi especially of the posterior pairs with a more indistinct median dorsal line, the pos- terior ones also usually annulate with dark ; the femora appear evidently darker than the more distal joints and the posterior legs darker than the anterior. Abdomen above brownish black ; a basal lanceolate stripe of reddish-brown color; a series of transverse lines behind of same color, usually more indistinct, these marks formed of two rows of converging spots as is usual ; sides of abdomen reddish brown mostly spotted with black; venter light brown, often with two dark lines close together along the median line and gradually converging caudad ; sometimes a similar dark line at each side; at other times the venter is brown without markings or with dark spots at the sides; in life the abdomen is clothed above over the dark parts with dark brown hair, the light lanceolate basal mark covered with whitish hair, and a number of transverse lines of similar light hair behind with or without a row of small white spots along each side of them. Epigynum dark brown. Spinnerets dark brown to black. Cephalothorax of moderate height or rather low; in profile highest at the third eye row, the dorsal line from there to the posterior declivity nearly straight, gradually slanting, depressed each side of the dorsal groove. Chelicerce about once and a fourth as long as the face is high; sides of face nearly straight, slightly slanting from the vertical. Anterior row of eyes of the usual relative length and curvature ; anterior median eyes their diameter apart or nearly so, much closer to the lateral eyes; anterior lateral eyes smaller than the median, a little more than their diameter from eyes of second row, twice their 204 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF [May, diameter from front margin of clypeus; eyes of second row their diam- eter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax, as wide in front as long. Teeth of the margins of the furrow of the chelicercB of the typical arrangement and form. Labium of the same width as length or nearly so; labium about four and a half times longer than its basal excavation; attenuated as usual; sides above straight; front margin straight. Legs with the tibia + patella of the fourth pair a little longer than the metatarsus or sometimes of the same length ; tibia + patella of the first legs evidently shorter than the cephalothorax; spines of tibiae and clothing of tarsi as usual. The epigynum in its general form resembles that of groenlandica ; the septal piece of guide is more abruptly depressed anteriorly, usually widened into a quadrangular form at front of the wide foveas and then clavately widening caudally ; transverse arms of guide more conspicu- ous, strongly bent forward at their ends; posterior ends of lateral ridges more widely separated. (PI. XV, figs. 1 and 3.) Total length, 9 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4 mm. ; width, 3 mm. Length of leg I, 9.5 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.3 mm. ; met., 1.7 mm, liength of leg II, 9.2 mm. Length of leg III, 9.2 mm. Length of leg IV, 13.7 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4.2 mm. ; met., 4 mm. Male. — Coloration similar to that in female but darker; the median band of cephalothorax obscured in front of the dorsal groove; lateral light stripes narrow and indistinct or obscured; light markings of the abdomen indistinct. Tibia of palpus of about the same length as the patella but evidently stouter, enlarged distad; sides of patella, seen from above, parallel; tarsus very broad, one and three-fourth times as broad as the tibia, ovate, acutely pointed. Palpal organ very similar to that of groen- landica, but the embolus is relatively longer and there are differences in the conductor, etc. (PI. XV, figs. 2 and 4.) Total length, 8 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4 mm.; width, 3.2 mm. Length of leg I, 10.4 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.G mm. ; met., 2.1 mm. Length of leg II, 10.5 mm. Length of leg III, 10.1 mm. Length of leg IV, 12 nnn. ; tib. + pat., 4.2 mm. ; met., 43 mm, Syn. . Lycosa glacialis Thorell. Ofvers. af. Vet. Akad. Forh., 29. 1875. ? Lycom furcifera Thorell Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 17, p. 499. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 205 . Lycosa fusculn Thorell, ibid., p. 501 . 1877. Lycosa concinna Thorell, Bull. U. S. G. Surv. Terr., 3, p. 506. 187S. Lycosa glacialis Thorell, Am. Xat., June. 1885. Pardosa brunnea Enierton, Trau.s. Conn. Acad. Sci., 6, p. 495, PI. 48, figs. 4 to 4b (variety). 1890. Lycosa glacialis concinna, fuscula and furcifera, Marx, Proc. I,'''. S.'N. M., 12. . Pardosa brunnea, Marx, ibid., p. 565. 1892. Pardosa brunnea, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliife., 44, p. 70. 1894. Pardosa glacialis, Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 9, p. 424, PI. 4, figs. 2 to 2i. . Pardosa brunnea Emerton, ibid., p. 425, PI. 4, figs. 2g, 2h. . Pardosa conciiina, Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 2, p. 51. 1895. Pardosa concinna, Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 8, p. 429. 1896. ? Pardosa brunnea, Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 4, p. 192. 1902. Pardosa glacialis, or brunnea, Emerton, Common Sp. U. S. Type locality. — Canada. Known localities. — Greenland!, Canada!, Colorado, l^tah!, Idaho, Oregon, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire!. Var. brunnea. — Ehierton now believes his brunnea to be a synonym of modica (glacialis). All the specimens I have had the opportunity^ of ex- amining from New England, however, present small differences both in epigynum and in the male palpus from specimens of modica from Green- land and Canada. But the species is subject to much variation ; and it is uncertain whether the New England forms can be maintained more than tentatively as a distinct variety. (PI. XV, figs. 3 and 4.) This species is abundant in Greenland, Canada, Colorado and Utah. Pardosa labradorensis (Thorell), 1875. (Sub Lycosa, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 17, p. 502.) Female. — Cephalothorax brownish black with three rather narrow longitudinal bands covered with whitish hair, the middle one reaching to the pars cephalica, trimcated and geminated anteriorly, narrowing backwards, the lateral bands supramarginal, continuous, rather uneven in the upper margin. Chelicerce dull yellowish or ferruginous brown. Labium blackish, with pale apex. Endites dark yellowish brown, their palpi of the same color, the femoral joint with blackish longitudinal streaks and spots. Sternum black. Legs of a dark and dull yellowish brown, the femora with dark streaks and spots above and on the sides, limiting above two large oblong pale spots divided longitudin- ally by a fine black line; the patellae and tibiae have each three blackish longitudinal lines. Abdomen brownish, with traces of a short white band at the anterior margin of the dorsum. Epigynum ferruginous. Spinnerets blackish. Cephalothorax rather long and narrow, with the sides of the pars cephalica almost perpendicular. 14 206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, The anterior row of eyes but veiy slightly, scarcely j^erceptibly, curved forwards, its central eyes of the same size as (at least not greater than) the laterals, and somewhat more distant from each other than from the lateral eyes ; eyes of the second series separated by an interval not much (about one-fourth) greater than their diameter. Chelicerm narrow, but slightly convex longitudinally; their length is greater than the height of the face and the length of tlie patellai. Labium with slightly rounded apex. Seen from the under side the anterior tihice show four pairs of spines, the third pair belonging to the sides of the joint. The e-pigynum forms no deep fovea, as in P. fuscula, ex.gr., the elevated area shows, when the hair is rubbed off, a sj-^stem of short furrows and impressions rather difficult to describe, and forming a large oblong figure, rather narrow in its anterior half, then dilated gradually with rounded sides, and truncated behind ; the anterior part, which is divided from the posterior by a large but not deep transverse depression, shows two longitudinal parallel furrows, the anterior apices of which are rounded; the narrow interval between these fur- rows is pointed anteriorly, and has in the middle a very fine longitudinal furrow ; the posterior broad part of the epigynum shows on each side a deep, oblique, incurved, crescent-formed fovea; the space between these fovese is triangular, with the apex directed backward, and divided by a deep middle longitudinal furrow. Total length, 6.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3.25 mm.; width, 2.25 mm. Length of leg I, 8.75 mm. Length of leg II, 8 mm. Length of leg IV, 13 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.75 mm. Male.— A male thought to belong to this species differs by the cephalothorax being of a purer black, with the lateral bands less dis- tinct. The legs, which have the same markings as in the female, are of a clearer yellowish-brown color than in that sex, but darker at the base; the coxae are black above and blackish beneath, the thighs also blackish on the under side towards the base; the tarsi are yellowish brown scarcely black at the extreme apex (as in the female). The palpi are very dark yellowish brown (the tibial joint almost black) with black lines, and the tarsal joint quite black; the tibial joint is thickly clothed with black hair; also the other joints are black-haired. The abdomen has a very distinct narrow band at base covered with whitish hair; venter blackish. The patella of the palpus is somewhat longer than broad, cylindrical ; 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 207 tibia scarcely longer than the patella but broader, being slightly and gradually dilated toward the apex; the tarsus is as long as the two preceding joints together, almost pear-shaped. The genital bulb is very high at the base on the under side, this elevated part being obliquely truncated and emarginate on the outer side; it shows in front a large fovea, from which issues a very short and coarse obtuse tooth directed obliquely forward and outward, and bearing at its base a longer and narrower pointed black tooth directed outward and curved backward and downward; this latter tooth lies almost concealed in the fovea; in the middle of the outer margin of the bulb a strong, pointed, down- wardly directed black tooth is visible; close to the anterior side of its posterior elevated portion is a transverse spine-like costa (embolus); the anterior lower part of the bulb shows on the outer side two pale appendages or narrow lobes. Total length, 6.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3.25 nmi.; width, 2.25 mm. Length of leg I, 8.75 mm. Length of leg II, 8.5 mm. Length of leg IV, n.75 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.25 mm. (From Thorell.) Habitat. — Strawberry Harbor ( 9 ) and Square Island (o'), Labrador. The female was captured July 28; the male also in July. "This species greatly resembles P. fuscula; but it is smaller, with the sides of the head more perpendicular, the interval between the two largest eyes is smaller, and the form of the vulva is quite different. P. lahradorensis is a Pardosa C. Koch, while fuscula (and furcifera) appear to belong to Leimonia C. Koch." (Thorell.) In general coloration, proportions and' structure, and especially in the structure of the J* palpus, this form is certainl}- very close to modica, and it may prove not to be anything different. It is possible that the differences in the epigynum, which Thorell thinks considerable, may be due to the type of lahradorensis being not entirely adult, the epigynum of immature specimens of modica which I have seen seeming largely to agree with the description of that of lahradorensis given as above by Thorell. Pardosa mackenziana (Keyserling), 1876. (Sub Lycosa, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, 26, p. 621, PI. 7, fig. 7.) Female. — Cephalothorax with a light median reddish-brown band as broad anteriorly as the eye area or nearly so, usually broken a little way back of its anterior end by a transverse dark stripe, behind 208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, which the band continues of a uniform width over the median groove and then narrows down the posterior dechvity, sometimes sending off a process from each side just in front of the posterior margin; sides of cephalothorax black, with or without an indistinct short Hght colored supramarginal stripe posteriorly, with sometimes one or two light spots anteriorly; this marginal band when present conspicuous; eye region entirely black; clypeus brown. Chelicerce bluish brown, a wide black stripe crossing the face of each obliquely from the inner face out- ward, leaving a paler tip and a paler portion above it. Labivm and endites brown, with the tips paler. Sternum black, an obscurely lighter median line in front, such as occurs in mihmia. Coxce of legs beneath light brown. Legs strongly marked with deep brown or black annul a- tions alternating with rings of yellow or light brown, the latter rings much narrower on femora and tibise, of the same width as the black ones on the metatarsus; the tarsi clear yellow or light brown or the anterior ones sometimes also obscurely annulate. Abdomen above black, with a lanceolate mark of red-brown at base and a series of transverse light marks behind, each of the latter being composed of mostly four confluent black-centred spots of same color; the transverse marks frequently obscure; sides of abdomen black, minutely spotted with brown, the spots large below; venter brown to gray. Spinnerets brown. Epigynum brown, of same hue as venter inconspicuous. Face but little lower than the length of the chelicerae; sides straight and vertical or nearly so. First row of eyes much shorter than the second, prociu'ved; anterior median eyes their diameter or more apart, closer to lateral eyes which are of equal size; anterior lateral eyes twice their diameter from front margins of clypeus, their diameter or a little more from eyes of second row; anterior median eyes their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row about their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes rather more than one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Margins of furrow of chelicerce armed as usual. Labium of same width as length or very nearly so (1 : 1 to 7.25 : 7); basal excavation longer and shallower than usual, but less than one-third the length of labium; sides widely rounded below, straight above, front or anterior margin truncate or slightly indented at middle. All tarsi spinulose beneath, the spinules arranged on all in two rows; the lateral scopulse of anterior pairs very sparse or scarcely evident. Depressed area of epigj^num anteriorly very narrow; the posterior area wide, almost completely filled by the expanded guide which 1908-] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 209 presents lateral plates along transverse arms in front and externally ; the ends of arms extending into excavations in side walls. (PI. XV, fig. 5.) Total length, 6.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3 mm.; width, 2 mm. Length of leg I, 9.2 nmi. ; tib. + pat., 3.1 nnn. ; met., 2 mm. Length of leg TI, 8.7 mm. Length of leg III, 8.6 mm. Length of leg IV, 12.2 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4 mm. ; met., 3.7 mm. Male. — Color of cephalothorax and abdomen as in female. Mandibles blackish with dusky brownish-yellow streaks. Labium and endites also blackish. The female joint of the palpi is brownish yellow with black spots and streaks especially toward the base; patella joint yellow- ish brown, the tibia? black on sides and pale brownish above, covered with black hair; tarsal joint black and black-haired, pale at apex. Legs brownish yellow, the thighs black beneath, except at apex, and with distinct blackish rings above; the following joints less distinctly ringed. (Thorell.) The tibial joint is a little broader and, at least when seen from the side, slightly longer than the patellar joint, gradually but very slightly thickened toward the apex; the tarsal joint is fully as long as the two preceding joints together, about double as broad as the tibial joint, nearly ovate, but strongly narrowing toward apex, very convex. For structure of bulb see PI. XV, figs. 6 and 7. Total length, 6 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3 mm. ; width, 2.5 mm. (nearly). Length of leg I, 10 mm. Length of leg II, 9.5 mm. -Length of leg III, 9.5 mm. Length of leg IV, 14 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.5 muL Syn.— 1877. Lycosa uncata Thorell, Bull. U. S. G. S. of Terr., 3, p. SOS. 1894. Pardosa dorsalis Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 2, p. 51. 1894. Pardosa uncata, Eiwrtoa, Trans. Conn. Ar-ad. Sci., 9, p. 425, PI. 3, figs. S to 8/. Type locality. — Mackenzie River. Known localities. — Colorado!, Utah!, Idaho, Canada. Pardosa longispinata Tullgren, 1901. (Bill, till sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl., Band 27; Old. IV, No. 1, p. 23.) Female. — Cephalothorax dark brown, clothed with short adpressed and long black upturned bristly hairs, with a white middle-band, 210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, squarish in the cephalic part and as broad as the area of eyes, on the pars thoraica narrow; the eye area nearly black; at the margins broad white bands; the margin black. Chelicerce clothed with long bristly hairs. Endites and labium light yeUow brown. Sternum light brown with long light hairs. Legs pale brown with dark rings. Abdo- men brown, clothed with black and white short hairs without distinct markings; the venter light grayish. Cephcdothorax a little shorter than the length of tibia + patella of fourth legs and the breadth shorter than the length of tibia of the fourth pair of legs. Front row of eyes distinctly procurved, the central eyes largest and the interspace between the central eyes about equal to their diameter and longer than the space between the lateral eyes. The distance from the lateral eyes to the margin of the clypeus and to the eyes in the middle row about thrice their diameter. The eyes of the middle row very large and the interspace between them longer than their diameter. The interspace between the middle and the posterior eyes broader than the diameter of the middle eyes. Chelicerce a little longer than the face, very tapering at the apex and clothed with long bristly hairs, a little narrower than the femur of first pair. Tibia of first pair of legs below with 2, 2, 2 spines; these and other spines very long. Total length, 4.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; width, 1.8 mm. Ijcngth of leg I, 7.3 mm. Length of leg IV, 10 mm. (Description rearranged from the original.) Locality. — Florida. One single adult female from Lake Leonore in Orange County. This tiny Pardosa is not known to me at first hand. It is certainly a very unusual form, if it be true that the "distance from the lateral eyes to the margin of the clypeus and to the eyes in the middle row is about thrice their diameter," a statement much to be questioned. Genus SCHIZOCOSA Chamberlin, 1904. (Canadian Entomologist, ^^ol. XXXVI, p. 177.) Entire body densely clothed with pubescence; the cephalothorax with a light median band as wide anteriorly as the eye area and either with or without submarginal pale bands. Spines of anterior tibiae in number and arrangement like those of Pardosa and Lycosa, in length varying between those of these two genera. Anterior row of eyes considerably shorter than the second, clearly procurved, more strongly . 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211 than usual in Pardosa or Lycosa; anterior median eyes larger i^an the lateral, of nearly same distance from each other as from the lateral eyes ; clypeus narrow, the anterior lateral eyes at most their diameter or but little more from the front margin of clypeus, the same distance or considerably farther from the eyes of second row; eyes of second row large, less than their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes evidently wider behind than in front. Chelicera? as in Lycosa, the third tooth of the inferior margin of the furrow usually reduced. Labium distinctly longer than broad, the basal notch one-third its total length. Posterior spinnerets short, scarcely or not at all longer than the anterior. Epigynum with a distinct guide which is elevate and well developed anteriorly as in Lycosa; the transverse arms of guide double, being divided from their exterior ends mesally to a varying distance; lateral furrows not widening anteriorly. (See figs, of PI. XVI.) Male palpus with a scopus exterior in position presenting two processes as in Lycosa; exposed area of lunate plate small; conductor conspicuously produced above, usually into a horn-like elevation of varying size; superior margin of inferior furrow present- ing, more or less externally from its middle, a short and pointed, basally wide, plate-like tenaculum which is curved downward distally; a second, shorter tenaculum farther externally and anteriorly; auricula of lectus very long, extending forward along conductor and attaining or nearly attaining front margin of alveolus; embolus distinctly and more or less angularly elbowed at base of auricula. (See figs, of PI. XVI.) Syn.— 1842. Lycosa, Hentz (ad. part, ocreata and venustula), J. Bost S N H., IV, p. 228. • • • 1875. Lycosa, Hentz (ad. part, cit.), Sp. of U. S., p. 24. 1876. Lycosa, Ke5^serling (ad. part, ocreata and rufa), Verh. z. G. Wien p. 610. ' 1885. Pardosa, Emerton (ad. part, hilineata), Trans. Conn. Acad Sci VI d 494. ■ ■' '^' 1892. Pardosa, Banks (ad. part, gracilis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 70. 1902. Lycosa, Montgomery (ad. part, ocreata pulchra, relucens and veri- similis), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 536. . Pardosa, Montgomery (ad. part. soHvaga), he. cit. 1904. Lycosa, Montgomery (ad. part.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 276. Pars cephalica truncated in front, its sides moderately rounded and sloping, the face rather high, its sides slanting in varying degrees, some- times approaching the Pardosa type more and sometimes the Lycosa. The quadrangle of posterior eyes in length averaging one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax, being thus longer than in Lycosa. The legs are long and moderately stout, inclining to be slender distally; the anterior tarsi scopulate, at least laterally, the posterior tarsi setose 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, below; the tibia and patella of the fourth legs taken together are always considerably longer than the cephalothorax. The median light band of the cephalothorax widens uniformly from behind for^^•ard to the eyes; it is constricted in front of dorsal groove, but otherwise its margins are nearly straight. The abdomen in all is marked above by a broad light band which is nearly or fully as wide as the dorsum and which extends over its entire length from base to spinnerets ; this band enclosing at base a lanceolate outline, and behind in some also a series of transverse angular lines of varying degrees of distinctness; sides of abdomen dark in color, black at least across anterior lateral angles; venter pale. Spiders of medium or small size. The males are but little different in size from the females, but are sometimes characterized by having the tibiae of the front pair of legs darkened in color and densely clothed with long black hair which stands out in brush-like form. The cocoon is spherical, without any seam at equator, and is white in color. Key to Species. Females. 1. Sternum yellow, with two dark lines or rows of dark sjiots con- verging posteriori}^, bilineaia (Emerton). Sternum (lark, not marked as in hUineata, 2. 2. Septal piece of guide very broad immediately in front of transverse arms, narrowing anteriorly where it is not sinuous or bent; the median piece between anterior and posterior divisions of arms very narrow, nuich narrower than the septum in front of arms (PI. XVI, fig. 1); sternum usually black except marginally, ocreata (Hentz). Septal piece of guide sinuous or bent near anterior end ; median piece between anterior and posterior divisions of arms wide, wider than septum in front of transverse arms (PI. X\l, fig. 4); sternum usually reddish brown, saltatrix (Hentz). Males. 1. First tibiae clothed with dense black hair standing out in brush- like form, 2. First tibiee not so clothed, saltatiix (Hentz). 2. Legs yellow, without dark annuli or markings, bilineata (Emerton). Legs annulate with dark, ocreata (Hentz). Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz), 1844. (Sub. Lycosa, J. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 391, PI. XVIII, fig. 5.) Female. — Sides of the cephalothorax brownish black; median band 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 218 reddish yellow, anteriorly passing forward broadly between eyes of third row and nearly reaching second, more or less divided at front end by a black median line or pointed process; eyes surrounded with black; on each side considerably above margin a narrow, wavy light line which does not extend forward upon the pars cephalica, this line often obscure; clypeus reddish yellow, crossed beneath each anterior lateral eye by a black mark or spot which is often confluent with its fellow across the middle, thus leaving the clypeus pale only laterally; light bands of cephalothorax in life clothed denseh^ with white or light gray pubescence. Chelicene reddish brown, often dusky, except at distal ends, and marked by black lines. Enditcs brown, the labium darker, usually blackish except at tip. Sternum usually black or nearly so, paler along borders, especially caudo-laterally; sometimes paler reddish brown. Coxce of legs beneath light brown. Legs reddish brown, paler distally, all joints except the tarsi with dark annulations, the annulations of the femora broader and deeper, commonly more or less confluent, especially the anterior pairs, the annulations of the other joints often indistinct. Sides of abdomen above dark, a black band passing from the front face backward across each antero-lateral angle and breaking up behind into numerous streaks and spots; the dorsum covered for entire length by a broad light brown band of often reddish tinge, the band usually constricted in front of middle; within the light band at base a lanceolate outline which bifurcates at its apex and is followed behind by a series of chevron- lines; lower part of sides of abdomen light brown, marked with small black spots; the venter light brown, either immaculate or with a median, and at each side a lateral, row of dark spots behind the furrow of the lung slits. Epigyman and spinnerets brown. Face moder- ately high, two-thirds as high as the length of the chelicerse, its sides moderately steep. First row of eyes considerably shorter than the second, distinctly procurved, the median three-fourths their diameter apart, nearly the same distance from the three-fourths as large lateral eyes ; anterior lateral eyes their diameter, or slightly more, from front margin of clypeus, very little farther from eyes of second row, eyes of second row not fully their diameter apart; quadrangle of posterior eyes about one-fourth the length of the cephalothorax. Chelicerw armed as usual. Labium longer than wide, the basal notch very long, more than one-third the total length of labium; sides above straight and strongly converging, the front margin straight, not at all curved. Legs long, the distal joints rather slender; tibia 4- patella of first legs of same length as the cephalothorax ; anterior tibiae armed beneath as usual, the first two pairs of spines long, nearly as in Pardosa, the first 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, overlapping the second ; anterior tarsi with scopulse at sides ; a median ventral setose band, the posterior tarei not at all scopulate being simply setose. Septal part of guide of epigynum very broad, occupying much of epigynal depression, narrowest at anterior end; the transverse arms deeply divided, the median piece very narrow. (PL XVI, fig. 1.) Total length of small female, 7.4 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4.3 mm.; greatest width, 3.2 mm. Length of leg I, 11.3 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4.3 mm. ; met., 2.1 mm. Length of leg II, 10.7 mm. Length of leg III, 10.3 mm. Length of leg IV, 15 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4.6 mm. , met., 4.4 nrjn. Male. — Coloration in general as in female. The tibiae of first legs very densely clothed for entire length with long black hairs which stand out straight from joint; often of a greenish tinge. Legs longer than in female; tibia + patella of first legs longer than cephalothorax; spine of anterior tibia shorter than in female. Tibia of palpus fully as wide as long, sides convex, widest at middle, much wider than the patella which is little shorter and widens from base distally, its sides straight; tarsus wider than the tibia, of same length as tibia and patella taken together-r Lunate area very small, basal in position, its convexity external ; horn of conductor very long, extending much beyond front margin of alveolus, bent at an angle below its middle; principal tenaculum situated at middle, imequally bidentate; lesser tenaculum bent upward at distal end, situated below antero-exterior angle; auricle gradually attenuated apically. (PI. XVI, fig. 5.) Length of large specimen, 8.6 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4.6 mm.; width, 3.9 mm. Length of leg 1, 14.2 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5 mm. ; met., 3.3 mm. Length of leg II, 13.3 mm. Length of leg III, 13.1 mm. Length of leg IV, 1.8 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5.5 mm. ; met., 5.3 mm. Syn.— 1875. Lycosa ocreata Hentz, Spid. of U. S., p. 33, PI. 4, fig. 5. 1876. Lycosa ocreata, Keyserling, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, Vol. XXVI, p. 611, Tab. VII, fig. 5 (male). . Lycosa rufa Keyserling, ibid., p. 613, Tab. VII, fig. 2 (female). 1885. Lycosa ocreata, Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., VI, p. 491, PI. XLVIII, figs. 6, 6a, 66. 1890. Lycosa ocreata Hentz, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., XII, p. 562. . Lycosa rufa Keyserling, Marx, ibid., p. 563. . Lycosa ocreata, Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila., Vol. 42, p. 427. 1892. Lycosa ocreata. Banks, op. cit., Vol. 44, p. 66. Lycosa ocreata, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. W. II p. 160. 190S.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 215 . Lycoso ocreafa, Fox, ibid., p. 269. 1893. Lycosa ocreata, Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, I, p. 125. 1896. Lycosa ocreata, Banks, op. cit., IV, p. 192. 1898. Lycosa ocreata, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign., II, p. 330. 1900. Lycosa ocreata, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 538. 1902. Lycosa ocreata, Emerton, Connnon Sp. of I^. S. . Pardosa solivaga Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 574, PI. XXX, fig. 39. . Lycosa stonei Montgomery, ibid., p. 546, PI. XXIX, figs. 9 and 10. 1904. Schizocosa ocreata, Chamberlin, Can. Ent., XXX^VI, p. 176. . Lycosa ocreata, Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 288. Type locality. — North Carolina. Known localities. — North Carolina!, Virginia, District of Columbia!, Alabama, I-ouisiana, Ohio, Illinois, Kansas!, Connecticut, New York!. Hentz,in speaking of the occurrence of this species in North Carolina, says that it "is not rare in meadows near water." It is found in similar locations in New York State. Emerton states that in New Haven, Cr)nn., it is "common in open woods among dead leaves. Adult about June 1." Schizocosa saltatrix (Hentz), 1844. (Sub Lycosa, J. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 387, PI. XVII, fig. 7.) Females. — Sides of cephalothorax deep brown, in life densely clothed with black intermixed with brown pubescence, a wide median band of usual form which is of reddish tinge anteriorly, extending forward between eyes of third row and there geminated by a fine dark line which extends back over pars cephalica towards dorsal groove; a supra- marginal light line on each side which sometimes attains and some- times does not attain the clypeus in front, the border below these lateral stripes more or less broken by transverse light lines ; median and lateral light stripes densely clothed with white intermixed with yellow- ish pubescence. Chelicerce dark brown clothed with short yellowish gray pubescence, which is not dense, and longer black bristles ; the fringe of the superior margin of the furrow grayish. Endites yellowish brown, lighter at tips. Labium brown, darker than endites. Sternum beneath brown or reddish brown, the former often showing a lighter median line or stripe, clothed in life with gray or whitish intermixed with black pubescence. Coxce light brown to yellow, always paler than the sternum. Legs yellow to light reddish-brown, with numerous nar- row though often indistinct dark rings (occasionally quite absent), which become fewer and often wider distally, the annuli of femora not so heavy and not confluent as in ocreata. Nearly entire dorsum of abdomen pale brown, often of a pale reddish in life, grayish from the pubescence which is light brown intermixed with spots of gray, line 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [MaV, at base a dark lanceolate outline, forked at apex and followed by a series of chevron-lines as in ocreata; these in life broadened behind by lines of white hair, a black spot over each anterior lateral angle extend- ing a short distance condad, and usually a triangular black spot more or less constricting the median band towards the middle, the sides elsewhere with many dark spots, in life streaked and spotted with patches of white pubescence; venter pale brown to greenish yellowy in life densely clothed with white pubescence, the tegimient often marked along each side with a row of small black dots curved convexly outward and converging posteriorly, a double median dark stripe sometimes present behind epigyiumi. Epigj^num and spinnerets light brown. Face moderate in height, less than two-thirds as high as the length of the cheliceraB, the sides moderately rounded and standing outward below, more so than in ocreata. Anterior row of eijes shorter than second by twice the diameter of a lateral eye, well procurved. Anterior lateral eyes their diameter from front margin of clypeus, slightly farther from eyes of second row less. than their diameter apart; cephalothorax 4.5 times longer than quad- rangle of posterior eyes. Chelicerce armed as usual, the middle tooth of inferior margin longest, the third considerably reduced. Labium longer than broad (not quite 8.7) basal notch one-third the length of labium; sides of lal:»ium below but slightly convex, subparallel, above straight or nearly so, distinctly and considerably converging; anterior margin moderately wide, con- curved at middle; gently convexly rounded at sides. Legs long and rather stout; the metatarsi of the fourth legs moder- ately slender; two first pair of spines of anterior tibia? of moderate length, rather shorter than in ocreata. Anterior tarsi and also except basally being divided b}^ a wide median setose band. Septal piece of guide of epigynum of but moderate width, a little or sometimes considerably wider anteriorly than posteriorly, the transverse arms divided normally but little more than half way to their mesal ends, the incisions connected by a furrow ; posterior divisions of trans- verse arms depressed, on each side with distal end bent sharply forward. (Pl.XVI, fig. 4.) Total length, 9 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4.7 mm.; width, 3.8 mm. Length of leg I, 12.5 mm. ; tib. + pat., 4.5 mm. ; met., 2.3 nnii. Length of leg II, 11.7 mm. ; Length of leg III, 11.5 mm. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 217 Length of leg IV, 15.8 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5 mm. ; met., 4.5 mm. Male. — Colored like female, the anterior legs not specially modified, chelicerse clothed with yellow and greenish pubescence. Legs con- siderably longer than in female, tibiae + patella of first pair clearly longer than the cephalothorax. Tibiffi of palpus a little longer and much thicker than the patella, nearly as wide as tarsus, sides more straight than in ocreata; tarsus as long as two preceding joints together. Exposed part of lunate area very small, situated at base and with convexity external; horn of conductor broad at base, conical; principal tenaculum external from middle, the lesser tenaculum at antero-exterior angle of conductor, small, bsnt a little downward apically; auricle of lectal fold bluntly and abruptly rounded apically. For other features see PI. XVI, fig. 2. Total length, 8.8 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 4.7 nun.; width, 3.9 mm. Length of leg I, 16 mm. ; tib. + pat.. 5.4 mm. ; met., 3.5 mm. Length of leg II, 13.7 mm. Length of leg III, 13.4 mm. Length of leg IV, 19 mm. ; tib. + pat., 5.8 mm. ; met., 5.8 mm. Svn.— 1844. Lycosn venustula Hentz, J. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 392, PI. ^XVIII, figs. 6and7. 1875. Lijcosa saltatrix Hentz, Sp. of U. S. (Burgess Ed.), p. 28, PI. 3, fig. 7. . Lycosa venustula Hentz, Sp. of U. S., p. 33, PI. ^, figs. 6, 7. 1892. Lycosa humilis Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 44, p. 65, PI. Ill, fig. 36. . Pardosa gracilis Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., Vol. 41 p. 70, PI. 1, fig. 50. 1902. Li/cosa relucens Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 542, PL 29, figs. 5, 6. . Lycosa charanoides ^lontgomer}', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 544. . Lycosa verisimilis Montgomery, ibid., p. 548, PI. 29, figs. 11, 12. 1903. Li/cosa charanoides Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 646, PI. XXIX, fig. 7. . Li/cosa verisimilis Montgomery, ibid., p. 647. 1904. Schizocosa venustula (Hentz), Chamberlin, Can. Ent., XXXVI, p. 176. . Lycosa charanoides Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 286. . Lycosa relucens Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 292. Type locality. — Alabama. Known localities. — Alabama, North Carolina!. Georgia!, Louisiana!, Mississippi!, Texas!, District of Columbia!, Pennsylvania, Kansas!, New York!. Hentz states that males of this species were common in Alabama in April, but that he did not find females. So also, it may be noted, all but a few of the specimens of rather extensive collections of this species, made at several places in the South in the early spring of 1903, which I have examined are males. The marking of the venter of the abdomen 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, figured by Hentz is strongly developed in some individuals, obscure or absent in others. In size and general colorati(m this species is much like ocreata, except as to the first legs of the males; and it has also approximately the same geographical range. Schizocosa bilineata (Emerton), 1885. (Sub Pnrdosa, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., VI, p. ^96, PI. 40, figf?. 3 to 36.) Female. — Sides of cephalothornx dark reddish brown clothed with deep brown pubescence. A wide median yellow stripe of the usual form, darker, more reddish, in front of dorsal groove, extending be- tween e3^es of third row as usual ; not geminated or only so for \-ery little distance at front, usually a darker reddish line extending backward from inner side of each eye of third row, the two uniting in front of median groove ; the band clothed in gray and light brown pubescence which is darker anteriorly; a narrow supramarginal stripe each side reaching to clypeus in front, the dark band below this stripe often more or less broken into spots by light cross-lines; some light radiating cross-lines from median stripe; eyes surrounded with black, the black extending across clypeus below each anterior lateral eye. Chelicerce brown, a gray-brown pubescence and longer black bristles. Endites yellow or light brown. Labium darker, brown to blackish. Sternum light brown or yellow, a row of dark spots each side of the middle, the two converging and meeting posteriorly, the margins also sometimes darker, clothed with grayish pubescence. Coxce of legs yellow. Legs yellow, somewhat darkened distally, entirely without dark annuli or other markings. Abdomen above light brown, enclosing at base a dark lanceolate outline ending at middle, and with behind on each side a row of several black spots, which are connected in pairs by narrow and often indistinct dark transverse lines; the dorsum densely clothed with light brown or gray- brown pubescence; a deep brown or black spot over each anterior lateral angle, the sides elsewhere also dark from the many dark spots which are often more or less arranged in rows, covered with brown pubescence, intermixed with gray in spots and streaks ; venter yellow, covered with gray pubescence, with normally four dark longitudinal lines, all converging from furrow of lung slits toward the spinnerets. Spinnerets yellowish or pale bro^vn. Epigyniim pale brown witli darker margins. Face moderately high, a little more than two-thirds as high as the length of the chelicerffi; sides scarcely convex, very steep, much as in Pardosa. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219 First row of eyes much shorter than the second, considerably pro- curved; anterior median eyes hardly their radius apart, about same distance from the lateral or but slightly farther; anterior lateral eyes as large as median or very nearly so, rather less than their diameter from front margin of clypeus, a little more than their diameter from eyes of second row; eyes of second row not their diameter apart, quad- rangle of posterior eyes one-fourth as long as the cephalothorax; posterior eyes seen from above close to lateral margin of pars cephalica as in Pardosa. Labium longer than wide in ratio of 4.6 : 4: basal notch one-third as long as labium; sides rounded below, straight and moderately con- verging above; anterior margin truncate, not at all curved. Legs of moderate length, short, not very slender distally; rhetatarsus of fourth legs as long as cephalothorax; tibia + patella of first leg shorter than cephalothorax; spines of anterior tibia? moderately long and slender, the first pair a little overlapping the second ; anterior tarsi with well developed scopula w^hich are scarcely or but imperfectl}'' divided, the posterior tarsi not at all scopulate, simply setose. Septal piece of guide of epigynimi broad, narrowest adjacent to transverse arms, distinctly widening anteriorly; the anterior branch of transverse arms of each side conspicuously enlarged distally, making the total width of the transverse arms conspicuously less adjacent to septum than extad. (PI. XVI, fig. 3.) Total length, 7.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3.3 mm.; width 2.4 mm. Length of leg I, 8.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 1.7 mm. Length of leg II, 8.2 mm. Length of leg III, 8.2 mm. Length of leg IV, 11.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3 mm. ; met., 1.7 mm. Male. — General coloration like that of female; tibiae of first legs densely clothed for entire length with a brush of long black hair as in ocreata. Anterior lateral eyes but about half their diameter from front margin of clypeus, smaller than median; eyes of second row scarcely more than three-fourths their diameter apart. Tibia of palpus longer and broader than the patella, of nearly same breadth from base to ape.x ; tibia + patella a little longer than tarsus ; the latter clearly wider than the tibia (3.25 : 2.5) ; the alveolus relatively large, the sides low and the bulb protruding; conductor high and rounded above at the exterior end, but no distinct horn-shaped process ; principal tenaculum rather small, bluntly rounded apically; auricle of lectus very long, attaining or extending beyond front margin of alveolus. 220 PROCEEDIXGf^ OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Total length, 5.3 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 3 mm.; width, 2.2 mm. Length of leg I, 8.7 mm. ; tib. + pat., 3.2 mm. ; met., 2 mm. Length of leg II, 7.8 mm. Length of leg III, Length of leg IV', 10.6; tib. + pat., 3.4 mm. ; met., 3.2 mm. Syn. — 1890. Lijcosa ocreata Stone, but nee Hentz, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. ■ Pliila., Vol. 42, p. 427. 1892. Pardosa hilineata, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. W., Vol. 2, p. 161 1895. Pardosa hilineata, Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. 3, p. 91 . 1902. LycQsa ocreata pulchra Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Pbila., p. 540,'Pl. 29, figs. 3, 4. 1904. Schizocosn hilineata (Hentz), Chamberlin, XXXVI, p. 176. . Lycosa hilineata Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., p. 290. Type locality. — Connecticut. Known localities. — Connecticut, New York!, New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, District of Columbia!, Illinois, Kansas!. The Genus LYCOSA Latreille, 1804. (Xouv. Diet. Hist. Xat., 24, p. 135.) Entire body densely clothed with pubescence. Anterior tibia armed beneath with three pairs of spines which are shorter than the diameter of the joint or at most but little longer, the third pair apical in position and smaller (PI. IX, fig. 8). Anterior eyes in a row shorter than, of same length as or longer than the second, either pro- curved or straight, or rarely a little recurved, eyes equidistant or with the median a little farther from each other than from the lateral, the lateral usually a little smaller than the median ; anterior lateral eyes mostly their diameter or but little more from front margin of clypeus, only rarely once and a half their diameter and never more, the same distance or farther from eyes of second row ; eyes of second row large, less than their diameter apart ; quadrangle of posterior eyes trapeziform, evidently wider behind than in front. Lahimn longer than wide, or at least never wider than long; either attenuated anteriorly or, less com- monly,, with sides subparallel; basal excavation long, in most fully one-third or more the total length (PL IX, figs. 7 and 9). Spin- nerets short, the posterior ones not longer than the anterior, their apical segment indistinct. Epigynum in typical forms with a strongly developed guide, of which the septal piece is distinct and well formed anteriorly, its transverse arms not divided ; openings of the spermatheca protected, leading into narrowed channels, the lateral furrows from these widening anteriorly, and at the front usually conspicuously wider 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 than behind (see, e.g., figs, of PI. XVII) ; in some the foveolse subcirciilar, not thus elongate and widening conspicuously anteriorly (group 7>o- chosa). Bulb of male palpus bearing at front of basal lobe a strongly chitinized special fold or scopus which is essentially exterior in position ; scopus presenting two processes ; viewed directly from below the inner of these appears usually as a more or less retrorse, barb-like process, but in some (group Trocliosa) longer and strongly salient, the basal portion mostly more or less concealed by a basal fold which leaves only the apical, exterior portion visible in ventral aspect; median rim of conductor bearing one, or sometimes two, mostly slender and simple tenacula; a lectal fold well developed, an auricle of varying size, l3ut always smaller than in Schizocosa. See, e.g., figs, of PI. XVII. 1832. Lycosa Hentz (ad. part, max.), Sill. J. Sci. and Arts, 21, p. 106. 1842. Lycosa Hentz (ad. part, max.), J. Bost. Soc. N. H., 4, p. 228. 1848. Lycosa (ad. part.), Arctosa and Trochosa, C. Koch, Die Arachniden, 14, pp. 94-98. 1869-70. Tarentula and Trochosa Thorell, On European Spiders, p. 192. 1875. Lycosa Hentz (ud. part, max.), Sp. U. S., pp. 11 and 24. 1876. Lycosa Simon (ad. part, max.), Arcahn. Fr., 3, p. 233. . Tarentula and Trochosa Kevserling, Verb. z. b. Ges. Wien, p. 610. 1877. Tarentula Thorell, Bull. U. S. G. S. Terr., 3, p. 520. 1885. Lycosa Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., 6, p. 482. 1890. Tarentula, Trochosa and ad. part. Lycosa Marx, Proe. U. S. N. M., 12. 1898. Lycosa Simon (ad. part, max.), Hist. Nat. Araign., 2. 1902. Lycosa (ad. part, max.), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 536. 1903. Lycosa Comstock, Classif . of N. A. Spiders. 1904. Lycosa Chamberlin, Can. Entomologist, Vol. XXXVI, p. 176. . Lycosa (ad. part.), Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 276. . Trochosa, Montgomery (ad. part), ibid., p. 300. Pars cephalica moderately elevated: in front truncate to more or less obtuse; its lateral margins either a little converging anteriorly or parallel; sides rounded outward below; face moderately high, trapezi- form, evidently widening downward; in profile either vertical or sloping forward from top to the base of chelicerae (PI. IX, fig. 5). Quadrangle of posterior eyes in most but one-fifth or less the length of the cephalothorax. Seen from above, the eyes of second and third rows are much more than their diameter from lateral margins of the pars cephalica (PI. IX, fig. 2). Chelicene long and robust, in length at least one and one-half times the height of the face ; upper margin with three teeth of the usual proportions, or the first one rarely absent; lower margin with three stout teeth which are subequal, or with the third sometimes reduced, or else with tw© stout eciual teeth (PL IX, figs. 1 and 3). Legs robust, the distal joints usually not slender as in Pardosa. Tarsi and usually also metatarsi of anterior legs scopulate and with the 15 222 r PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, scopulse undivided (PI. IX, fig. 4), the posterior tarsi scopulate at sides, being divided along the median ventral face by a setose or setose and spiniilose band (PI. IX, fig. 6). Metatarsus of fourth legs shorter than tibia + . patella of same pair in most cases, rarely the metatarsus the longer more especially in males. Tibia + patella of last legs sometimes a little longer than and sometimes of same length as or, as in the great majority of cases, shorter than the cephalothorax. Spiders of large or medium size, including the largest forms of the family. There is much variation in coloration, although in the several groups of species the same system or pattern of markings is more or less evident. Most of the larger North American species show a decided tendency to have the ventral surface of the body black in whole or in considerable part, such seeming indeed to be the tendency in large Lycosidce everywhere. The body of the males is in most cases smaller than that of the females, with the legs proportionately much longer and with their several joints of proportionately different lengths. Lycosas make a white spherical cocoon which only exceptionally shows a seam about its equator, the tissue being normally smooth and homogeneous. The smaller species carry the cocoons about as do the Pardosas, which they resemble also in building no retreats. The larger species, however, during the cocooning season are sedentary. Prac- tically all of these larger species make nests or burrows of some kind, these varying greatly in form and depth. Some of the burrows are deep and have the openings surrounded by a rampart or turret formed of .sticks and leaves or of bits of dirt cemented together with silk {e.g., fatifera, arenicola, carolinensis) . Other species excavate only shallower pits or nests beneath stones or logs, and surround these excavations with a low rampart of earth or sticks, etc., and which they may occupy only during the cocooning season (e.g., helluo). The genus Lycosa as here considered is divisible into a number of groups ; but for the most part these are found more or less closely to intergrade when a sufficient number of species are taken into considera- tion. The most aberrant and distinct of these groups, so far as concerns the American species, is that containing many of the forms referred to Trochosa C. K. {avara Keys., gosiuta new, cinerea Fab., ruhicunda Keys., etc.). The material representing this group that I have been able to study (American forms only) has not been sufficiently extensive and complete to enable me to determine fully the characteristics and value of the group, and therefore the propriety or advantageousness of its separation generically. The forms studied differ from typical Lycosas among other features in having the epigyna as \\\(\q as or 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 223 wider than long with the guide more or less strongly arched at middle, and with the lateral depression, relativel}^ wide and short, tending to subcircular; the lateral ridges commonly low at middle (PI. XX, fig. 2. avara; PI. XX, fig. 6, cinerea). In the male palpal organ the proximal limb of scopus is more strongl}- developed, being more or less elongate and bent out vertically as a conspicuously salient process (PI. XX, fig. 1, avara). Some but not all species in the group have the stout spine, normally present alcove at proximal end of the tibiae of the third and fourth legs in Lycosa, replaced by a very elon- gate, basally stout bristle clearly stouter at base than surrounding haii"s, spine-like, but distally gradually extending into a long fine awn. Through some forms of this group a close approach is made to Allocosa, which may ultimately have to be withdrawn into the present genus. Key to Species of Lycosa. 1. Venter of abdomen black in front of genital furrow and in a spot at base of spinnerets, elsewhere pale brown, . coloradensis Bks. Not so, . . . . 2. 2. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera armed with but two teeth, . 3. liOwer margin of furrow armed with three teeth, 4. 3. Anterior lateral eyes their diameter from front margin of clypeus, kocJdi (Keys.). Anterior lateral eyes once and one-half their diameter from front margin of clypeus heanii Em. 4. No spine at all above on tibiae of legs III and IV, 5. Spine at middle or both at middle and at proximal end on tibiae of legs III and IV, 6. 5. Dorsum of abdomen with a distinct median dark band along its entire length ; light median band on cephalothorax, arenicola Sc. Dorsum of abdomen without such a dark band; cephalothorax without distinct markings, fatifera Htz. 6. No true stout spine at base above on tibiae of legs III and IV, replaced by a basally stout, apically slender and pointed, elongate bristle, 7. A true robust spine at base above on tibiae of legs III and IV, 10. 7. Tibia -1- patella of legs I^^ less than 3 mm. long, floridiana (Bks). Tibia + patella of legs IV near 4 mm. long or longer, .... 9. 9. Eyes upon a black patch ; legs not marked with dark annuli, cinerea Fab. Eyes not upon a black patch ; legs marked with dark annuli, rubicunda. 10. Cephalothorax with a light median longitudinal stripe which is very narrow or line-like anteriorly and which extends forward to or between eyes of second row, 11. Cephalothorax either without a median band or with a band which is as wide or nearly as wide as the third eye row, . , 18. 224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^laV, 11. Legs strongly banded with black, or if, annulations are indistinct, legs entirely black, _ ... 12. Legs yellow or light brown, not at all annulate or with a few dark markings on femora, 13. 12. Anterior row of eyes as wide as or a little wider than the second, aspersa H. Anterior row of eyes shorter than the second, . . . ripariciB.. 13. Males, 14. Females, 18. 14. Cephalothorax near 10 mm. in length (leg IV not more than 3.25 times as long as cephalothorax), .... permunda Chamb. Cephalothorax under 7.5 mm. in length (leg IV 3.7 or more times as long as cephalothorax), 15. 15. Tibia + patella I longer than tibia + patella IV, . grandis Bks. Tibia + patella I shorter than tibia + patella IV, . helluo W. 16. Leg IV less than three times the length of cephalothorax, permunda Chamb. Leg IV more than three times the length of cephalothorax, . .17. 17. Abdomen beneath and the sternum immaculate pale yellow, clothed with yellow hair, grandis Bks. Sternum mostly Ijlack or nearly so and clothed largely with black hair; abdomen beneath mostly with numerous dark dots and sometimes nearly black, helluo W. 18. Dorsum of abdomen marked along its entire length by a distinct median dark band, 19. Abdomen not so marked, 20. 19. Sternum yellow or light brown; dorsal dark band of abdomen, usually with margins behind dentate or else enclosing along each side a series of small oblicjue light spots, . . . scuiidata H. Sternum black; dorsal band of abdomen with margins always straight and not dentate or enclosing light spots behind, punctulata H. 20. Cephalothorax entirely without light bands or spots either at middle or along sides, 2L Cephalothorax with at least a median lighter band or spot, . 22. 21. Sternum and coxae of legs and usually entire venter of abdomen black ; both ends of tibiae of legs beneath black, . carolinensis W. Sternum light to reddish brown, not black; venter of abdomen not black either in whole or in part, quinaria. 22. Tibiae of fourth legs black at both ends beneath, other tibiae and legs elsewhere luimarked excepting faint browm cross-bars on femora (sternum and venter of abdomen entirely black), apicata Bks. Not so, 23. 23. Legs pale brown and entirely without darker markings; venter behind genital furrow black, rarely a pale central spot, lenta H. Legs similar, but patellae and often distal end of tibiae black beneath ; anterior femora above and posteriorly with fine longitudinal dark lines, posterior femora with faint dark spots; venter as for preceding, . . . lenta var. haltimoriana (K-)- 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 225 Not as for lenta or its variety, 24, 24. All tibiee black at both ends beneath and the-femora black beneath at distal end ; large, the cephalothorax 10 mm. or more in length, carolinensis W. Tibia and femora not banded thus at ends only beneath ; cephalo- thorax less than 10 mm. long, 25. 25. Females 26. Males, 34. 26. Lateral depressed areas of epigynum wide, subcircular, not elongate in the usual way, 27. Epigynum not so, 28. 27. Guide bearing a short blunt median process posteriorly; ends of transverse arms not extending forwards freely to or beyond middle of lateral-depression or fovea (PI. XIX, fig. 2), avara (Keys.). No such short median process posteriorly on guide; ends of transverse arms of guide extending forward uncovered to beyond middle of depressed fovea (PI. XIX, fig. 4), avara xslt. gosiuta new. 28. Guide of epigynum inversely T-shaped, the transverse arms relatively slender, 29. Guide enlarged at posterior end, but not inversely T-shaped or anchor-shaped, 33. 29. Septum of guide strongly widening from base of transverse arms to anterior end, where it extends entirely or nearly across the median depression, 30. Not so, 31. 30. Confining walls of epigynum very wide anteriorly (PI. XXI, fig. 3), pratensis Em. Not so, the epigynum much like that of helluo (PL XVII, fig. 1), floridana Bks, 31. Transverse piece of guide extending entirely across or almost entirely across epigynum behind, some longer than median piece, scarcely confined by side ridges at ends (PL XVIII, fig. 4), frond icola Em. Transverse piece of guide not so long, distinctly confined by ridges at ends, 32. 32. Septum widest at its anterior end ; lateral walls thick ; epigynum as a whole rather wider than long mod esta Keys. Not so, septum widest toward middle part of its length, trans- verse arms usually excavated at ends above; epigynum as a whole roughly triangular, being much narrowed anteriorly (PL XVII, fig. 3)^ . erratica H. 33. Enlarged end portion of guide roughly triangular in shape with the apex behind (PL XIX, fig. 8) piciilis Em. Expanded end of guide not so shaped, widest behind, where it is truncate (PL XXI, fig. 7), gidosa W. 34. Anterior row of eyes shorter than the second 35. - Anterior row of eyes as long as or longer than the second, . 40. 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, 35. Median pale band of cephalothorax strongly widening anteriorly, passing each side of the eyes and reaching to the clypeus, the full width of which it embraces, albohastata Em, Median pale band of cephalothorax not thus in front wider than and enclosing eye area, 36. 36, Embolus curving out ventralwards and forward, resting only its apical part obliquely across the auricle (PI. XXI, fig, 4), gulosa W, Not so, . , , 37. 37. Median pale stripe strongly bulging between third eye row and anterior end of dorsal groove, being much wider than third eye row; at front of furrow abruptly narrowed to the widtli of third eye row, its sides then subparallel to posterior declivity, pictilis Em. Median pale band of cephalothorax not so formed, , , , 38, 38, Dorsum of abdomen with a median light band extending to spin- nerets behind, where it ends in a point, enclosing at base a dark lanceolate mark, or with the latter sometimes absent, crratica H. No such distinctly limited light band on dorsum of abdomen, 39. 39, Venter mostly black, modesta (K,). Venter brown to yellowish, avara (K.), 40. Venter with a wide irregularly edged black l^and extending from epigynum to spinnerets and sometimes embracing entire width of abdomen, frondicola Em, Venter with no such broad black band, , , , . prate^isis Em. Lycosa helluo Walckenaer, 1837. (Insect, Apt., I, p. 337.) Female. — Cephalothorax deep brown, a narrow light colored median pale stripe which anteriorly becomes line-like and extends forward between the eyes, this median stripe in life covered with light brown pubescence which continues as a median line between the eyes and to the front margin of the clypeus; in most a short curved light hne behind each eye of third row and close to the median line; a wider similarly colored and clothed light supramarginal stripe on each side, this stripe usually not distinguishable in front of third eye row; eyes enclosed in black; dark parts of cephalothorax clothed with brown and black hair intermixed, the black most abundant over, and giving its deeper color to, the upper parts of the sides along the bordere of the median pale stripe and the area about the ej^es. Chelicerw black or brownish black, the lateral condyles red at base and black below; clothed with a short yellowish pubescence with some longer, gray- black bristles intermixed, the latter being more numerous distally and forming the dense fringe along the superior margin of the furrow. Labium and endites black, brown at distal ends. Sternum and coxce 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 227 of legs beneath black or brownish black, subdensely clot lied with blackish hair, the longer ones of which appear lighter distally. Legs yellow or light brown, of usually a distinctly greenish tinge, becoming darker with age; femora paler beneath; in adults in most cases entirely without any dark annuli or other markings or with some narrow, mostly faint darker-cross marks on the femora above (for young speci- mens vid. note infra.) ; clothed wdth short appressed fine hairs of yellow, and longer black hairs; scopula3 black. Abdomen dark brown; above with a black median basal mark which widens from its base to its middle, where it projects on each side in a pointed angle or line, and then narrow^s to its apex which bifurcates, sending a narrow pointed line caudo-laterally on each side, the margins of the stripe deeper colored than central portion; a short distance back of the apex of the l^asal mark is a black angular or chevron-shaped transverse mark ; and following this behind over the posterior part of dorsum is a series of light brown or yellow chevron-lines, each of which terminates at each of its ends in a circular spot of the same color; each light chevron-line bordered in front by a black line of similar form; lateral part of dorsum mixed black and brown, a large black spot over each antero-lateral angle* sides mostly dark brown with many small spots of yellow and of black; lower parts of sides and the venter brown to yelloAv with numerous small dots of black, less commonly immaculate, and at other times almost entirely black; abdomen densely clothed with black and yellow hair intermixed, the one predominating on the dark markings, the other on the light. Spinnerets bro^vn. Epigynum dark reddish brown. Face rather low, its sides convex and strongly oblique; pare cephalica not elevated above pars thoracica, the dorsal line but little sloping from the third eye row to the posterior declivity, not depressed at middle. Anterior row of eyes nearly as long as the second, a little procurved ; anterior median eyes distinctly larger than the lateral, less than their radius apart, about an equal distance from the lateral eyes; anterior lateral eyes separated from the front margin of the clypeus by once and a third their diameter, or little more, the same distance from eyes of second row; eyes of second row three-fourths their diameter apart; cephalothorax 5.5 to 6 times as long as the quadrangle of posterior eyes. Chelicerce with margins of fiu'row armed as usual, the first tooth of the inferior margin often with its lower part concealed by a marginal keel extending from base of claw. Labium longer than wide (9.5 :S.75); basal excavations one-third the total length; sides rounded below, above nearly straight, converging to the front margin which is widely 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF . J^ [May, truncate or slightly incurved mesally. Legs long and stout, tibia + patella of fourth legs distinctly longer than the cephalothorax, the latter being a little longer than tibia + patella of first legs ; tarsi of first legs a little curved, those of second legs more slightly so; patella of fii-st legs unarmed ; patella of second legs with a single spine on anterior side; spines of anterior tibi£e as usual; both tarsi and metatarsi of three anterior pairs of legs scopulate; scopulfe of third and fourth pairs divided. Epigynum somewhat oval in outline, with posterior end truncate; guide inversely T-shaped, the septal part enlarging at or above its middle; guide plates widest on transverse arms, narrowing and fading out at middle of septum ; furrows broad anteriorly, narrowed strongly behind by the abrupt bulging in of the lateral tubercles. (PI. X\'II, fig. 1.) Total length, 19.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 8.2 mm.; width, 6.8 mm. Length of leg I, 22.8 mm. ; tib. 4- pat., 8 mm. ; met., 4.5 mm. Length of leg II, 20.2 mm. Length of leg III, 19.3 mm. Length of leg IV, 27.8 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9 mm. ; met., 7.8 mm. Male. — Much smaller than the female with relatively longer legs. Cephalothorax above and legs nearly as in the female or lighter. Ster- num usually more brownish, often divided by a median light line; clothed with long light gray hair. Coxce of legs beneath light brown like the other joints of legs. Abdomen colored above as in the female; lower portion of sides and the venter lighter yellow or grayish bro^^-n, immaculate or nearly so. Palpi yellowish brown, the tarsus darker. ^■'iewed from above, the tibia is scarcely longer than the patella and is of the same thickness ; the tarsus equalling the length of the two pre- ceding joints together; apical portion of tarsus long, seen from below very gradually attenuated, not acute apically. Tenaculum long and slender, projecting ecto-distally, a smaller but similar secondary tenacu- lum mesalh' from this and commonly in part or whole concealed. For further structure of bulb see PI. XVII, fig. 2. Total length, 11.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 5.7 mm.; width, 4.2 mm. Length of leg I, 17.8 mm. ; tib. + pat., 6.1 mm. ; met., 4.1 mm. Length of leg II, 15.8 mm. Length of leg III, 13.9 mm. Length of leg IV, 21.2 mm. ; tib, + pat., 6.6 mm. ; met., 6.1 mm. Syn. — 1837. ILycosa sayi Walckenaer, Insect. Apt., 1, p. 337. 1846. Lycosa babingtoni Blackwall, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 17, p. 30. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 229 1S4S. iLjicosa vajra (C. Koch), Die Arachn., 14, p. 135, PI. 490, fig. 1365. 1876. Trochosa helvipes Keyserling, Yerh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 26, PI. 7, figs. 35, 36, and PI. 8, fig. 37. 18S5. Lycosa nidicola Emerton, Tr. Conn. Acad. Sci., 6, p. 482, PI. 46, figs. 1 to Id. 1890. Lijcosa bahingtoni, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12, p. 561. Lycosa hellvo, Marx, ibid., p. 562. Lycosa nidicola, Marx, ibid., p. 562. Lycosa nidicola, Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 42, p. 424. 1891. Lycosa babingtoni, Banks, Ent. News, 2, p. 193. 1892. Lycosa nidicola. Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 44, p. 64. . Lycosa similis Banks, ibid., p. 64, PI. II, fig. 30. . Lycosa crudelis Banks, ibid., p. 66, PI. 3, fig. 37. . Lycosa nidicola, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. W., 2, p. 160. . Lycosa nidicola, Fox, ibid., p. 269. 1895. Lycosa babingtoni. Banks, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 3, p. 91. . Lycosa babingtoni, Banks, Ent. News, 6, p. 205. 1898. Lycosa babingtoni, Banks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., p. 268. 1900. Lycosa babingtoni. Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 538. 1902. Lycosa hellno, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 586. . Lycosa nidicola Emerton, Common Sp. U. S., p. 69, figs. 166, 167. . Lycosa nidicola, Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 559, PI. 29, figs. 23, 24. Type locality. — New York. Known localities. — Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island!, New Hampshire!, New York!, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Dis- trict of Columbia!, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas!, Mississippi, Ohio, Indiana!, Illinois!, Iowa!, Kansas!, Colorado, Utah!. One of the commonest and most widely distributed species, which is subject to much variation in size and in depth of coloration. Because of the abundance of this species it will be well to indicate the color differences presented by partly grown individuals. These have the sternum yellow with a narrow black stripe each side of middle line, the two converging and uniting in front of posterior margin, and also a row of small black dots along each lateral margin; the legs with numerous annulations which are present on all joints except tarsi, with sometimes indications of a median one on these; cephalothorax and abdomen above nearly as in adults; venter yellow with black dots minute. The female L. nidicola builds a shallow excavation or nest under logs and stones along roadsides and in the woods. She hues the nest with silk and often surrounds it with a low rampart of earth or of sticks and leaves. They are frequently met with in these nests with their cocoons in early summer. Lycosa grandia Banks, 1894. (J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, p. 49.) Female. — Coloration and pattern of markings as in helluo, but lighter 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEIMY OF [May, throughout. Median pale stripe of cephalothorax clothed with golden brown pubescence with some gray behind and brown at middle part intermixed; sides clothed with brown and golden brown pubescence intermixed; lateral pale stripes with mostly light gray pubescence, less of brown. Legs clear yellowish, the two first pairs of legs darker, more reddish brown distally. Sternum and coxae of legs beneath j^ellowish brown, like legs, clothed, like the legs also, with grayish yellow intermixed with longer black hairs. Abdomen much lighter than in typical Eastern form of helluo; dorsum with the typical mark- ings, but these paler and less distinct; the venter pale yellow without markings of any kind, clothed with yellow pubescence. Epigyniim reddish black. Spinnerets pale brown. Structure and proportions and the relations of the eyes as in helluo. Epigynum agreeing in detail with that of helluo (PI. XYII, fig. 1). A specimen from Baj a California gave the following measurements: Total length, 24 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 10.2 mm. ; width, 8 mm. Length of leg I, 25.9 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9.8 mm. ; met., 5 mm. Ijength of leg II, 24 mm. Length of leg III, 23.7 mm. Length of leg IV, 33.8 mm. ; tib. + pat., 11 mm. ; met., 9.6 mm. Male. — lighter than the female. Cheliccra pale yellow with light gray or whitish pubescence which is moderately long. Palpi pale yellow, the tarsus not darker; tarsus clothed with dense Avhite hair, which occurs also less densely upon the tibia; the patella and femur clothed with yellow hair with some white more sparsely intermixed. Sternum and coxce of legs pale yellow, these and the legs clothed with light yellow gray pubescence with some black hairs intermixed. Abdo- men with basal dark mark as usual ; middle region of dorsum yellowish, clothed with gray-yellow and brown pubescence intermixed, with on each side behind a row of about six spots of white hair; venter yellow with hght gray pubescence. Tibia + patella of first legs longer than tibia + patella of fourth ones. Tarsus of palpus shorter than the two preceding joints together. Structure of palpal organ agreeing in detail with that of helluo (PL XVII, fig. 2). A male from Lower California gave the following measurements : Total length, 14.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 7.6 mm. ; width, 6.1 mm. Length of leg I, 27.2 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9.8! mm. ; met., 6.3 mm. Length of leg II, 22.9 mm. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 231 Length of leg III, 22.2 mm. Length of leg IV, 30.3 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9.2 ! mm. ; met., 8.8 nmi. S\ni. — 1895. Lycosa grandis Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 8. 1898. Lycosa grandis Banks, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Type locality. — Colorado. Known localities. — Colorado; Baja California!. So far as I have determined, tibia + patella of fourth legs of the male in Eastern specimens of helluo is longer than tibia + patella of first pair or sometimes, iii large specimens, of the same length, whereas the reverse is seen to be true in grandis. But as the relative lengths of these two pairs of joints varies in helluo and apparently with the size of the individual, the increased relative length of tibia + patella of the first pair, and in fact of the entire first leg, may not be of much signifi- cance. The agreement between helluo and grandis is thus close excepting in color and size, and it might therefore be more proper to place the latter as a variety under the former. Lycosa floridana Banks. (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XXIII, p. 72.) Female.— Cephalothorax with a median light colored longitudinal band which anteriorly is geminated and is nearly as wide as the eye area, with on each side a narrow supramarginal light brown stripe which is discontinuous, being broken into four or more parts. Cheli- cerw dark reddish brown. Sternum brown, with a black mark along middle. Legs brown, with the distal joints darker, blackish brown; femora above with some rather obscure black marks. Cox(e brown, all with a black, very distinct line along front face. Abdomen above black; sides and lateral part of venter blackish over a yellow ground, mixed yellow and black; venter yellow. Cephalothorax low, its dorsal line straight and but slightly slanting from the third eye row to the posterior dechvity, which is short and steep. Face in height more than half the length of the chelicerae, sides slanting moderately outward from above downward. Anterior row of eyes shorter than the second, rather strongly pro- curved. Chelicerce armed as usual. Epigynum relatively small, .8 or .9 mm. long; in form and structure very similar to that of helluo, but the septum of guide broader and more strongly expanded anteriorly, where it almost extends across the entire depressed area. 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^lay, Length, 14.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 6 mm. ; width, 4.3 mm. Length of leg I, 13 mm. ; tib. + pat., 6 mm. ; tarsus, 2.1 mm. Length of leg II, 11.7 mm. Length of leg III, 11 mm. Length of leg IV, 15.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 7 mm. ; tarsus, 3 mm. Locality. — Florida !. Lycosa apicata Banks, 1904. (Journ. X. Y. Ent. Soc, p. 114, PI. V, fig. 13.) Female. — Cephalothorax brown, marked with a median paler band as wide anteriorly as the third eye row, between the eyes of which it extends in a tongue-like process forward, this narrower process in life clothed with white hair; the median band constricted at the dorsal groove and extending from there down the posterior declivity as narrower stripe; on each side beginning mesally from the eye of the third row a dark line extends posteriorly through the median pale band to the point of its constriction where it unites with the dark of the sides; a narrow, anteriorly interrupted, supramarginal pale stripe with dentate margin. Chelicene deep chestnut or reddish black. Labiimi and endites reddish black, the former a little paler apically. Sternum and coxce of legs beneath black. Legs light brown; the femora with darker markings which are more distinct on the posterior paire; tibise of fourth legs black at each end beneath, the metatarsi sometimes also darkened distally; legs elsewhere without evident markings. Abdomen above light brown or yellowish; a dark, black- edged, spear-shaped mark which is laterally dentate and blunt or forked at its posterior end; the spear-mark followed posteriorly with a series of dark chevron-shaped transverse marks, which may be separated by corresponding transverse marks of white hair, the chevrons commonly confluent laterally with dark mottlings at the sides and thereby with each other, in other cases confluent mesally with each other and with the basal mark; sides of abdomen above with spots and streaks of brown, pale below; venter entirely black. Cephalothorax highest at the third eye row, the dorsal line as seen in profile from there a little sloping and nearly straight to the posterior declivity. Face relatively low, its sides moderately slanting outward from above below. Anterior row of eyes clearly shorter than the second, a little pro- curved; anterior median eyes less than their radius apart, about the same distance from the lateral eyes, which are smaller than the median. Eyes of the second row less than their diameter apart. 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 233 Patellae of first and second pairs of legs armed in front with a short spine. Tibia + patella of first legs about equalling the cephalothorax in length; tibia + patella of fourth legs clearly longer than the cephalo- thorax and also longer than the metatarsus of same legs. Chelicene armed as usual, the three teeth of lower margin stout. The cpigynum having the general form and structure of that of L. helluo (PI. XVII, fig. 1); septum widest anteriorly, its sides nearly straight ; transverse arms rather thick. Total length, 13.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 6.3 mm.; width, 4.8 mm. Length of leg I, 19.3 mm. ; tib. + pat., 6.2 mm. ; met., 3.8 mm. Length of leg II, 16.2 mm. Length of leg III, 16.2 mm. Length of leg IV, 23.5 mm. ; tib. + pat., 7 mm. ; met., 6.7 mm. Male. — Coloration as for the female; but the markings more distinct. Palpal organ of the general type of that of L. helluo (PI. XVII, fig. 2). The auricula conspicuous, more strongly chitinized than usual, dark in color, turned outward apically. Principal tenaculum relatively shorter, and more outwardly directed than in helluo. Total length, 13 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 6.8 mm.; width, 5 mm. Length of leg I, 20.7 mm. ; tib. + pat., 7 mm. ; met., 4.8 mm. Length of leg II, 19.1 mm. Length of leg III, 19.1 mm. Length of leg IV, 25.4 mm. ; tib. + pat., 7.8 mm. ; met., 7.6 mm. S3T1. — 1904. Lycosa antelucana Montgomerj', Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila. p. 282, PI. XVIII, figs. 5 and 6. Type localities. — Arizona and Texas. Known localities. — Arizona!, Texas!, New Mexico. The descriptions above are from type specimens. Lyoosa permtinda Chamberlin, 1904. (Can. Entomologist, p. 286.) Female. — Cephalothorax dark brown; a pale narrow median line extending backward from first eye row, widening abruptly in front of dorsal groove, and then gradually narrowing to a point at posterior margin; a broad light-colored marginal stripe on each side not extending forward farther than the third eye row, its upper margin coarsely dentate, the lower border broken by a few dark dots, but not limited below by a continuous dark line or stripe at margin. Chelicerce black. Labium and endites dark brown. Sternum dark brown, with a yellow 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, median line. Legs brown, darker distally; beneath unmarked, but having a number of dark cross-bars above on femora and posterior tibise. Abdomen alcove dark, having the usual lanceolate mark at base, followed by a series of light colored, chevron-formed transverse lines, each ending on each side in a light dot; sides yellowish brown, densely spotted with black; venter also yellowish brown, more sparse^ covered with smaller black dots, much as in helluo. Length, 22 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 10.7 mm. ; width, 8 mm. Length of leg I^', 30.3 mm. Male. — Colored nearly like the female, but paler throughout. Mar- ginal stripes of cephalothorax not interrupted below by dark spots. Legs clear brown, without any cross-marking on any joints. Palpi yellowish brown excepting tarsus, which is black. Length, 20 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 10 mm.; width, 7.5 mm. Length of leg IV, 32.4 mm. Locality. — Kansas !. In general appearance the female resembles helluo, but is easily separated by structure of epigynum and by various other characters. The male is conspicuously different in its palpal organ and in size, proportion and structure from those of related species. Lycosa riparia Hentz, 1844. (.J. Bost. Soc. N. H., IV, p. 289.) Female. — Cephalothorax with a narrow median light band, widest at dorsal groove, narrowing anteriorly and continuing as a distinct line between eyes to the clypeus; median band formed of grayish-yellow pubescence; tegument of cephalothorax elsewhere deep brown or reddish brown, black over eye area, clothed with black pubescence, intermixed with fewer yellowish or l^rownish-gray hairs which are more abundant below but form no distinct band; rufous hairs about the eyes and on the face. Chelicerce black with rufous pubescence over upper half and black pubescence below. Labium and endites black, brown at tips. Sternum and coxcb of legs beneath black with longer and stiff black hairs and some short gray pubescence. Ground color of tegument of legs dark reddish brown; the tarsi and metatarsi darker, all joints except these two with distinct light and dark rings, the latter being broader, clothed respectively with grayish-brown and black pubescence, tarsi and metatai-si appearing entirely black because of black scopulae and black pubescence, the shorter brown hairs being few. Abdomen above grayish brown, with scattered minute spots of black pubescence; a number of black chevron-marks behind and in 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 235 front an indistinct outline of a lanceolate mark behind a chevron which is commonly divided mesally into two triangular marks; near the middle of lanceolate outline on each side, the dark line more strongly im- pressed as a black triangular mark \\ ith apex forward ; a light spot laterally from upper part of basal mark; behind on each side a series of light spots which may be indistinct; front face of abdomen and antero- lateral angles black; sides dark above, having black pubescence intermixed with brown in fine spots and streaks; in middle the sides are lighter, the brown pubescence being in larger spots. The venter and commonly the lower part of sides black, but, especially at sides, with spots of brown; often brown pubescence in four narrow lines on venter, converging from lung slits to spinnerets, divide the black of venter into three contiguous bands, much as in aspersa. Spin- 7ierets brown, Epigynum black or reddish black. Face moderate in height, hardly one-half the length of the massive chelicerae. Cephalothorax above nearly straight and horizontal or but little convex between third row of eyes and posterior declivity; the posterior declivity short, only posterior end of dorsal groove being upon it; sides rather strongly bulging behind; sides of face convex and strongly slanting. First row of eyes straight or very nearly so, shorter than second row; anterior median eyes distinctly larger than the lateral, less than their radius apart, closer to the lateral eyes; anterior lateral eyes removed from front margin of clypeus and from eyes of second row by about once and a half their diameter; anterior median eyes less than their diameter from eyes of second row ; eyes of second row less than their diameter apart (about three-fourths); quadrangle of posterior ej'es about one-fifth as long as the cephalothorax. Legs long ; tibia + patella of fourth legs a little longer than cephalo- thorax and also longer than metatareus of same legs ; tibia + patella of first pair of same length as cephalothorax ; patella of first legs imarmod, patella of second armed anteriorly with a single spine; tibia and meta- tarsus armed as usual; scopulse on anterior tai-si and metatarsi as usual; scopulse of posterior tarsi divided by setose bands as usual. For form epigynum see PI. XVII, fig. 5. Total length, 18.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 9 mm.; width, 6.9 mm. Length of leg I, 24.5 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9 mm. ; met., 8.5 nun. Length of leg II, 22.8 mm. Length of leg III, 21.4 mm. Length of leg IV, 29.6 mm. ; tib. -|- pat., 9.3 mm. ; met., 8.5 mm. Male. — For structure of palpal organ see PL XVII, fig. 6. 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [^laj, Syn.— 1875. Lycosa ripnria Hentz, Sp. U. S., p. 31, PI. 3, figs. 13, 15. . Lycosa riparia, Cragin, Contrib. to Ivnowl. Araclin., Kansa.s Bull., Washburn, Coll. 1, No. 4, p. 146. 1890. Lxjcosa riparia, Marx. Proc. U. S. N. M., 12, p. 563. 1900. Lycosa Hparia, Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 539. Type localities. — North Carolina, Alabama. Habitat. — North Carolina!, South Carolina, Alabama!, Georgia!, Louisiana!, Mississippi, Virginia, West Virginia, District of Columbia!, Kansas, Texas. "This common spider is aquatic in its habits, ahvays found near or on water, and diving with ease under the surface when threatened or pursued" (Hentz), Lycosa aspersa Hentz, 1844. (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., IV, p. 389, PI. XVII, figs. 11, 12.) Female. — Cephalothorax dark reddish brown, blackish about the eyes; a lighter uneven-edged marginal band on each side, and a similarly colored narrow median stripe more or less distinct; sides of cephalo- thorax densely clothed with black pubescence with more scattered hairs of yellowish intermixed ; the narrow median stripe clothed with yellowish or golden-brown hair, which forms a bright stripe which continues forward as a line between the eyes and reaches the anterior row, the stripe expanding posteriorly about the dorsal groove and then again narrowing down the posterior declivity to the posterior margin ; the middle stripe of pubescence sometimes obscure in middle region, but always bright at anterior and posterior portions; along each side similar yellowish hair forms a narrow marginal stripe which is narrower than the broader supramarginal stripe of tegument ; front margin of clypeus at middle with a fringe of yellowish hair. Chelicene, including claws, black, clothed with moderately long black pubescence without any short paler hairs. Endites and labium brown-black, lighter at tips. Sternum black, a narrow light colored median line anteriorly; clothed with black hair. Coxm of legs beneath black, lighter, yellowish brown, laterally, at base beneath a similarly colored light spot which is mostly acutely pointed distally. Legs brown, of light shade in young specimens, becoming dark reddish brown with age, deeper colored distally; all joints excepting the tarsi and the metatarsi with light cross-bands which are distinct above, especially on femora, but which may be obscure beneath ; light rings much more distinct in young specimens than in old, and in the latter on the posterior pairs of legs than on the anterior; legs densely clothed with long black hairs intermixed with shorter yellowish pubescence, the latter mostly confined to the lighter bands in tegument. 1908.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23/ Abdomen alcove very dark ; a basal black mark with end behind forked and followed by a series of chevron-marks, all the marks usually indistinct in older specimens, in which the entire dorsum is black or nearly so ; dorsum clothed in life with black and grayish-brown pubes- cence, the lighter pubescence more concentrated anteriorly and antero- laterally, and also forming some mostly obscure transverse chevron- piarks behind; in dark specimens the sides are dark or black-streaked and spotted below with yellow pubescence, with the yellow sometimes predominating over the black ; venter with numerous spots and streaks of yellow pubescence usually arranged mostly in four lines or stripes converging to the spinnerets, and thus dividing the dark into three bands similarly converging caudally. Spinnerets brown. Epigynum reddish brown. Face rather low, not fully half as high as the chelicene are long, the latter long and massive, considerably longer than the face is wide in front. Cephalothorax not high, dorsal line highest at third eye row. from there being nearly straight to the posterior declivity. Anterior row of eyes as wide as or slightly wider than the second, nearly straight; anterior median eyes less than their radius apart, about as far from lateral eyes ; anterior lateral eyes a little more than two-thirds as large in diameter as the median, once and one-half their diameter from front margin of clypeus, closer to eyes of second row ; eyes of second row a little less than their diameter apart; eyes of third row three-fourths as large as the second, twice as far from each other as from the second ; cephalothorax 6.5 times the length of the quad- rangle of posterior eyes. ChelicerfE armed as usual. Labium longer than wide (8.5 : 8); basal excavation as usual ; sides strongly convexly bulging, the curvature less above than below; front margin wide, concave for nearly entire width (PI. IX, fig. 9). Legs stout; tibia + patella IV shorter than the cephalothorax ; metatai*sus IV of nearly same length as the width of the cephalothorax; tarsi I and II slightly curved. III and IV straight; tarsi scopulate as usual, the scopula? on legs I and II extending also over metatarsi and over all but basal portion of tibise ; spines of tibise as usual. For structure of epigynum see PI. XVII, fig. 7. Total length, 23 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 10.6 mm.; width. 8.2 mm. Length of leg I, 25.6 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9.3 mm. ; met., 5.1 mm. Length of leg II, 23.2 mm. Length of leg III, 21.5 mm. 16 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Length of leg IV, 30.1 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9.8 mm. ; met., 8.3 mm. Male. — Much hghter in color than the female, but the color patterns are nearly the same. The lighter pubescence is much more abundant on cephalothorax than in the female, much predominating over that of blackish color. Legs much lighter with the yellow pubescence dense, while the longer black hairs are comparatively sparse; femora with traas verse dark bands above, but these indistinct or absent at sides and ventrally ; distinct dark rings on tibiae. Labium and endites some- times colored as in female but often much lighter, almost yellow. Coxce of legs beneath with black on ventral surface, often reduced to a few spots at distal end, the coxae being elsewhere yellow. On the abdomen also the yellow and brown pubescence predominates over the black, the latter appearing over the black basal band (which is distinct, widest toward posterior end and pointed anteriorly), over the antero- lateral angles and in variously formed spots and streaks laterally, most of the dorsum being thus in life of a golden brown color; venter usually yellow with some spots of black, less often as in the female. The chelicerce clothed on basal half with long golden yellow hairs, distally with black hairs. Tibia + patella IV longer than the cephalothorax, of same length as the metatarsus; patellae I and II armed in front and behind. For structure of palpal organ see PI. XVII, fig. 8. Total length, 18 mm. I^ength of cephalothorax, 9.1 mm.; greatest width, 7.2 mm, Length of leg I, 30.1 imii. ; tib. + pat., 10 mm. ; met., 7.4 mm. Length of leg II, 27.8 mm. Length of leg III, 26.2 mm. Length of leg IV, 35 mm. ; tib. + pat., 10.5 mm. ; met., 10.5 mm. Syn. — 1876. Tarentula inhonesta Keyserling, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 26, p. '634, PI. 7, fig. 17. 1878. Tarentula tigrina McCook. 1885. Lycosa vulpina Emerton, Tr. Conn. Acad. Sci., 6, p. 487, PI. 47, fig. 2. 1890. Tarentula inhonesta, Marx, Proc. U. S. N. M., 12. . Lycosa vulpina, Marx, ibid. 1890. Lycosa tigrina, Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 42, p. 423. 1892. Lycosa vulpina, Banks, op. cit., 44, p. 67, PI. I, fig. 39. . Lycosa tigrina, Marx, Proc. Ent. Soc. W., 2, p. 160. . Lycosa tigrina, Fox, ibid., p. 538. 1898. Lycosa tigrina, Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign., 2. 1900. Lycosa fatifera. Banks, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila., p. 538. 1902. Lycosa inhonesta, Montgomery, op. cit., p. 557, PI. 29, figs. 21, 22. 1904. Lycosa inhonesta, Montgomery, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 290, PL XX, figs. 38, 39. Type locality. — "North America." Known localities. — Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York!, New 1908.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 239 Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Alabama, Georgia!, Indiana, Kansas!. A well-known species of burrowing habits. Lycosa arenioola Scudder, 1877. (Psyche, 2, p. 2.) Female. — Tegument of cephalothorax dark reddish brown to blackish, scarcely lighter above ; a median lighter band a little wider than third eye row in front, strongly narrowed anteriorly to dorsal groove and usually expanding again back of groove; the band chiefly produced by a finer gray or white pubescence intermixed with coarser brown, the tegument beneath being usually but little lighter than on sides; sides of cephalothorax covered with brown pubescence, gray hairs scattered but showing .more abundantly below, especially posteriorly. Chelicerce dark reddish brown to nearly black, clothed with a dense coat of rusty brown colored pubescence, fringe along furrow of chelicerae brighter, reddish or coffee colored. Labium and endites dark reddish brown, paler distally. Sternum dark reddish brown to nearly black. Anterior coxce of legs dark brown to nearly black, posterior coxae lighter. Legs reddish brown, the anterior pairs darker than the posterior; the femora, patellae and tibiae of the first and second legs nearly black beneath; distal ends of posterior tarsi and metatarsi usually darker ; legs clothed with dense coat of mixed gray and brown pubescence and longer dark brown bristles, scopulae brown. Abdomen densely pubescent; a dark brown median band on dorsum reaching to the spinnerets behind, which just in front of middle has on each side a broad indentation, and which has behind the middle a series of nar- row paired indentations ; the band covered or largely formed by dark brown pubescence. Sides of dorsum grayish brown, the pubescence being brown and gray intermixed, the brown more abundant above; a dark brown band of same color as median one crossing each antero- lateral angle and running obliquely backward and downward, meeting the venter back of middle. Vejiter brown to dark brown, usually a darker band from genital furrow to spinnerets. Epigynum dark red- dish brown. Spinnerets brown. Cephalothorax wide in front ; in profile second eyes seem to be lower down on face than usual, highest at third eye row ; pars cephalica convex ; posterior declivity beginning on pars cephalica a considerable distance in front of thoracic furrow, making the decHvity very long and the pos- terior portion of cephalothorax very low and exagp;erating apparent height of front part. Face moderate in height, not fully half the 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, length of the chelicer??, protruding above over base; sides convex, slanting below. Anterior row of eyes almost as wide as second, a little procurved; anterior median eyes larger than the lateral, not fully their radius apart, about as close as to lateral eyes; anterior lateral eyes their diameter from eye^ of second row, twice their diameter from front margin of clypeus; eyes of second row their diameter or slightly more than their diameter apart, not fully half as far again from eA^es of third row. Quadrangle of posterior eyes hardly one-fifth the length of the cephalothorax. Lower margin of furrow of chelicerce with three equal teeth, the upper jnargin with three as usual ; the smaller teeth above more than usually stout. Legs distinctly increasing in thickness from the fourth to the first, the first conspicuously stoutest; tarsi and metatarsi I and II densely scopulate; tarsus III with scopula divided by a median setose band; tarsus IV with scopulse much reduced, the scopular hairs being sparse along each side, the setose band occupying most of ventral surface; tibiae I and II and metatarsi I and II armed as usual, the spines of tibia? usually slender and easily rubbed off or overlooked; patellae I and II each armed in front with a spine ; tibiae III and IV without true spines above; femora I and II bent forward, IV backward, less so; III nearly straight. Tibia + patella IV shorter than cephalothorax ; metatarsus IV much shorter than tibia + patella, but longer than tibia, less than width of cephalothorax. For structure of epigynum see PI. XX, fig. 9. Total length, 20.2 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 10.1 mm.; width, 7.3 mm. Length of leg I, 23 mm. ; tib. + pat., 8.1 mm. ; met., 4.9 mm. Length of leg II, 20.5 mm. Length of leg III, 19.9 mm. Length of leg IV, 26.3 mm. ; tib. + pat., 9 mm. ; met., 6.9 mm. Syn. — 1881. Tarentula n